- Pregled Master Boot Record-a.
- Priključitev navideznih diskov.
- Priključitev RAID diskov.
- Priključitev LVM diskov.
Za pregled Master Boot Record (MBR) oz. prvega sektorja na disku, ki vsebuje sistemski nalagalnik ter tabelo razdelkov bomo uporabili orodje radare2, ki ga namestimo z njihovega repozitorija.
apt update
apt install git
git clone https://github.com/radareorg/radare2
radare2/sys/install.sh
Sedaj poženemo radare2 nad želenim diskom, na primer /dev/sda, vpišemo niz px 512 in izpišemo prvi 512B našega diska. Prvi stolpec - offset - prikazuje odmik o začetka diska v šestnajstiški obliki, potem sledijo stolpci 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F, ki prikazujejo zapisane podatke ob določenih odmikih v šestnajstiški obliki in zadnji stolpec 0123456789ABCDEF prikazuje zapisane podatke ob določenih odmikih z ASCII znaki. Prvi 446B predstavlja sistemski nalagalnik, potem sledi 64B tabele razdelkov (od 0x000001be naprej, vidimo, da imamo določena dva razdelka) in na koncu 2B predstavljata še veljavni podpis MBR (od 0x000001fe naprej, 55aa).
r2 /dev/sda
px 512
- offset - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
0x00000000 eb63 9010 8ed0 bc00 b0b8 0000 8ed8 8ec0 .c..............
0x00000010 fbbe 007c bf00 06b9 0002 f3a4 ea21 0600 ...|.........!..
0x00000020 00be be07 3804 750b 83c6 1081 fefe 0775 ....8.u........u
0x00000030 f3eb 16b4 02b0 01bb 007c b280 8a74 018b .........|...t..
0x00000040 4c02 cd13 ea00 7c00 00eb fe00 0000 0000 L.....|.........
0x00000050 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0080 0100 0000 ................
0x00000060 0000 0000 fffa 9090 f6c2 8074 05f6 c270 ...........t...p
0x00000070 7402 b280 ea79 7c00 0031 c08e d88e d0bc t....y|..1......
0x00000080 0020 fba0 647c 3cff 7402 88c2 52be 807d . ..d|<.t...R..}
0x00000090 e817 01be 057c b441 bbaa 55cd 135a 5272 .....|.A..U..ZRr
0x000000a0 3d81 fb55 aa75 3783 e101 7432 31c0 8944 =..U.u7...t21..D
0x000000b0 0440 8844 ff89 4402 c704 1000 668b 1e5c .@.D..D.....f..\
0x000000c0 7c66 895c 0866 8b1e 607c 6689 5c0c c744 |f.\.f..`|f.\..D
0x000000d0 0600 70b4 42cd 1372 05bb 0070 eb76 b408 ..p.B..r...p.v..
0x000000e0 cd13 730d 5a84 d20f 83d8 00be 8b7d e982 ..s.Z........}..
0x000000f0 0066 0fb6 c688 64ff 4066 8944 040f b6d1 .f....d.@f.D....
0x00000100 c1e2 0288 e888 f440 8944 080f b6c2 c0e8 .......@.D......
0x00000110 0266 8904 66a1 607c 6609 c075 4e66 a15c .f..f.`|f..uNf.\
0x00000120 7c66 31d2 66f7 3488 d131 d266 f774 043b |f1.f.4..1.f.t.;
0x00000130 4408 7d37 fec1 88c5 30c0 c1e8 0208 c188 D.}7....0.......
0x00000140 d05a 88c6 bb00 708e c331 dbb8 0102 cd13 .Z....p..1......
0x00000150 721e 8cc3 601e b900 018e db31 f6bf 0080 r...`......1....
0x00000160 8ec6 fcf3 a51f 61ff 265a 7cbe 867d eb03 ......a.&Z|..}..
0x00000170 be95 7de8 3400 be9a 7de8 2e00 cd18 ebfe ..}.4...}.......
0x00000180 4752 5542 2000 4765 6f6d 0048 6172 6420 GRUB .Geom.Hard
0x00000190 4469 736b 0052 6561 6400 2045 7272 6f72 Disk.Read. Error
0x000001a0 0d0a 00bb 0100 b40e cd10 ac3c 0075 f4c3 ...........<.u..
0x000001b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 8988 f444 0000 8004 ...........D....
0x000001c0 0104 83fe c2ff 0008 0000 0070 a103 00fe ...........p....
0x000001d0 c2ff 05fe c2ff fe7f a103 0278 1e00 0000 ...........x....
0x000001e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 55aa ..............U.
q
Z orodjem gdisk lahko spremenimo ime razdelka in ga nato poiščemo z orodjem radare2. To naredimo tako, da najprej izpišemo razdelke na disku z p, nato zaženemo urejanje razdelkov z c, izberemo prvi razdelek z 1, vpišemo novo ime razdelka DF Linux, zapišemo spremembe na disk z w in potrdimo zapis z Y. Vidimo, da smo s tem vpeljali GPT tabelo z razdelki in zaščitili obstoječ MBR, saj MBR ne ponuja poljubnega poimenovanja razdelkov. Novo ime našega razdelka sedaj najdemo na odmiku 0x00000438.
gdisk /dev/sda
Partition table scan:
MBR: MBR only
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: not present
p
Disk /dev/sda: 209715200 sectors, 100.0 GiB
Model: VBOX HARDDISK
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 83372426-9E64-49CF-805D-9F6AF5CB8B15
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 209715166
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 6077 sectors (3.0 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 207714303 99.0 GiB 8300 Linux filesystem
5 207716352 209713151 975.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
c
Partition number (1-5): 1
Enter name: DF Linux
w
Y
gdisk /dev/sda
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
p
Disk /dev/sda: 209715200 sectors, 100.0 GiB
Model: VBOX HARDDISK
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 3057242F-46B2-4801-81B5-9422067A9E53
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 209715166
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 6077 sectors (3.0 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 207714303 99.0 GiB 8300 DF Linux
5 207716352 209713151 975.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
q
r2 /dev/sda
px 2042
- offset - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
0x00000000 eb63 9010 8ed0 bc00 b0b8 0000 8ed8 8ec0 .c..............
0x00000010 fbbe 007c bf00 06b9 0002 f3a4 ea21 0600 ...|.........!..
0x00000020 00be be07 3804 750b 83c6 1081 fefe 0775 ....8.u........u
0x00000030 f3eb 16b4 02b0 01bb 007c b280 8a74 018b .........|...t..
0x00000040 4c02 cd13 ea00 7c00 00eb fe00 0000 0000 L.....|.........
0x00000050 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0080 0100 0000 ................
0x00000060 0000 0000 fffa 9090 f6c2 8074 05f6 c270 ...........t...p
0x00000070 7402 b280 ea79 7c00 0031 c08e d88e d0bc t....y|..1......
0x00000080 0020 fba0 647c 3cff 7402 88c2 52be 807d . ..d|<.t...R..}
0x00000090 e817 01be 057c b441 bbaa 55cd 135a 5272 .....|.A..U..ZRr
0x000000a0 3d81 fb55 aa75 3783 e101 7432 31c0 8944 =..U.u7...t21..D
0x000000b0 0440 8844 ff89 4402 c704 1000 668b 1e5c .@.D..D.....f..\
0x000000c0 7c66 895c 0866 8b1e 607c 6689 5c0c c744 |f.\.f..`|f.\..D
0x000000d0 0600 70b4 42cd 1372 05bb 0070 eb76 b408 ..p.B..r...p.v..
0x000000e0 cd13 730d 5a84 d20f 83d8 00be 8b7d e982 ..s.Z........}..
0x000000f0 0066 0fb6 c688 64ff 4066 8944 040f b6d1 .f....d.@f.D....
0x00000100 c1e2 0288 e888 f440 8944 080f b6c2 c0e8 .......@.D......
0x00000110 0266 8904 66a1 607c 6609 c075 4e66 a15c .f..f.`|f..uNf.\
0x00000120 7c66 31d2 66f7 3488 d131 d266 f774 043b |f1.f.4..1.f.t.;
0x00000130 4408 7d37 fec1 88c5 30c0 c1e8 0208 c188 D.}7....0.......
0x00000140 d05a 88c6 bb00 708e c331 dbb8 0102 cd13 .Z....p..1......
0x00000150 721e 8cc3 601e b900 018e db31 f6bf 0080 r...`......1....
0x00000160 8ec6 fcf3 a51f 61ff 265a 7cbe 867d eb03 ......a.&Z|..}..
0x00000170 be95 7de8 3400 be9a 7de8 2e00 cd18 ebfe ..}.4...}.......
0x00000180 4752 5542 2000 4765 6f6d 0048 6172 6420 GRUB .Geom.Hard
0x00000190 4469 736b 0052 6561 6400 2045 7272 6f72 Disk.Read. Error
0x000001a0 0d0a 00bb 0100 b40e cd10 ac3c 0075 f4c3 ...........<.u..
0x000001b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001c0 0200 eeff ffff 0100 0000 ffff 7f0c 0000 ................
0x000001d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 55aa ..............U.
0x00000200 4546 4920 5041 5254 0000 0100 5c00 0000 EFI PART....\...
0x00000210 5d25 996d 0000 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 ]%.m............
0x00000220 ffff 7f0c 0000 0000 2200 0000 0000 0000 ........".......
0x00000230 deff 7f0c 0000 0000 2f24 5730 b246 0148 ......../$W0.F.H
0x00000240 81b5 9422 067a 9e53 0200 0000 0000 0000 ...".z.S........
0x00000250 8000 0000 8000 0000 7ca2 0c7b 0000 0000 ........|..{....
0x00000260 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000270 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000280 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000290 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000300 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000310 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000320 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000330 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000340 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000350 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000360 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000370 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000380 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000390 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000400 af3d c60f 8384 7247 8e79 3d69 d847 7de4 .=....rG.y=i.G}.
0x00000410 5d63 06a2 4adf 8049 8863 6fbd d3f8 d921 ]c..J..I.co....!
0x00000420 0008 0000 0000 0000 ff77 610c 0000 0000 .........wa.....
0x00000430 0000 0000 0000 0000 4400 4600 2000 4c00 ........D.F. .L.
0x00000440 6900 6e00 7500 7800 0000 0000 0000 0000 i.n.u.x.........
0x00000450 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000460 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000470 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000480 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000490 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000500 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000510 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000520 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000530 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000540 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000550 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000560 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000570 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000580 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000590 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000600 6dfd 5706 aba4 c443 84e5 0933 c84b 4f4f m.W....C...3.KOO
0x00000610 dd4b 5801 5069 db43 8293 ff5d d40f 0c4c .KX.Pi.C...]...L
0x00000620 0080 610c 0000 0000 fff7 7f0c 0000 0000 ..a.............
0x00000630 0000 0000 0000 0000 4c00 6900 6e00 7500 ........L.i.n.u.
0x00000640 7800 2000 7300 7700 6100 7000 0000 0000 x. .s.w.a.p.....
0x00000650 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000660 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000670 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000680 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000690 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000700 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000710 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000720 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000730 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000740 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000750 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000760 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000770 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000780 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000790 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
Sedaj moramo dodati še nov razdelek in popraviti sistemski nalagalnik, da se bo naš operacijski sistem znal zagnati z GPT tabele razdelkov. Poženemo orodje gdisk na disku operacijskega sistema, izberemo možnost n za ustvarjanje novega razdelka in izberemo vrednost 2 za številko razdelka. Za prvi sektor razdelka izberemo sektor 34, za zadnji sektor razdelka izberemo sektor 2047 nato še izberemo kodo za BIOS boot razdelek, ki je ef02 ali pa ga poiščemo z izbiro možnosti l. Zapišemo spremembe na disk z možnostjo w in potrdimo z Y. Na koncu še ponovno namestimo sistemski nalagalnik z ukazom grub-install.
gdisk /dev/sda
GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.6
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
p
Disk /dev/sda: 209715200 sectors, 100.0 GiB
Model: VBOX HARDDISK
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): 7A51BD7B-5A21-4AA2-8908-0C3E3A246C2C
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 209715166
Partitions will be aligned on 2048-sector boundaries
Total free space is 6077 sectors (3.0 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 207714303 99.0 GiB 8300 DF Linux
5 207716352 209713151 975.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
n
Partition number (2-128, default 2): 2
First sector (34-209715166, default = 207714304) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 34
Last sector (34-2047, default = 2047) or {+-}size{KMGTP}: 2047
Current type is 8300 (Linux filesystem)
Hex code or GUID (L to show codes, Enter = 8300): ef02
Changed type of partition to 'BIOS boot partition'
w
Y
grub-install /dev/sda
Installing for i386-pc platform.
Installation finished. No error reported.
gdisk /dev/sda
Partition table scan:
MBR: protective
BSD: not present
APM: not present
GPT: present
Found valid GPT with protective MBR; using GPT.
p
Disk /dev/sda: 62914560 sectors, 30.0 GiB
Model: VBOX HARDDISK
Sector size (logical/physical): 512/512 bytes
Disk identifier (GUID): A1B0CAE2-6806-49ED-818B-7F8AF663882C
Partition table holds up to 128 entries
Main partition table begins at sector 2 and ends at sector 33
First usable sector is 34, last usable sector is 62914526
Partitions will be aligned on 2-sector boundaries
Total free space is 4063 sectors (2.0 MiB)
Number Start (sector) End (sector) Size Code Name
1 2048 60913663 29.0 GiB 8300 DF Linux
2 34 2047 1007.0 KiB EF02 BIOS boot partition
5 60915712 62912511 975.0 MiB 8200 Linux swap
q
r2 /dev/sda
px 2042
- offset - 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F 0123456789ABCDEF
0x00000000 eb63 9010 8ed0 bc00 b0b8 0000 8ed8 8ec0 .c..............
0x00000010 fbbe 007c bf00 06b9 0002 f3a4 ea21 0600 ...|.........!..
0x00000020 00be be07 3804 750b 83c6 1081 fefe 0775 ....8.u........u
0x00000030 f3eb 16b4 02b0 01bb 007c b280 8a74 018b .........|...t..
0x00000040 4c02 cd13 ea00 7c00 00eb fe00 0000 0000 L.....|.........
0x00000050 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0080 2200 0000 ............"...
0x00000060 0000 0000 fffa 9090 f6c2 8074 05f6 c270 ...........t...p
0x00000070 7402 b280 ea79 7c00 0031 c08e d88e d0bc t....y|..1......
0x00000080 0020 fba0 647c 3cff 7402 88c2 52be 807d . ..d|<.t...R..}
0x00000090 e817 01be 057c b441 bbaa 55cd 135a 5272 .....|.A..U..ZRr
0x000000a0 3d81 fb55 aa75 3783 e101 7432 31c0 8944 =..U.u7...t21..D
0x000000b0 0440 8844 ff89 4402 c704 1000 668b 1e5c .@.D..D.....f..\
0x000000c0 7c66 895c 0866 8b1e 607c 6689 5c0c c744 |f.\.f..`|f.\..D
0x000000d0 0600 70b4 42cd 1372 05bb 0070 eb76 b408 ..p.B..r...p.v..
0x000000e0 cd13 730d 5a84 d20f 83d8 00be 8b7d e982 ..s.Z........}..
0x000000f0 0066 0fb6 c688 64ff 4066 8944 040f b6d1 .f....d.@f.D....
0x00000100 c1e2 0288 e888 f440 8944 080f b6c2 c0e8 .......@.D......
0x00000110 0266 8904 66a1 607c 6609 c075 4e66 a15c .f..f.`|f..uNf.\
0x00000120 7c66 31d2 66f7 3488 d131 d266 f774 043b |f1.f.4..1.f.t.;
0x00000130 4408 7d37 fec1 88c5 30c0 c1e8 0208 c188 D.}7....0.......
0x00000140 d05a 88c6 bb00 708e c331 dbb8 0102 cd13 .Z....p..1......
0x00000150 721e 8cc3 601e b900 018e db31 f6bf 0080 r...`......1....
0x00000160 8ec6 fcf3 a51f 61ff 265a 7cbe 867d eb03 ......a.&Z|..}..
0x00000170 be95 7de8 3400 be9a 7de8 2e00 cd18 ebfe ..}.4...}.......
0x00000180 4752 5542 2000 4765 6f6d 0048 6172 6420 GRUB .Geom.Hard
0x00000190 4469 736b 0052 6561 6400 2045 7272 6f72 Disk.Read. Error
0x000001a0 0d0a 00bb 0100 b40e cd10 ac3c 0075 f4c3 ...........<.u..
0x000001b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001c0 0200 eeff ffff 0100 0000 ffff bf03 0000 ................
0x000001d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000001f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 55aa ..............U.
0x00000200 4546 4920 5041 5254 0000 0100 5c00 0000 EFI PART....\...
0x00000210 97d1 57d6 0000 0000 0100 0000 0000 0000 ..W.............
0x00000220 ffff bf03 0000 0000 2200 0000 0000 0000 ........".......
0x00000230 deff bf03 0000 0000 e2ca b0a1 0668 ed49 .............h.I
0x00000240 818b 7f8a f663 882c 0200 0000 0000 0000 .....c.,........
0x00000250 8000 0000 8000 0000 902d dfa8 0000 0000 .........-......
0x00000260 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000270 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000280 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000290 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000002f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000300 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000310 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000320 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000330 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000340 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000350 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000360 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000370 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000380 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000390 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000003f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000400 af3d c60f 8384 7247 8e79 3d69 d847 7de4 .=....rG.y=i.G}.
0x00000410 97db 390e 48e0 9147 b43e 16ba 9021 6f6f ..9.H..G.>...!oo
0x00000420 0008 0000 0000 0000 ff77 a103 0000 0000 .........w......
0x00000430 0000 0000 0000 0000 4400 4600 2000 4c00 ........D.F. .L.
0x00000440 6900 6e00 7500 7800 0000 0000 0000 0000 i.n.u.x.........
0x00000450 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000460 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000470 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000480 4861 6821 4964 6f6e 744e 6565 6445 4649 Hah!IdontNeedEFI
0x00000490 6d6e 8e3a 0ff7 f14c abf2 34af 5884 50f2 mn.:...L..4.X.P.
0x000004a0 2200 0000 0000 0000 ff07 0000 0000 0000 "...............
0x000004b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 4200 4900 4f00 5300 ........B.I.O.S.
0x000004c0 2000 6200 6f00 6f00 7400 2000 7000 6100 .b.o.o.t. .p.a.
0x000004d0 7200 7400 6900 7400 6900 6f00 6e00 0000 r.t.i.t.i.o.n...
0x000004e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000004f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000500 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000510 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000520 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000530 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000540 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000550 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000560 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000570 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000580 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000590 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000005f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000600 6dfd 5706 aba4 c443 84e5 0933 c84b 4f4f m.W....C...3.KOO
0x00000610 6ae6 f226 2ac8 9b40 82c9 7edc 0ab0 a069 j..&*..@..~....i
0x00000620 0080 a103 0000 0000 fff7 bf03 0000 0000 ................
0x00000630 0000 0000 0000 0000 4c00 6900 6e00 7500 ........L.i.n.u.
0x00000640 7800 2000 7300 7700 6100 7000 0000 0000 x. .s.w.a.p.....
0x00000650 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000660 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000670 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000680 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000690 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000006f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000700 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000710 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000720 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000730 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000740 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000750 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000760 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000770 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000780 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x00000790 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007a0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007b0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007c0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007d0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007e0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ................
0x000007f0 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 ..........
S spletne strani prenesemo naslednje datoteke:
furry.isoraid0_1.vdiraid0_2.vdi
Da dodamo navidezne diske v naš navidezni računalnik, izberemo navidezni računalnik in kliknemo na gumb Nastavitve... v vrstici zgoraj. V oknu, ki se nam odpre izberemo zavihek Pomnilniške naprave iz stolpca na levi. Nato izberemo Krmilnik: IDE in dodamo zgoščenko, tako da kliknemo na gumb z zgoščenko in zelenim znakom plus ter sledimo čarovniku za izbiro datoteke, kjer izberemo furry.iso.
Navidezne diske dodamo, tako da izberemo Krmilnik:SATA in dodamo disk, tako da kliknemo na gumb s diskom in zelenim znakom plus ter sledimo čarovniku za izbiro datoteke, kjer izberemo raid0_1.vdi. Po enakem postopku dodamo še navidezni disk raid0_2.vdi.
Sedaj imamo v zavihku Pomnilniške naprave pod Krmilnik: IDE dodano zgoščenko furry.iso in pod Krmilnik:SATA dodana navidezna diska raid0_1.vdi in raid0_2.vdi.
Sedaj poženemo naš navidezni računalnik. V operacijskih sistemih GNU/Linux lahko do diskov, ki so priklopljeni dostopamo preko imenika /dev/NAME_OF_THE_DISK, kjer je ponavadi ime diska sdX, kjer X zamenjamo z zaporedno črko abecede.
cd /dev
ls /dev
cd /dev/sda
Na katero pot v datotečnem sistemu so posamezni diski (sdX) in razdelki (sdXN) priklopljeni ugotovimo preko imenika /dev/NAME_OF_THE_DISK_OR_PARTITION/by-path.
ls -al /dev/sda/by-path
cd /dev/sda/by-path
Priklopljene diske (sdX) in razdelke (sdXN) lahko izpišemo tudi z ukazom lsblk.
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sdb 8:16 0 2G 0 disk
├─sdb1 8:17 0 300M 0 part
├─sdb2 8:18 0 299M 0 part
├─sdb3 8:19 0 1K 0 part
└─sdb5 8:21 0 1.4G 0 part
sdc 8:32 0 2G 0 disk
├─sdc1 8:33 0 300M 0 part
├─sdc2 8:34 0 1K 0 part
└─sdc5 8:37 0 1.7G 0 part
sr0 11:0 1 3.3M 0 rom
V operacijskih sistemih GNU/linux za delo z diski uporabljamo orodja kot so: mount, fdisk, gdisk, libguestfs, qemu-img, qemu-nbd... Razdelki se predstavijo operacijskemu sistemu kot datoteke. Podatke znotraj razdelkov so urejene v drevesno strukturo, ki predstavlja datotečni sistem, ki ustvari svojo glavo na začetku razdelka in nato sledijo datoteke.
Sedaj naredimo kopije obeh navideznih diskov in zgoščenke z ukazom cat ter izračunamo integritetno vrednost diska z ukazom sha512sum.
sha512sum /dev/sdb >> sdb_hash.txt
cat /dev/sdb > sdb_copy.img
sha512sum sdb_copy.img >> sdb_hash.txt
cat sdb_hash.txt
d4b009680058854c20324d830f189a79c2318fc8474681a43d3a10559b1fbadeda855f9e9aab510c2bd98ed379a2800526f64c49add1eb21e68e0af5c3f76c3d /dev/sdb
d4b009680058854c20324d830f189a79c2318fc8474681a43d3a10559b1fbadeda855f9e9aab510c2bd98ed379a2800526f64c49add1eb21e68e0af5c3f76c3d sdb_copy.img
sha512sum /dev/sdc >> sdc_hash.txt
cat /dev/sdc > sdc_copy.img
sha512sum sdc_copy.img >> sdc_hash.txt
cat sdc_hash.txt
161c640b8d4db9784d288146c02d711cafdcf76d7dd4db01faa762d6e44ac5aff790938e2cc013d1264505c1ff722210f944f5047994fe0d0dbdbef87a91eca4 /dev/sdc
161c640b8d4db9784d288146c02d711cafdcf76d7dd4db01faa762d6e44ac5aff790938e2cc013d1264505c1ff722210f944f5047994fe0d0dbdbef87a91eca4 sdc_copy.img
sha512sum /dev/sr0 >> sr0_hash.txt
cat /dev/sr0 > sr0_copy.img
sha512sum sr0_copy.img >> sr0_hash.txt
cat sr0_hash.txt
1fc5046513087e4eead5966e4c4ff017da8c43325f3fef537648d395a313bcea332a8e9841c3a4c0c45b95ed8addf91adac89edecd91c6fdb1fa915e487a9b45 /dev/sr0
1fc5046513087e4eead5966e4c4ff017da8c43325f3fef537648d395a313bcea332a8e9841c3a4c0c45b95ed8addf91adac89edecd91c6fdb1fa915e487a9b45 sr0_copy.img
Sedaj zaustavimo naš navidezni računalnik ter odstranimo odstranimo zgoščenko furry.iso iz Krmilnik: IDE, tako da jo izberemo, kliknemo na gumb z zgoščenko na desno strani ter izberemo možnost Odstrani disk iz navideznega pogona. Prav tako iz Krmilnik:SATA odstranimo navidezna diska raid0_1.vdi in raid0_2.vdi, tako da izberemo vsak nosilec in spodaj levo pritisnemo na gumb z disketo in rdečim križem.
Nato ponovno poženemo naš navidezni računalnik. Začnemo s priklopom slike zgoščenke, ki je ne moremo spreminjati. Podatki so zapisani z namenskim datotečnim sistemom ISO9660. Za priključitev zgoščenke uporabimo ukaz mount ter preverimo katere nove datoteke so nam sedaj dostopne.
mkdir /mnt/sr0
mount sr0_copy.img /mnt/sr0
mount: /mnt/sr0: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.
ls /mnt/sr0
cute-cat-l.jpg kitty1.jpeg kitty2.jpeg kitty3.jpeg kitty4.jpg
ISO9660 omejuje dolžino imen, ki jih imajo lahko datoteke, da zaobidemo to omejitev se privzeto uporablja Joliet razširitev datotečnega sistema. Sedaj bomo najprej odklopili trenutno priklopljeno zgoščenko z ukazom umount in jo nato ponovno priklopili z ukazom mount z uporabo dodatnih možnost z zastavico -o. Uporabimo zastavico nojoliet, da omogočimo priključitev brez Joliet razširitve in zastavico unhide, da prikažemo skrite datoteke. Sedaj preverimo ali lahko dostopamo še do kakšnih datotek.
mount
sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
udev on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,relatime,size=1987160k,nr_inodes=496790,mode=755)
devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000)
tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=402440k,mode=755)
/dev/sda1 on / type ext4 (rw,relatime,errors=remount-ro)
securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev)
tmpfs on /run/lock type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,size=5120k)
cgroup2 on /sys/fs/cgroup type cgroup2 (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,nsdelegate,memory_recursiveprot)
pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
none on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700)
systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=29,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=14377)
tracefs on /sys/kernel/tracing type tracefs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,pagesize=2M)
debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime)
tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,size=402436k,nr_inodes=100609,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000)
gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000)
/root/sr0_copy.img on /mnt/sr0 type iso9660 (ro,relatime,norock,check=r,map=n,blocksize=2048,iocharset=utf8)
umount /mnt/sr0
mount -o nojoliet,unhide sr0_copy.img /mnt/sr0
mount: /mnt/sr0: WARNING: source write-protected, mounted read-only.
ls /mnt/sr0
cat_pict.jpg evil_cat.jpg jojkj.png kitty2.jpe kitty4.jpg sl_1___w.htm cute_cat.jpg grumpy_c.jpg kitty1.jpe kitty3.jpe sl_1___w
Vidimo, da imajo datotečni sistemi svoja stikala oz. parametre, ki spremenijo kako datotečni sistemi delujejo in se odzivajo na ukaze.
Sedaj pa bomo priklopili še navidezne diske na naš datotečni sistem. Priklopimo jih lahko z ukazom mount in tudi z drugimi bolj specializiranimi orodji kot sta qemu-nbd in kpartx. Obe orodji najprej namesti z uporabo upravljalca paketov na našem operacijskem sistemu.
apt update
apt install qemu-utils kpartx
Omogočimo qemu-nbd v našem operacijskem sistemu s programom za dodajanje in odstranjevanje modulov jedra modprobe.
ls /dev
autofs kmsg rtc tty16 tty38 tty6 vcsa
block log rtc0 tty17 tty39 tty60 vcsa1
bsg loop0 sda tty18 tty4 tty61 vcsa2
btrfs-control loop1 sda1 tty19 tty40 tty62 vcsa3
bus loop2 sda2 tty2 tty41 tty63 vcsa4
cdrom loop3 sda5 tty20 tty42 tty7 vcsa5
char loop4 sg0 tty21 tty43 tty8 vcsa6
console loop5 sg1 tty22 tty44 tty9 vcsu
core loop6 shm tty23 tty45 ttyS0 vcsu1
cpu loop7 snapshot tty24 tty46 ttyS1 vcsu2
cpu_dma_latency loop-control snd tty25 tty47 ttyS2 vcsu3
cuse mapper sr0 tty26 tty48 ttyS3 vcsu4
disk mem stderr tty27 tty49 uhid vcsu5
dri mqueue stdin tty28 tty5 uinput vcsu6
dvd net stdout tty29 tty50 urandom vfio
fb0 null tty tty3 tty51 vboxguest vga_arbiter
fd nvram tty0 tty30 tty52 vboxuser vhci
full port tty1 tty31 tty53 vcs vhost-net
fuse ppp tty10 tty32 tty54 vcs1 vhost-vsock
hidraw0 psaux tty11 tty33 tty55 vcs2 zero
hpet ptmx tty12 tty34 tty56 vcs3
hugepages pts tty13 tty35 tty57 vcs4
initctl random tty14 tty36 tty58 vcs5
input rfkill tty15 tty37 tty59 vcs6
modprobe nbd max_part=32
ls /dev
autofs loop0 nbd8 stdout tty30 tty54 vcs3
block loop1 nbd9 tty tty31 tty55 vcs4
bsg loop2 net tty0 tty32 tty56 vcs5
btrfs-control loop3 null tty1 tty33 tty57 vcs6
bus loop4 nvram tty10 tty34 tty58 vcsa
cdrom loop5 port tty11 tty35 tty59 vcsa1
char loop6 ppp tty12 tty36 tty6 vcsa2
console loop7 psaux tty13 tty37 tty60 vcsa3
core loop-control ptmx tty14 tty38 tty61 vcsa4
cpu mapper pts tty15 tty39 tty62 vcsa5
cpu_dma_latency mem random tty16 tty4 tty63 vcsa6
cuse mqueue rfkill tty17 tty40 tty7 vcsu
disk nbd0 rtc tty18 tty41 tty8 vcsu1
dri nbd1 rtc0 tty19 tty42 tty9 vcsu2
dvd nbd10 sda tty2 tty43 ttyS0 vcsu3
fb0 nbd11 sda1 tty20 tty44 ttyS1 vcsu4
fd nbd12 sda2 tty21 tty45 ttyS2 vcsu5
full nbd13 sda5 tty22 tty46 ttyS3 vcsu6
fuse nbd14 sg0 tty23 tty47 uhid vfio
hidraw0 nbd15 sg1 tty24 tty48 uinput vga_arbiter
hpet nbd2 shm tty25 tty49 urandom vhci
hugepages nbd3 snapshot tty26 tty5 vboxguest vhost-net
initctl nbd4 snd tty27 tty50 vboxuser vhost-vsock
input nbd5 sr0 tty28 tty51 vcs zero
kmsg nbd6 stderr tty29 tty52 vcs1
log nbd7 stdin tty3 tty53 vcs2
Sedaj priklopimo disk z ukazom qemu-nbd z zastavico -c in izpišemo trenutno priklopljene diske z ukazom lsblk. Po potrebi lahko odklopimo disk z ukazom qemu-nbd z zastavico -d.
qemu-nbd -c /dev/nbd0 sdb_copy.img
WARNING: Image format was not specified for 'sdb_copy.img' and probing guessed raw.
Automatically detecting the format is dangerous for raw images, write operations on block 0 will be restricted.
Specify the 'raw' format explicitly to remove the restrictions.
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 3.3M 0 loop /mnt/sr0
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nbd0 43:0 0 2G 0 disk
├─nbd0p1 43:1 0 300M 0 part
├─nbd0p2 43:2 0 299M 0 part
├─nbd0p3 43:3 0 1K 0 part
└─nbd0p5 43:5 0 1.4G 0 part
Z ukazom fdisk lahko preverimo razdelke tako da izberemo možnost p. Ugotovimo, da imamo LVM razdelek in RAID razdelek, ki jih trenutno še ne moremo priključiti. Razdelek Extended nam predstavlja vsebovalnik za dodatne razdelke ter vsebuje še en MBR in tako omogoča uporabo še dodatnih štirih particij. Zadnji razdelek vsebuje datotečni sistem FAT32, katerega lahko priklopimo z ukazom mount.
fdisk /dev/nbd0
p
Disk /dev/nbd0: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x20fc8508
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/nbd0p1 614400 1228799 614400 300M fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/nbd0p2 2048 614399 612352 299M 8e Linux LVM
/dev/nbd0p3 1228800 4194303 2965504 1.4G 5 Extended
/dev/nbd0p5 1230848 4194303 2963456 1.4G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
q
mkdir /mnt/nbd0p5
mount /dev/nbd0p5 /mnt/nbd0p5
ls /mnt/nbd0p5
'Algorithm March (Original)-M8xtOinmByo.mp4'
"Survival - 'Living Off The Land' 1955 US Navy Training Film-KzplUDaBMuw.mp4"
Sedaj lahko preverimo integritetno vrednost navideznega diska sdb_copy.img in jo primerjamo s shranjeno vrednostjo v sdb_hash.txt. Vidimo, da se je vrednost že spremenila.
sha512sum sdb_copy.img
6f85ba2d828ffecbbfb1f9f59916bae13673d441dacfaff686ede8f47f761cf3ecd91bde4c487be0aeab112e2e245b5640c0c30235abeebf6bac2cd7233ea6b1 sdb_copy.img
cat sdb_hash.txt
d4b009680058854c20324d830f189a79c2318fc8474681a43d3a10559b1fbadeda855f9e9aab510c2bd98ed379a2800526f64c49add1eb21e68e0af5c3f76c3d /dev/sdb
d4b009680058854c20324d830f189a79c2318fc8474681a43d3a10559b1fbadeda855f9e9aab510c2bd98ed379a2800526f64c49add1eb21e68e0af5c3f76c3d sdb_copy.img
Za priključitev drugega diska pa uporabimo orodje kpartx z zastavico -a in izpišemo trenutno priklopljene diske z ukazom lsblk. Po potrebi lahko odklopimo disk z ukazom kpartx z zastavico -d.
kpartx -a sdc_copy.img
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 3.3M 0 loop /mnt/sr0
loop1 7:1 0 2G 0 loop
├─loop1p1 254:0 0 300M 0 part
├─loop1p2 254:1 0 1K 0 part
└─loop1p5 254:2 0 1.7G 0 part
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nbd0 43:0 0 2G 0 disk
├─nbd0p1 43:1 0 300M 0 part
├─nbd0p2 43:2 0 299M 0 part
├─nbd0p3 43:3 0 1K 0 part
└─nbd0p5 43:5 0 1.4G 0 part /mnt/nbd0p5
Z ukazom fdisk lahko preverimo razdelke tako da izberemo možnost p. Ugotovimo, da imamo LVM, RAID in Extended razdeleke, ki jih trenutno še ne moremo priključiti.
fdisk /dev/loop1
p
Disk /dev/loop1: 2 GiB, 2147483648 bytes, 4194304 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xb1b5b4b2
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/loop1p1 2048 616447 614400 300M fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/loop1p2 616448 4194303 3577856 1.7G 5 Extended
/dev/loop1p5 618496 4194303 3575808 1.7G 8e Linux LVM
q
Za delo z RAID polji potrebuje orodje mdadm, ki ga namestimo z upravljaljcem paketov našega operacijskega sistema. Nato preverimo priključene disk z ukazom lsblk ali je prišlo do kakšne spremembe.
apt update
apt install mdadm
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 3.3M 0 loop /mnt/sr0
loop1 7:1 0 2G 0 loop
├─loop1p1 254:0 0 300M 0 part
├─loop1p2 254:1 0 1K 0 part
└─loop1p5 254:2 0 1.7G 0 part
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nbd0 43:0 0 2G 0 disk
├─nbd0p1 43:1 0 300M 0 part
├─nbd0p2 43:2 0 299M 0 part
├─nbd0p3 43:3 0 1K 0 part
└─nbd0p5 43:5 0 1.4G 0 part /mnt/nbd0p5
Avtomatsko sistem ni zaznal nobenega RAID polja, zato ga poskusimo z uporabo orodja mdadm z uporabo zastavic --assemble in --scan ter preverimo RAID polje, ki smo ga pognali z zastavico --detail. Pononvno preverimo priključene disk z ukazom lsblk.
mdadm --assemble --scan
mdadm: /dev/md0 has been started with 2 drives.
mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Tue Mar 11 19:06:23 2014
Raid Level : raid0
Array Size : 612352 (598.00 MiB 627.05 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Tue Mar 11 19:06:23 2014
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : -unknown-
Chunk Size : 512K
Consistency Policy : none
Name : razpadalcek:0
UUID : c639acac:267a1605:f2b03f0e:230038f7
Events : 0
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 254 0 0 active sync /dev/dm-0
1 43 1 1 active sync /dev/nbd0p1
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 3.3M 0 loop /mnt/sr0
loop1 7:1 0 2G 0 loop
├─loop1p1 254:0 0 300M 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 598M 0 raid0
│ ├─md0p1 259:0 0 100M 0 part
│ └─md0p2 259:1 0 497M 0 part
├─loop1p2 254:1 0 1K 0 part
└─loop1p5 254:2 0 1.7G 0 part
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nbd0 43:0 0 2G 0 disk
├─nbd0p1 43:1 0 300M 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 598M 0 raid0
│ ├─md0p1 259:0 0 100M 0 part
│ └─md0p2 259:1 0 497M 0 part
├─nbd0p2 43:2 0 299M 0 part
├─nbd0p3 43:3 0 1K 0 part
└─nbd0p5 43:5 0 1.4G 0 part /mnt/nbd0p5
Z orodjem mdadm smo ponovno sestavili obstoječe RAID 0 polje pod imenom /dev/md0. Z ukazom fdisk lahko preverimo razdelka v RAID polju tako da izberemo možnost p. Ugotovimo, da imamo LVM razdelek, ki ga trenutno še ne moremo priključiti in razdelek s poznanim datotečnim sistemom Linux filesystem, ki ga lahko priključimo.
fdisk /dev/md0
p
Disk /dev/md0: 598 MiB, 627048448 bytes, 1224704 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 524288 bytes / 1048576 bytes
Disklabel type: gpt
Disk identifier: B7F76598-172A-4714-BC34-B9F014C55A39
Device Start End Sectors Size Type
/dev/md0p1 2048 206847 204800 100M Linux filesystem
/dev/md0p2 206848 1224670 1017823 497M Linux LVM
q
mkdir /mnt/md0p1
mount /dev/md0p1 /mnt/md0p1
ls /mnt/md0p1
"dailamo dailamo video song from srikanth's movie mahatma-kSBWzQUWAjI.mp4"
Za delo z LVM logičnimi diski potrebujemo orodje lvm2, ki ga namestimo z upravljalcem paketov našega operacijskega sistema. Nato preverimo priključene disk z ukazom lsblk ali je prišlo do kakšne spremembe.
apt update
apt install lvm2
lsblk
Podatke o LVM logičnih diskih pridobimo z ukazom pvdisplay nam prikaže fizične diske in razdelke (Physical Volume), ki so razporejeni v skupine fizičnih diskov (Volume Group), ki jih nam prikaže ukaz vgdisplay in znotraj skupin lahko določimo logične diske (Logical Volume), ki jih nam prikaže ukaz lvdisplay.
pvdisplay
WARNING: PV /dev/nbd0p2 in VG joyjoy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/nbd0p2
VG Name joyjoy
PV Size 299.00 MiB / not usable 3.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 74
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 74
PV UUID ELf5O8-UJCr-SUHD-JXza-67qJ-RMeI-ZQT3Mh
WARNING: PV /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
WARNING: PV /dev/md0p2 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/mapper/loop1p5
VG Name happy
PV Size <1.71 GiB / not usable 2.00 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 436
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 436
PV UUID LOyxVs-UtKI-0jIU-Clcm-Hb1L-ruGl-ZGns8c
--- Physical volume ---
PV Name /dev/md0p2
VG Name happy
PV Size 496.98 MiB / not usable 4.98 MiB
Allocatable yes (but full)
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 123
Free PE 0
Allocated PE 123
PV UUID pXyscH-UvqH-5lV6-Gn6U-TKGX-MTqH-hOrrPM
Vidimo, da imamo 3 razdelke (Physical Volume): /dev/nbd0p2, /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in /dev/md0p2, ki so vključeni v logične diske.
vgdisplay
WARNING: PV /dev/nbd0p2 in VG joyjoy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Volume group ---
VG Name joyjoy
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 1
Metadata Sequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 296.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 74
Alloc PE / Size 74 / 296.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID SPcqO8-Awtf-N0MK-5g2y-F6Do-YO9g-v05FdI
WARNING: PV /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
WARNING: PV /dev/md0p2 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Volume group ---
VG Name happy
System ID
Format lvm2
Metadata Areas 2
Metadata Sequence No 3
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 2
Open LV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 2
Act PV 2
VG Size 2.18 GiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 559
Alloc PE / Size 559 / 2.18 GiB
Free PE / Size 0 / 0
VG UUID U6IpQJ-JTs5-FoLT-Oi6S-Q2lf-dCTO-iwC91f
Vidimo tudi, da so razdelki razdeljeni v dve skupini (Volume Group), in sicer razdelka /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in /dev/md0p2 sta člana skupine happy ter razdelek /dev/nbd0p2 je član skupine joyjoy.
lvdisplay
WARNING: PV /dev/nbd0p2 in VG joyjoy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/joyjoy/ren
LV Name ren
VG Name joyjoy
LV UUID VJMlcK-pZDE-bavi-PSB2-2Zne-Vvd3-0M2FL7
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time razpadalcek, 2014-03-12 07:30:36 +0100
LV Status NOT available
LV Size 296.00 MiB
Current LE 74
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
WARNING: PV /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
WARNING: PV /dev/md0p2 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/happy/stimpy
LV Name stimpy
VG Name happy
LV UUID 3SEwn6-eI05-1ef8-6I8j-EJtU-e79q-YaGQ1K
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time razpadalcek, 2014-03-12 07:45:03 +0100
LV Status NOT available
LV Size 500.00 MiB
Current LE 125
Segments 1
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
--- Logical volume ---
LV Path /dev/happy/bmo
LV Name bmo
VG Name happy
LV UUID C94u1d-mp2T-6HjY-wSdC-sa2Y-acnu-evlaco
LV Write Access read/write
LV Creation host, time razpadalcek, 2014-03-12 07:47:11 +0100
LV Status NOT available
LV Size <1.70 GiB
Current LE 434
Segments 2
Allocation inherit
Read ahead sectors auto
Prav tako vidimo znotraj skupine joyjoy ustvarjen en logični disk (Logical Volume) ren ter znotraj skupine happy imamo dva logična diska stimpy in bmo. Logični disk bmo zajema razdelek md0p2 in del razdelka loop1p5, logični disk stimpy zajema del razdelka loop1p5 in logični disk ren zajema razdelek nbd0p2. Vse logične diske lahko priklopimo na enkrat z ukazom vgchange in zastavico -a y in preverimo priključene disk z ukazom lsblk.
vgchange -a y
WARNING: PV /dev/nbd0p2 in VG joyjoy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
1 logical volume(s) in volume group "joyjoy" now active
WARNING: PV /dev/mapper/loop1p5 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
WARNING: PV /dev/md0p2 in VG happy is using an old PV header, modify the VG to update.
2 logical volume(s) in volume group "happy" now active
lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
loop0 7:0 0 3.3M 0 loop /mnt/sr0
loop1 7:1 0 2G 0 loop
├─loop1p1 254:0 0 300M 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 598M 0 raid0
│ ├─md0p1 259:0 0 100M 0 part /mnt/md0p1
│ └─md0p2 259:1 0 497M 0 part
│ └─happy-bmo 254:5 0 1.7G 0 lvm /mnt/bmo
├─loop1p2 254:1 0 1K 0 part
└─loop1p5 254:2 0 1.7G 0 part
├─happy-stimpy 254:4 0 500M 0 lvm /mnt/stimpy
└─happy-bmo 254:5 0 1.7G 0 lvm /mnt/bmo
sda 8:0 0 100G 0 disk
├─sda1 8:1 0 99G 0 part /
├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part
└─sda5 8:5 0 975M 0 part [SWAP]
sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
nbd0 43:0 0 2G 0 disk
├─nbd0p1 43:1 0 300M 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 598M 0 raid0
│ ├─md0p1 259:0 0 100M 0 part /mnt/md0p1
│ └─md0p2 259:1 0 497M 0 part
│ └─happy-bmo 254:5 0 1.7G 0 lvm /mnt/bmo
├─nbd0p2 43:2 0 299M 0 part
│ └─joyjoy-ren 254:3 0 296M 0 lvm /mnt/ren
├─nbd0p3 43:3 0 1K 0 part
└─nbd0p5 43:5 0 1.4G 0 part /mnt/nbd0p5
Sedaj še priključimo vse tri logične diske z ukazom mount in preverimo do katerih novih datotek lahko sedaj dostopamo.
mkdir /mnt/ren
mount /dev/joyjoy/ren /mnt/ren
ls /mnt/ren
lost+found 'Волга-Волга Молодежная-P4f410gVNiE.mp4'
'Po pi po ~ Miku Hatsune Vegetable Juice Dance (English subtitles, Download)-T0-2lzA7_Cg.mp4'
mkdir /mnt/stimpy
mount /dev/happy/stimpy /mnt/stimpy
ls /mnt/stimpy
'[HD_HQ Music Video] T-ara - Bo Peep Bo Peep-9403-9CptH8.mp4'
mkdir /mnt/bmo
mount /dev/happy/bmo /mnt/bmo
ls /mnt/bmo
'[HD_HQ Music Video] T-ara - Bo Peep Bo Peep-9403-9CptH8.mp4' 'Ken Ashcorp - 20 Percent Cooler-u6xRSafBV8o.mp4' lost+found
Vse trenutno priključene diske, razdelke, datotčne sisteme, RAID polja ter LVM logične diske lahko prikažemo še z detaljnim izpisom ukaza lsblk z zastavico -f.
lsblk -f
NAME FSTYPE FSVER LABEL UUID FSAVAIL FSUSE% MOUNTPOINT
loop0 iso9660 Joliet Extension CDROM 2014-03-11-17-03-58-00 0 100% /mnt/sr0
loop1
├─loop1p1 linux_raid_member 1.2 razpadalcek:0 c639acac-267a-1605-f2b0-3f0e230038f7
│ └─md0
│ ├─md0p1 ntfs 0D5AF5EB6D625788 6M 94% /mnt/md0p1
│ └─md0p2 LVM2_member LVM2 001 pXyscH-UvqH-5lV6-Gn6U-TKGX-MTqH-hOrrPM
│ └─happy-bmo ext4 1.0 2169f641-3fc0-4b11-adda-2ef58ff9cc23 1.5G 5% /mnt/bmo
├─loop1p2
└─loop1p5 LVM2_member LVM2 001 LOyxVs-UtKI-0jIU-Clcm-Hb1L-ruGl-ZGns8c
├─happy-stimpy btrfs 0e4f1042-3865-4285-8e94-d532cbb3a6ab 426M 14% /mnt/stimpy
└─happy-bmo ext4 1.0 2169f641-3fc0-4b11-adda-2ef58ff9cc23 1.5G 5% /mnt/bmo
sda
├─sda1 ext4 1.0 6a286179-47aa-4c52-b942-5198b263c2f3 83.2G 9% /
├─sda2
└─sda5 swap 1 2b7cf7ee-8008-43c0-b786-6757301b91db [SWAP]
sr0
nbd0
├─nbd0p1 linux_raid_member 1.2 razpadalcek:0 c639acac-267a-1605-f2b0-3f0e230038f7
│ └─md0
│ ├─md0p1 ntfs 0D5AF5EB6D625788 6M 94% /mnt/md0p1
│ └─md0p2 LVM2_member LVM2 001 pXyscH-UvqH-5lV6-Gn6U-TKGX-MTqH-hOrrPM
│ └─happy-bmo ext4 1.0 2169f641-3fc0-4b11-adda-2ef58ff9cc23 1.5G 5% /mnt/bmo
├─nbd0p2 LVM2_member LVM2 001 ELf5O8-UJCr-SUHD-JXza-67qJ-RMeI-ZQT3Mh
│ └─joyjoy-ren ext3 1.0 4aeb7302-7cca-4f85-bb68-701d8cb59288 238.4M 8% /mnt/ren
├─nbd0p3
└─nbd0p5 vfat FAT32 F1E7-2C1C 1.4G 3% /mnt/nbd0p5