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Constituency parsing

Constituency parsing aims to extract a constituency-based parse tree from a sentence that represents its syntactic structure according to a phrase structure grammar.

Example:

             Sentence (S)
                 |
   +-------------+------------+
   |                          |
 Noun (N)                Verb Phrase (VP)
   |                          |
 John                 +-------+--------+
                      |                |
                    Verb (V)         Noun (N)
                      |                |
                    sees              Bill

Recent approaches convert the parse tree into a sequence following a depth-first traversal in order to be able to apply sequence-to-sequence models to it. The linearized version of the above parse tree looks as follows: (S (N) (VP V N)).

Penn Treebank

The Wall Street Journal section of the Penn Treebank is used for evaluating constituency parsers. Section 22 is used for development and Section 23 is used for evaluation. Models are evaluated based on F1. Most of the below models incorporate external data or features. For a comparison of single models trained only on WSJ, refer to Kitaev and Klein (2018).

Model F1 score Paper / Source
Label Attention Layer + HPSG + XLNet (Mrini et al., 2019) 96.34 Rethinking Self-Attention: An Interpretable Self-Attentive Encoder-Decoder Parser
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + XLNet (Zhou and Zhao, 2019) 96.33 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank
Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing (Joint) + BERT (Zhou and Zhao, 2019) 95.84 Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Parsing on Penn Treebank
Self-attentive encoder + ELMo (Kitaev and Klein, 2018) 95.13 Constituency Parsing with a Self-Attentive Encoder
Model combination (Fried et al., 2017) 94.66 Improving Neural Parsing by Disentangling Model Combination and Reranking Effects
LSTM Encoder-Decoder + LSTM-LM (Takase et al., 2018) 94.47 Direct Output Connection for a High-Rank Language Model
LSTM Encoder-Decoder + LSTM-LM (Suzuki et al., 2018) 94.32 An Empirical Study of Building a Strong Baseline for Constituency Parsing
In-order (Liu and Zhang, 2017) 94.2 In-Order Transition-based Constituent Parsing
Semi-supervised LSTM-LM (Choe and Charniak, 2016) 93.8 Parsing as Language Modeling
Stack-only RNNG (Kuncoro et al., 2017) 93.6 What Do Recurrent Neural Network Grammars Learn About Syntax?
RNN Grammar (Dyer et al., 2016) 93.3 Recurrent Neural Network Grammars
Transformer (Vaswani et al., 2017) 92.7 Attention Is All You Need
Combining Constituent Parsers (Fossum and Knight, 2009) 92.4 Combining constituent parsers via parse selection or parse hybridization
Semi-supervised LSTM (Vinyals et al., 2015) 92.1 Grammar as a Foreign Language
Self-trained parser (McClosky et al., 2006) 92.1 Effective Self-Training for Parsing

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