Math.js

define([
        '../ThirdParty/mersenne-twister',
        './Check',
        './defaultValue',
        './defined',
        './DeveloperError'
    ], function(
        MersenneTwister,
        Check,
        defaultValue,
        defined,
        DeveloperError) {
    'use strict';

    /**
     * Math functions.
     *
     * @exports CesiumMath
     * @alias Math
     */
    var CesiumMath = {};

    /**
     * 0.1
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON1 = 0.1;

    /**
     * 0.01
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON2 = 0.01;

    /**
     * 0.001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON3 = 0.001;

    /**
     * 0.0001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON4 = 0.0001;

    /**
     * 0.00001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON5 = 0.00001;

    /**
     * 0.000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON6 = 0.000001;

    /**
     * 0.0000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON7 = 0.0000001;

    /**
     * 0.00000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON8 = 0.00000001;

    /**
     * 0.000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON9 = 0.000000001;

    /**
     * 0.0000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON10 = 0.0000000001;

    /**
     * 0.00000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON11 = 0.00000000001;

    /**
     * 0.000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON12 = 0.000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.0000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON13 = 0.0000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.00000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON14 = 0.00000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON15 = 0.000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.0000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON16 = 0.0000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.00000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON17 = 0.00000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.000000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON18 = 0.000000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.0000000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON19 = 0.0000000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.00000000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON20 = 0.00000000000000000001;

    /**
     * 0.000000000000000000001
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.EPSILON21 = 0.000000000000000000001;

    /**
     * The gravitational parameter of the Earth in meters cubed
     * per second squared as defined by the WGS84 model: 3.986004418e14
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.GRAVITATIONALPARAMETER = 3.986004418e14;

    /**
     * Radius of the sun in meters: 6.955e8
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.SOLAR_RADIUS = 6.955e8;

    /**
     * The mean radius of the moon, according to the "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on
     * Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and satellites: 2000",
     * Celestial Mechanics 82: 83-110, 2002.
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.LUNAR_RADIUS = 1737400.0;

    /**
     * 64 * 1024
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.SIXTY_FOUR_KILOBYTES = 64 * 1024;

    /**
     * 4 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.FOUR_GIGABYTES = 4 * 1024 * 1024 * 1024;

    /**
     * Returns the sign of the value; 1 if the value is positive, -1 if the value is
     * negative, or 0 if the value is 0.
     *
     * @function
     * @param {Number} value The value to return the sign of.
     * @returns {Number} The sign of value.
     */
    CesiumMath.sign = defaultValue(Math.sign, function sign(value) {
        value = +value; // coerce to number
        if (value === 0 || value !== value) {
            // zero or NaN
            return value;
        }
        return value > 0 ? 1 : -1;
    });

    /**
     * Returns 1.0 if the given value is positive or zero, and -1.0 if it is negative.
     * This is similar to {@link CesiumMath#sign} except that returns 1.0 instead of
     * 0.0 when the input value is 0.0.
     * @param {Number} value The value to return the sign of.
     * @returns {Number} The sign of value.
     */
    CesiumMath.signNotZero = function(value) {
        return value < 0.0 ? -1.0 : 1.0;
    };

    /**
     * Converts a scalar value in the range [-1.0, 1.0] to a SNORM in the range [0, rangeMaximum]
     * @param {Number} value The scalar value in the range [-1.0, 1.0]
     * @param {Number} [rangeMaximum=255] The maximum value in the mapped range, 255 by default.
     * @returns {Number} A SNORM value, where 0 maps to -1.0 and rangeMaximum maps to 1.0.
     *
     * @see CesiumMath.fromSNorm
     */
    CesiumMath.toSNorm = function(value, rangeMaximum) {
        rangeMaximum = defaultValue(rangeMaximum, 255);
        return Math.round((CesiumMath.clamp(value, -1.0, 1.0) * 0.5 + 0.5) * rangeMaximum);
    };

    /**
     * Converts a SNORM value in the range [0, rangeMaximum] to a scalar in the range [-1.0, 1.0].
     * @param {Number} value SNORM value in the range [0, rangeMaximum]
     * @param {Number} [rangeMaximum=255] The maximum value in the SNORM range, 255 by default.
     * @returns {Number} Scalar in the range [-1.0, 1.0].
     *
     * @see CesiumMath.toSNorm
     */
    CesiumMath.fromSNorm = function(value, rangeMaximum) {
        rangeMaximum = defaultValue(rangeMaximum, 255);
        return CesiumMath.clamp(value, 0.0, rangeMaximum) / rangeMaximum * 2.0 - 1.0;
    };

    /**
     * Converts a scalar value in the range [rangeMinimum, rangeMaximum] to a scalar in the range [0.0, 1.0]
     * @param {Number} value The scalar value in the range [rangeMinimum, rangeMaximum]
     * @param {Number} rangeMinimum The minimum value in the mapped range.
     * @param {Number} rangeMaximum The maximum value in the mapped range.
     * @returns {Number} A scalar value, where rangeMinimum maps to 0.0 and rangeMaximum maps to 1.0.
     */
    CesiumMath.normalize = function(value, rangeMinimum, rangeMaximum) {
        rangeMaximum = Math.max(rangeMaximum - rangeMinimum, 0.0);
        return rangeMaximum === 0.0 ? 0.0 : CesiumMath.clamp((value - rangeMinimum) / rangeMaximum, 0.0, 1.0);
    };

    /**
     * Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number.
     * The hyperbolic sine of <em>value</em> is defined to be
     * (<em>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;-&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></em>)/2.0
     * where <i>e</i> is Euler's number, approximately 2.71828183.
     *
     * <p>Special cases:
     *   <ul>
     *     <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.</li>
     *
     *     <li>If the argument is infinite, then the result is an infinity
     *     with the same sign as the argument.</li>
     *
     *     <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is a zero with the
     *     same sign as the argument.</li>
     *   </ul>
     *</p>
     *
     * @function
     * @param {Number} value The number whose hyperbolic sine is to be returned.
     * @returns {Number} The hyperbolic sine of <code>value</code>.
     */
    CesiumMath.sinh = defaultValue(Math.sinh, function sinh(value) {
        return (Math.exp(value) - Math.exp(-value)) / 2.0;
    });

    /**
     * Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number.
     * The hyperbolic cosine of <strong>value</strong> is defined to be
     * (<em>e<sup>x</sup>&nbsp;+&nbsp;e<sup>-x</sup></em>)/2.0
     * where <i>e</i> is Euler's number, approximately 2.71828183.
     *
     * <p>Special cases:
     *   <ul>
     *     <li>If the argument is NaN, then the result is NaN.</li>
     *
     *     <li>If the argument is infinite, then the result is positive infinity.</li>
     *
     *     <li>If the argument is zero, then the result is 1.0.</li>
     *   </ul>
     *</p>
     *
     * @function
     * @param {Number} value The number whose hyperbolic cosine is to be returned.
     * @returns {Number} The hyperbolic cosine of <code>value</code>.
     */
    CesiumMath.cosh = defaultValue(Math.cosh, function cosh(value) {
        return (Math.exp(value) + Math.exp(-value)) / 2.0;
    });

    /**
     * Computes the linear interpolation of two values.
     *
     * @param {Number} p The start value to interpolate.
     * @param {Number} q The end value to interpolate.
     * @param {Number} time The time of interpolation generally in the range <code>[0.0, 1.0]</code>.
     * @returns {Number} The linearly interpolated value.
     *
     * @example
     * var n = Cesium.Math.lerp(0.0, 2.0, 0.5); // returns 1.0
     */
    CesiumMath.lerp = function(p, q, time) {
        return ((1.0 - time) * p) + (time * q);
    };

    /**
     * pi
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.PI = Math.PI;

    /**
     * 1/pi
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.ONE_OVER_PI = 1.0 / Math.PI;

    /**
     * pi/2
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.PI_OVER_TWO = Math.PI / 2.0;

    /**
     * pi/3
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.PI_OVER_THREE = Math.PI / 3.0;

    /**
     * pi/4
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.PI_OVER_FOUR = Math.PI / 4.0;

    /**
     * pi/6
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.PI_OVER_SIX = Math.PI / 6.0;

    /**
     * 3pi/2
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.THREE_PI_OVER_TWO = 3.0 * Math.PI / 2.0;

    /**
     * 2pi
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.TWO_PI = 2.0 * Math.PI;

    /**
     * 1/2pi
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     */
    CesiumMath.ONE_OVER_TWO_PI = 1.0 / (2.0 * Math.PI);

    /**
     * The number of radians in a degree.
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     * @default Math.PI / 180.0
     */
    CesiumMath.RADIANS_PER_DEGREE = Math.PI / 180.0;

    /**
     * The number of degrees in a radian.
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     * @default 180.0 / Math.PI
     */
    CesiumMath.DEGREES_PER_RADIAN = 180.0 / Math.PI;

    /**
     * The number of radians in an arc second.
     *
     * @type {Number}
     * @constant
     * @default {@link CesiumMath.RADIANS_PER_DEGREE} / 3600.0
     */
    CesiumMath.RADIANS_PER_ARCSECOND = CesiumMath.RADIANS_PER_DEGREE / 3600.0;

    /**
     * Converts degrees to radians.
     * @param {Number} degrees The angle to convert in degrees.
     * @returns {Number} The corresponding angle in radians.
     */
    CesiumMath.toRadians = function(degrees) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(degrees)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('degrees is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return degrees * CesiumMath.RADIANS_PER_DEGREE;
    };

    /**
     * Converts radians to degrees.
     * @param {Number} radians The angle to convert in radians.
     * @returns {Number} The corresponding angle in degrees.
     */
    CesiumMath.toDegrees = function(radians) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(radians)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('radians is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return radians * CesiumMath.DEGREES_PER_RADIAN;
    };

    /**
     * Converts a longitude value, in radians, to the range [<code>-Math.PI</code>, <code>Math.PI</code>).
     *
     * @param {Number} angle The longitude value, in radians, to convert to the range [<code>-Math.PI</code>, <code>Math.PI</code>).
     * @returns {Number} The equivalent longitude value in the range [<code>-Math.PI</code>, <code>Math.PI</code>).
     *
     * @example
     * // Convert 270 degrees to -90 degrees longitude
     * var longitude = Cesium.Math.convertLongitudeRange(Cesium.Math.toRadians(270.0));
     */
    CesiumMath.convertLongitudeRange = function(angle) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(angle)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('angle is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        var twoPi = CesiumMath.TWO_PI;

        var simplified = angle - Math.floor(angle / twoPi) * twoPi;

        if (simplified < -Math.PI) {
            return simplified + twoPi;
        }
        if (simplified >= Math.PI) {
            return simplified - twoPi;
        }

        return simplified;
    };

    /**
     * Convenience function that clamps a latitude value, in radians, to the range [<code>-Math.PI/2</code>, <code>Math.PI/2</code>).
     * Useful for sanitizing data before use in objects requiring correct range.
     *
     * @param {Number} angle The latitude value, in radians, to clamp to the range [<code>-Math.PI/2</code>, <code>Math.PI/2</code>).
     * @returns {Number} The latitude value clamped to the range [<code>-Math.PI/2</code>, <code>Math.PI/2</code>).
     *
     * @example
     * // Clamp 108 degrees latitude to 90 degrees latitude
     * var latitude = Cesium.Math.clampToLatitudeRange(Cesium.Math.toRadians(108.0));
     */
    CesiumMath.clampToLatitudeRange = function(angle) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(angle)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('angle is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        return CesiumMath.clamp(angle, -1*CesiumMath.PI_OVER_TWO, CesiumMath.PI_OVER_TWO);
    };

    /**
     * Produces an angle in the range -Pi <= angle <= Pi which is equivalent to the provided angle.
     *
     * @param {Number} angle in radians
     * @returns {Number} The angle in the range [<code>-CesiumMath.PI</code>, <code>CesiumMath.PI</code>].
     */
    CesiumMath.negativePiToPi = function(angle) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(angle)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('angle is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return CesiumMath.zeroToTwoPi(angle + CesiumMath.PI) - CesiumMath.PI;
    };

    /**
     * Produces an angle in the range 0 <= angle <= 2Pi which is equivalent to the provided angle.
     *
     * @param {Number} angle in radians
     * @returns {Number} The angle in the range [0, <code>CesiumMath.TWO_PI</code>].
     */
    CesiumMath.zeroToTwoPi = function(angle) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(angle)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('angle is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        var mod = CesiumMath.mod(angle, CesiumMath.TWO_PI);
        if (Math.abs(mod) < CesiumMath.EPSILON14 && Math.abs(angle) > CesiumMath.EPSILON14) {
            return CesiumMath.TWO_PI;
        }
        return mod;
    };

    /**
     * The modulo operation that also works for negative dividends.
     *
     * @param {Number} m The dividend.
     * @param {Number} n The divisor.
     * @returns {Number} The remainder.
     */
    CesiumMath.mod = function(m, n) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(m)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('m is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(n)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('n is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return ((m % n) + n) % n;
    };

    /**
     * Determines if two values are equal using an absolute or relative tolerance test. This is useful
     * to avoid problems due to roundoff error when comparing floating-point values directly. The values are
     * first compared using an absolute tolerance test. If that fails, a relative tolerance test is performed.
     * Use this test if you are unsure of the magnitudes of left and right.
     *
     * @param {Number} left The first value to compare.
     * @param {Number} right The other value to compare.
     * @param {Number} relativeEpsilon The maximum inclusive delta between <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> for the relative tolerance test.
     * @param {Number} [absoluteEpsilon=relativeEpsilon] The maximum inclusive delta between <code>left</code> and <code>right</code> for the absolute tolerance test.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if the values are equal within the epsilon; otherwise, <code>false</code>.
     *
     * @example
     * var a = Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(0.0, 0.01, Cesium.Math.EPSILON2); // true
     * var b = Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(0.0, 0.1, Cesium.Math.EPSILON2);  // false
     * var c = Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(3699175.1634344, 3699175.2, Cesium.Math.EPSILON7); // true
     * var d = Cesium.Math.equalsEpsilon(3699175.1634344, 3699175.2, Cesium.Math.EPSILON9); // false
     */
    CesiumMath.equalsEpsilon = function(left, right, relativeEpsilon, absoluteEpsilon) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(left)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('left is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(right)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('right is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(relativeEpsilon)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('relativeEpsilon is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        absoluteEpsilon = defaultValue(absoluteEpsilon, relativeEpsilon);
        var absDiff = Math.abs(left - right);
        return absDiff <= absoluteEpsilon || absDiff <= relativeEpsilon * Math.max(Math.abs(left), Math.abs(right));
    };

    /**
     * Determines if the left value is less than the right value. If the two values are within
     * <code>absoluteEpsilon</code> of each other, they are considered equal and this function returns false.
     *
     * @param {Number} left The first number to compare.
     * @param {Number} right The second number to compare.
     * @param {Number} absoluteEpsilon The absolute epsilon to use in comparison.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>left</code> is less than <code>right</code> by more than
     *          <code>absoluteEpsilon<code>. <code>false</code> if <code>left</code> is greater or if the two
     *          values are nearly equal.
     */
    CesiumMath.lessThan = function(left, right, absoluteEpsilon) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(left)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('first is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(right)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('second is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(absoluteEpsilon)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('relativeEpsilon is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return left - right < -absoluteEpsilon;
    };

    /**
     * Determines if the left value is less than or equal to the right value. If the two values are within
     * <code>absoluteEpsilon</code> of each other, they are considered equal and this function returns true.
     *
     * @param {Number} left The first number to compare.
     * @param {Number} right The second number to compare.
     * @param {Number} absoluteEpsilon The absolute epsilon to use in comparison.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>left</code> is less than <code>right</code> or if the
     *          the values are nearly equal.
     */
    CesiumMath.lessThanOrEquals = function(left, right, absoluteEpsilon) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(left)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('first is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(right)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('second is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(absoluteEpsilon)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('relativeEpsilon is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return left - right < absoluteEpsilon;
    };

    /**
     * Determines if the left value is greater the right value. If the two values are within
     * <code>absoluteEpsilon</code> of each other, they are considered equal and this function returns false.
     *
     * @param {Number} left The first number to compare.
     * @param {Number} right The second number to compare.
     * @param {Number} absoluteEpsilon The absolute epsilon to use in comparison.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>left</code> is greater than <code>right</code> by more than
     *          <code>absoluteEpsilon<code>. <code>false</code> if <code>left</code> is less or if the two
     *          values are nearly equal.
     */
    CesiumMath.greaterThan = function(left, right, absoluteEpsilon) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(left)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('first is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(right)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('second is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(absoluteEpsilon)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('relativeEpsilon is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return left - right > absoluteEpsilon;
    };

    /**
     * Determines if the left value is greater than or equal to the right value. If the two values are within
     * <code>absoluteEpsilon</code> of each other, they are considered equal and this function returns true.
     *
     * @param {Number} left The first number to compare.
     * @param {Number} right The second number to compare.
     * @param {Number} absoluteEpsilon The absolute epsilon to use in comparison.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if <code>left</code> is greater than <code>right</code> or if the
     *          the values are nearly equal.
     */
    CesiumMath.greaterThanOrEquals = function(left, right, absoluteEpsilon) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(left)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('first is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(right)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('second is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(absoluteEpsilon)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('relativeEpsilon is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return left - right > -absoluteEpsilon;
    };

    var factorials = [1];

    /**
     * Computes the factorial of the provided number.
     *
     * @param {Number} n The number whose factorial is to be computed.
     * @returns {Number} The factorial of the provided number or undefined if the number is less than 0.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.
     *
     *
     * @example
     * //Compute 7!, which is equal to 5040
     * var computedFactorial = Cesium.Math.factorial(7);
     *
     * @see {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial|Factorial on Wikipedia}
     */
    CesiumMath.factorial = function(n) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (typeof n !== 'number' || n < 0) {
            throw new DeveloperError('A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        var length = factorials.length;
        if (n >= length) {
            var sum = factorials[length - 1];
            for (var i = length; i <= n; i++) {
                var next = sum * i;
                factorials.push(next);
                sum = next;
            }
        }
        return factorials[n];
    };

    /**
     * Increments a number with a wrapping to a minimum value if the number exceeds the maximum value.
     *
     * @param {Number} [n] The number to be incremented.
     * @param {Number} [maximumValue] The maximum incremented value before rolling over to the minimum value.
     * @param {Number} [minimumValue=0.0] The number reset to after the maximum value has been exceeded.
     * @returns {Number} The incremented number.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} Maximum value must be greater than minimum value.
     *
     * @example
     * var n = Cesium.Math.incrementWrap(5, 10, 0); // returns 6
     * var n = Cesium.Math.incrementWrap(10, 10, 0); // returns 0
     */
    CesiumMath.incrementWrap = function(n, maximumValue, minimumValue) {
        minimumValue = defaultValue(minimumValue, 0.0);

        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(n)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('n is required.');
        }
        if (maximumValue <= minimumValue) {
            throw new DeveloperError('maximumValue must be greater than minimumValue.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        ++n;
        if (n > maximumValue) {
            n = minimumValue;
        }
        return n;
    };

    /**
     * Determines if a positive integer is a power of two.
     *
     * @param {Number} n The positive integer to test.
     * @returns {Boolean} <code>true</code> if the number if a power of two; otherwise, <code>false</code>.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.
     *
     * @example
     * var t = Cesium.Math.isPowerOfTwo(16); // true
     * var f = Cesium.Math.isPowerOfTwo(20); // false
     */
    CesiumMath.isPowerOfTwo = function(n) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (typeof n !== 'number' || n < 0) {
            throw new DeveloperError('A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        return (n !== 0) && ((n & (n - 1)) === 0);
    };

    /**
     * Computes the next power-of-two integer greater than or equal to the provided positive integer.
     *
     * @param {Number} n The positive integer to test.
     * @returns {Number} The next power-of-two integer.
     *
     * @exception {DeveloperError} A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.
     *
     * @example
     * var n = Cesium.Math.nextPowerOfTwo(29); // 32
     * var m = Cesium.Math.nextPowerOfTwo(32); // 32
     */
    CesiumMath.nextPowerOfTwo = function(n) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (typeof n !== 'number' || n < 0) {
            throw new DeveloperError('A number greater than or equal to 0 is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        // From http://graphics.stanford.edu/~seander/bithacks.html#RoundUpPowerOf2
        --n;
        n |= n >> 1;
        n |= n >> 2;
        n |= n >> 4;
        n |= n >> 8;
        n |= n >> 16;
        ++n;

        return n;
    };

    /**
     * Constraint a value to lie between two values.
     *
     * @param {Number} value The value to constrain.
     * @param {Number} min The minimum value.
     * @param {Number} max The maximum value.
     * @returns {Number} The value clamped so that min <= value <= max.
     */
    CesiumMath.clamp = function(value, min, max) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(value)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('value is required');
        }
        if (!defined(min)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('min is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(max)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('max is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return value < min ? min : value > max ? max : value;
    };

    var randomNumberGenerator = new MersenneTwister();

    /**
     * Sets the seed used by the random number generator
     * in {@link CesiumMath#nextRandomNumber}.
     *
     * @param {Number} seed An integer used as the seed.
     */
    CesiumMath.setRandomNumberSeed = function(seed) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(seed)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('seed is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        randomNumberGenerator = new MersenneTwister(seed);
    };

    /**
     * Generates a random floating point number in the range of [0.0, 1.0)
     * using a Mersenne twister.
     *
     * @returns {Number} A random number in the range of [0.0, 1.0).
     *
     * @see CesiumMath.setRandomNumberSeed
     * @see {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_twister|Mersenne twister on Wikipedia}
     */
    CesiumMath.nextRandomNumber = function() {
        return randomNumberGenerator.random();
    };

    /**
     * Generates a random number between two numbers.
     *
     * @param {Number} min The minimum value.
     * @param {Number} max The maximum value.
     * @returns {Number} A random number between the min and max.
     */
    CesiumMath.randomBetween = function(min, max) {
        return CesiumMath.nextRandomNumber() * (max - min) + min;
    };

    /**
     * Computes <code>Math.acos(value)</code>, but first clamps <code>value</code> to the range [-1.0, 1.0]
     * so that the function will never return NaN.
     *
     * @param {Number} value The value for which to compute acos.
     * @returns {Number} The acos of the value if the value is in the range [-1.0, 1.0], or the acos of -1.0 or 1.0,
     *          whichever is closer, if the value is outside the range.
     */
    CesiumMath.acosClamped = function(value) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(value)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('value is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return Math.acos(CesiumMath.clamp(value, -1.0, 1.0));
    };

    /**
     * Computes <code>Math.asin(value)</code>, but first clamps <code>value</code> to the range [-1.0, 1.0]
     * so that the function will never return NaN.
     *
     * @param {Number} value The value for which to compute asin.
     * @returns {Number} The asin of the value if the value is in the range [-1.0, 1.0], or the asin of -1.0 or 1.0,
     *          whichever is closer, if the value is outside the range.
     */
    CesiumMath.asinClamped = function(value) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(value)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('value is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return Math.asin(CesiumMath.clamp(value, -1.0, 1.0));
    };

    /**
     * Finds the chord length between two points given the circle's radius and the angle between the points.
     *
     * @param {Number} angle The angle between the two points.
     * @param {Number} radius The radius of the circle.
     * @returns {Number} The chord length.
     */
    CesiumMath.chordLength = function(angle, radius) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(angle)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('angle is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(radius)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('radius is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return 2.0 * radius * Math.sin(angle * 0.5);
    };

    /**
     * Finds the logarithm of a number to a base.
     *
     * @param {Number} number The number.
     * @param {Number} base The base.
     * @returns {Number} The result.
     */
    CesiumMath.logBase = function(number, base) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (!defined(number)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('number is required.');
        }
        if (!defined(base)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('base is required.');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        return Math.log(number) / Math.log(base);
    };

    /**
     * Finds the cube root of a number.
     * Returns NaN if <code>number</code> is not provided.
     *
     * @function
     * @param {Number} [number] The number.
     * @returns {Number} The result.
     */
    CesiumMath.cbrt = defaultValue(Math.cbrt, function cbrt(number) {
        var result = Math.pow(Math.abs(number), 1.0 / 3.0);
        return number < 0.0 ? -result : result;
    });

    /**
     * Finds the base 2 logarithm of a number.
     *
     * @function
     * @param {Number} number The number.
     * @returns {Number} The result.
     */
    CesiumMath.log2 = defaultValue(Math.log2, function log2(number) {
        return Math.log(number) * Math.LOG2E;
    });

    /**
     * @private
     */
    CesiumMath.fog = function(distanceToCamera, density) {
        var scalar = distanceToCamera * density;
        return 1.0 - Math.exp(-(scalar * scalar));
    };

    /**
     * Computes a fast approximation of Atan for input in the range [-1, 1].
     *
     * Based on Michal Drobot's approximation from ShaderFastLibs,
     * which in turn is based on "Efficient approximations for the arctangent function,"
     * Rajan, S. Sichun Wang Inkol, R. Joyal, A., May 2006.
     * Adapted from ShaderFastLibs under MIT License.
     *
     * @param {Number} x An input number in the range [-1, 1]
     * @returns {Number} An approximation of atan(x)
     */
    CesiumMath.fastApproximateAtan = function(x) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        Check.typeOf.number('x', x);
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        return x * (-0.1784 * Math.abs(x) - 0.0663 * x * x + 1.0301);
    };

    /**
     * Computes a fast approximation of Atan2(x, y) for arbitrary input scalars.
     *
     * Range reduction math based on nvidia's cg reference implementation: http://developer.download.nvidia.com/cg/atan2.html
     *
     * @param {Number} x An input number that isn't zero if y is zero.
     * @param {Number} y An input number that isn't zero if x is zero.
     * @returns {Number} An approximation of atan2(x, y)
     */
    CesiumMath.fastApproximateAtan2 = function(x, y) {
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        Check.typeOf.number('x', x);
        Check.typeOf.number('y', y);
        //>>includeEnd('debug');

        // atan approximations are usually only reliable over [-1, 1]
        // So reduce the range by flipping whether x or y is on top based on which is bigger.
        var opposite;
        var adjacent;
        var t = Math.abs(x); // t used as swap and atan result.
        opposite = Math.abs(y);
        adjacent = Math.max(t, opposite);
        opposite = Math.min(t, opposite);

        var oppositeOverAdjacent = opposite / adjacent;
        //>>includeStart('debug', pragmas.debug);
        if (isNaN(oppositeOverAdjacent)) {
            throw new DeveloperError('either x or y must be nonzero');
        }
        //>>includeEnd('debug');
        t = CesiumMath.fastApproximateAtan(oppositeOverAdjacent);

        // Undo range reduction
        t = Math.abs(y) > Math.abs(x) ? CesiumMath.PI_OVER_TWO - t : t;
        t = x < 0.0 ?  CesiumMath.PI - t : t;
        t = y < 0.0 ? -t : t;
        return t;
    };

    return CesiumMath;
});