-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
index.html
630 lines (541 loc) · 32.2 KB
/
index.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Document</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="./index.css">
<script src="https://use.fontawesome.com/90b8a63d40.js"></script>
<link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:wght@200&display=swap" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="icon" href="https://symbols-electrical.getvecta.com/stencil_97/70_the-new-york-times-icon.4f402b8393.png">
</head>
<body>
<!--Top navigation bar here -->
<ul id="NavList">
<li><i class="fa fa-align-justify"></i></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-search"></i></li>
<li>SPACE & COSMOS</li>
<li><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="Pics/NTYL.png" alt="NYT logo" width="195" height="32"></a></li>
<li><button class="TopButton1" type="button">subscribe now</button></li>
<li><button class="TopButton2" type="button">log in</button></li>
</ul>
<hr>
<!--Article title + big picture + social media icons -->
<div id="ArtHeader">
<h1>Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s<br> Smoking Gun</h1>
<hr>
<ul class="SocIcon">
<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.whatsapp.com/?lang=en"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/home"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-reply"></i></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i></li>
<li><i class="fa fa-comment-alt"></i></li>
</ul>
</div>
<figure>
<img class="pic1" src="Pics/Pic1.jpg" alt="Alan Guth picture" width="1000" height="600">
<figcaption>Alan Guth was one of the first physicists to hypothesize the existence of inflation, which explains how the<br> universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.<br><p id="Ricky">Rick Friedman for The New York Times</p></figcaption>
</figure>
<!--The big text starts here-->
<div class="FlexBox">
<div class="Flex"></div>
<article class="Middle">
<div id="Writer">
<p><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/by/dennis-overbye">By Dennis Overbye</a></p>
<p id="date">March 17, 2014</p>
</div>
<br>
<hr>
<div id="ArtSignUp">
<div class="ArtSignUpP">
<h4 class="bold">SIGN UP FOR SCIENCE TIMES:</h4>
<p class="italian">Get stories that capture the wonders of nature, the cosmos and the human body.</p>
</div>
<button id="SignUpButt" type="button">Sign up</button>
</div>
<div class="txt1">
<p>CAMBRIDGE, Mass. — One night late in 1979, an itinerant young physicist named Alan Guth, with a new son and a year’s appointment at Stanford, stayed up late with his notebook and equations venturing far beyond the world of known physics.</p>
<br>
<p>He was trying to understand why there was no trace of some exotic particles that should have been created in the Big Bang. Instead he discovered what might have made the universe bang to begin with. A potential hitch in the presumed course of cosmic evolution could have infused space itself with a special energy that exerted a repulsive force, causing the universe to swell faster than the speed of light for a prodigiously violent instant.</p>
<br>
<p>If true, the rapid engorgement would solve paradoxes like why the heavens look uniform from pole to pole and not like a jagged, warped mess. The enormous ballooning would iron out all the wrinkles and irregularities. Those particles were not missing, but would be diluted beyond detection, like spit in the ocean.</p>
<br>
<p>“SPECTACULAR REALIZATION,” Dr Guth wrote across the top of the page and drew a double box around it.</p>
<br>
<p>On Monday, Dr. Guth’s starship came in. Radio astronomers reported that they had seen the beginning of the Big Bang, and that his hypothesis, known undramatically as inflation, looked right.
</div>
<!-- Subscription div -->
<div id="SubscrDiv">
<hr>
<p class="bold">Thanks for reading The Times.<br>
<a class="bold" href="https://www.nytimes.com/subscription?campaignId=9L9L9">Subscribe to The Times</a></p>
<hr>
</div>
<div>
<p>Reaching back across 13.8 billion years to<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJYc9YmKIO8"> the first sliver of cosmic time</a> with telescopes at the South Pole, a team of astronomers led by John M. Kovac of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics detected ripples in the fabric of space-time — so-called<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/12/science/ligo-gravitational-waves-black-holes-einstein.html"> gravitational waves</a> — the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart when it was roughly a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second old. They are the long-sought smoking-gun evidence of inflation, proof, Dr. Kovac and his colleagues say, that Dr. Guth was correct.</p>
<br>
<p>Inflation has been the workhorse of cosmology for 35 years, though many, including Dr. Guth, wondered whether it could ever be proved.</p>
<br>
<p>If corroborated, Dr. Kovac’s work will stand as a landmark in science comparable to the recent discovery of dark energy pushing the universe apart, or of the Big Bang itself. It would open vast realms of time and space and energy to science and speculation.</p>
<br>
<p>Confirming inflation would mean that the universe we see, extending 14 billion light-years in space with its hundreds of billions of galaxies, is only an infinitesimal patch in a larger cosmos whose extent, architecture and fate are unknowable. Moreover, beyond our own universe there might be an endless number of other universes bubbling into frothy eternity, like a pot of pasta water boiling over.</p>
</div>
<br>
<div>
<h3>'As Big as It Gets'</h3>
<p>In our own universe, it would serve as a window into the forces operating at energies forever beyond the reach of particle accelerators on Earth and yield new insights into gravity itself. Dr. Kovac’s ripples would be the first direct observation of gravitational waves, which, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, should ruffle space-time.</p>
<br>
<p>Marc Kamionkowski of Johns Hopkins University, an early-universe expert who was not part of the team, said, “This is huge, as big as it gets.”</p>
<br>
<p>He continued, “This is a signal from the very earliest universe, sending a telegram encoded in gravitational waves.”</p>
<br>
<p>The ripples manifested themselves as faint spiral patterns in a bath of microwave radiation that permeates space and preserves a picture of the universe when it was 380,000 years old and as hot as the surface of the sun.</p>
<br>
<p>Dr. Kovac and his collaborators, working in an experiment known as Bicep, for Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization, reported their results in a scientific briefing at the Center for Astrophysics here on Monday and in a set of papers submitted to The Astrophysical Journal.</p>
</div>
<br>
<!-- 8-image picture with descriptions here -->
<div class="piccap8">
<h4 class="bold">The Theory of Infaltion</h4>
<p>Astronomers have found evidence to support the theory of inflation, which explains how the universe expanded so uniformly and so quickly in the instant after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.</p>
</div>
<!-- <img class="pic2" src="Pics/8pic.png" alt="Theory of Inflation picture" width="945" height="576"> -->
<div class ="cont8">
<img class="pic2" src="Pics/8pic.png" alt="Theory of Inflation picture" width="945" height="576">
<div class="box1 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">THE UNIVERSE</h4>is just under 14 billion years old. From our position in the Milky Way galaxy, we can observe a sphere that is now about 92 billion light-years across. But there's a mystery. Wherever we look, the universe has an even temperature.</div>
<div class="box2 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">NOT ENOUGH TIME</h4> The universe is not old enough for light to have traveled the vast distance from one side of the universe to the other, and there has not been enough time for scattered patches of hot and cold to mix into an even temperature.</div>
<div class="box3 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">DISTANT COFFEE</h4> At a smaller scale, imagine using a telescope to look a mile in one direction. You see a coffee cup, and from the amount of steam, you can estimate its temperature and how much it has cooled.</div>
<div class="box4 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">COFFEE EVERYWHERE</h4> Now turn around and look a mile in the other direction. You see a similar coffee cup, at exactly the same temperature. Coincidence? Maybe. But if you see a similar cup in every direction, you might want to look for another explanation.</div>
<div class="box5 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">STILL NOT ENOUGH TIME</h4> There has not been enough time to carry coffee cups from place to place before they get cold. But if all the coffee cups were somehow filled from a single coffee pot, all at the same time, that might explain their even temperature.</div>
<div class="box6 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">INFLATION</h4> solves this problem. The theory proposes that, less than a trillionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe expanded faster than the speed of light. Tiny ripples in the violently expanding energy field eventually grew into the large-scale structures of the universe.</div>
<div class="box7 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">FLUCTUATION</h4> Astronomers have now detected evidence of these ancient fluctuations in swirls of polarized light in the cosmic background radiation, which is energy left over from the early universe. These are gravitational waves predicted by Einstein.</div>
<div class="box8 boxtxt"><h4 class="bold">EXPANSION</h4> Returning to our coffee, imagine a single, central pot expanding faster than light and cooling to an even temperature as it expands. That is something like inflation. And the structure of the universe mirrors the froth and foam of the original pot.
</div>
</div>
<div class="Pic8Auth">By Larry BUCHANAN and JONATHAN CORUM</div>
<!-- big text after 8picture -->
<div class="txt2">
<p>Dr. Kovac said the chance that the results were a fluke was only one in 10 million.</p>
<br>
<p>Dr. Guth, now 67, pronounced himself “bowled over,” saying he had not expected such a definite confirmation in his lifetime.</p>
<br>
<p>“With nature, you have to be lucky,” he said. “Apparently we have been lucky.</p>
<br>
<p>The results are the closely guarded distillation of three years’ worth of observations and analysis. Eschewing email for fear of a leak, Dr. Kovac personally delivered drafts of his work to a select few, meeting with Dr. Guth, who is now a professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (as is his son, Larry, who was sleeping that night in 1979), in his office last week.</p>
<br>
<p>“It was a very special moment, and one we took very seriously as scientists,” said Dr. Kovac, who chose his words as carefully as he tended his radio telescopes.</p>
<br>
<p>Andrei Linde of Stanford, a prolific theorist who first described the most popular variant of inflation, known as chaotic inflation, in 1983, was about to go on vacation in the Caribbean last week when Chao-Lin Kuo, a Stanford colleague and a member of Dr. Kovac’s team,<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlfIVEy_YOA"> knocked on his door with a bottle of Champagne
</a> to tell him the news</p>
</div>
<!-- video here -->
<div class="VidClass">
<iframe width="760" height="365" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZlfIVEy_YOA" title="YouTube video player" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p>Stanford Professor Andrei Linde celebrates physics breakthrough<br> Credit; Video by Stanford University</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>Confused, Dr. Linde called out to his wife, asking if she had ordered anything.</p>
<br>
<p>“And then I told him that in the beginning we thought that this was a delivery but we did not think that we ordered anything, but I simply forgot that actually I did order it, 30 years ago,” Dr. Linde wrote in an email.</p>
<br>
<p>Calling from Bonaire, the Dutch Caribbean island, Dr. Linde said he was still hyperventilating. “Having news like this is the best way of spoiling a vacation,” he said.</p>
<br>
<p>By last weekend, as social media was buzzing with rumors that inflation had been seen and news spread, astrophysicists responded with a mixture of jubilation and caution.</p>
<br>
<p>Max Tegmark, a cosmologist at M.I.T., wrote in an email, “I think that if this stays true, it will go down as one of the greatest discoveries in the history of science.”</p>
<br>
<p>John E. Carlstrom of the University of Chicago, Dr. Kovac’s mentor and head of a competing project called the South Pole Telescope, pronounced himself deeply impressed. “I think the results are beautiful and very convincing,” he said.</p>
<br>
<p>Paul J. Steinhardt of Princeton, author of a competitor to inflation that posits the clash of a pair of universes as the cause of genesis, said that if true, the Bicep result would eliminate his model, but he expressed reservations about inflation.</p>
<br>
<p>Lawrence M. Krauss of Arizona State and others also emphasized the need for confirmation, noting that the new results exceeded earlier estimates based on temperature maps of the cosmic background by the European Space Agency’s Planck satellite and other assumptions about the universe.</p>
<br>
<p>“So we will need to wait and see before we jump up and down,” Dr. Krauss said.</p>
<br>
<p>Corroboration might not be long in coming. The Planck spacecraft will report its own findings this year. At least a dozen other teams are trying similar measurements from balloons, mountaintops and space.</p>
<br>
<h3>Spirals in the Sky</h3>
<br>
<p>Gravity waves are the latest and deepest secret yet pried out of the cosmic microwaves, which were discovered accidentally by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson at Bell Labs 50 years ago. They won the Nobel Prize.</p>
<br>
<p>Dr. Kovac has spent his career trying to read the secrets of these waves. He is one of four leaders of Bicep, which has operated a series of increasingly sensitive radio telescopes at the South Pole, where the thin, dry air creates ideal observing conditions. The others are Clement Pryke of the University of Minnesota, Jamie Bock of the California Institute of Technology and Dr. Kuo of Stanford.</p>
<br>
<p>“The South Pole is the closest you can get to space and still be on the ground,” Dr. Kovac said. He has been there 23 times, he said, wintering over in 1994. “I’ve been hooked ever since,” he said.</p>
</div>
<!-- big text and picture -->
<div class="pic3">
<img src="Pics/Pic3.jpg" alt="Bicep2 telescope picture" width="800" height="450">
<p>The Bicep2 telescope, in the foreground, was used to detect the faint spiraling gravity patterns — the signature of a universe being wrenched violently apart at its birth.Credit...Steffen Richter/Associated Press</p>
</div>
<div>
<p>In 2002, he was part of a team that discovered that the microwave radiation was polarized, meaning the light waves had a slight preference to vibrate in one direction rather than another.</p>
<br>
<p>Detecting those spirals required measuring infinitesimally small differences in the temperature of the microwaves. The group’s telescope, Bicep2, is basically a giant superconducting thermometer.</p>
<br>
<p>“We had no expectations what we would see,” Dr. Kovac said.</p>
<br>
<p>The strength of the signal surprised the researchers, and they spent a year burning up time on a Harvard supercomputer, making sure they had things right and worrying that competitors might beat them to the breakthrough.</p>
<br>
<h3>A Special Time</h3>
<br>
<p>The data traced the onset of inflation to a time that physicists like Dr. Guth, staying up late in his Palo Alto house 35 years ago, suspected was a special break point in the evolution of the universe.</p>
<br>
<p>Physicists recognize four forces at work in the world today: gravity, electromagnetism, and strong and weak nuclear forces. But they have long suspected that those are simply different manifestations of a single unified force that ruled the universe in its earliest, hottest moments.</p>
<br>
<p>As the universe cooled, according to this theory, there was a fall from grace, like some old folk mythology of gods or brothers falling out with each other. The laws of physics evolved, with one force after another splitting away.</p>
<br>
<p>That was where Dr. Guth came in.</p>
<br>
<p>Under some circumstances, a glass of water can stay liquid as the temperature falls below 32 degrees, until it is disturbed, at which point it will rapidly freeze, releasing latent heat.</p>
<br>
<p>Similarly, the universe could “supercool” and stay in a unified state too long. In that case, space itself would become imbued with a mysterious latent energy.</p>
<br>
<p>Inserted into Einstein’s equations, the latent energy would act as a kind of antigravity, and the universe would blow itself up. Since it was space itself supplying the repulsive force, the more space was created, the harder it pushed apart.</p>
<br>
<p>What would become our observable universe mushroomed in size at least a trillion trillionfold — from a submicroscopic speck of primordial energy to the size of a grapefruit — in less than a cosmic eye-blink.</p>
<br>
<p>Almost as quickly, this pulse would subside, relaxing into ordinary particles and radiation. All of normal cosmic history was still ahead, resulting in today’s observable universe, a patch of sky and stars billions of light-years across. “It’s often said that there is no such thing as a free lunch,” Dr. Guth likes to say, “but the universe might be the ultimate free lunch.”</p>
<br>
<p>Make that free lunches. Most of the hundred or so models resulting from Dr. Guth’s original vision suggest that inflation, once started, is eternal. Even as our own universe settled down to a comfortable homey expansion, the rest of the cosmos will continue blowing up, spinning off other bubbles endlessly, a concept known as the multiverse.</p>
<br>
<p>So the future of the cosmos is perhaps bright and fecund, but do not bother asking about going any deeper into the past.</p>
<br>
<p>We might never know what happened before inflation, at the very beginning, because inflation erases everything that came before it. All the chaos and randomness of the primordial moment are swept away, forever out of our view.</p>
<br>
<p>“If you trace your cosmic roots,” said Abraham Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian astronomer who was not part of the team, “you wind up at inflation.”</p>
<br>
<p class="ArtVers">A version of this article appears in print on March 18, 2014, Section A, Page 1 of the New York edition with the headline: Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang’s Smoking Gun. Order Reprints | Today’s Paper | Subscribe </p>
</div>
<!-- "small footer": comment button + social media icons -->
<div class ="ArtFooter">
<button class="CommentButt" type="button">(646)Comments</button>
<ul class="SocIcon">
<li><a href="https://www.facebook.com"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.whatsapp.com/?lang=en"><i class="fa fa-whatsapp"></i></a></li>
<li><a href="https://twitter.com/home"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li>
<li><a href=""><i class="fa fa-envelope"></i></a></li>
<li><a href=""><i class="fa fa-bookmark"></i></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- form here -->
<form id="commentform">
<div class="smallflex">
<div class="columnflex">
<label for="username">Username:</label>
<label for="email">E-mail:</label>
</div>
<div class="longfield">
<input type="text" id="username" name="username" maxlength="20" required><br>
<input type="text" id="email" name="email" maxlength="20" required><br>
</div>
</div>
<div>
<label>Comment:</label><br>
<textarea class="formcomment" placeholder="Type your comment here..." name="comment" form="commentform" maxlength="250" required></textarea><br>
</div>
<div>
<p>What is your overall opinion about this article?</p>
<input type="radio" id="positive" name="opinion" value="positive">
<label for="positive">Positive</label>
<input type="radio" id="neutral" name="opinion" value="neutral">
<label for="positive">Neutral</label>
<input type="radio" id="negative" name="opinion" value="negative">
<label for="positive">Negative</label>
</div>
<div>
<input type="checkbox" id="subscribe" name="subscribe" value="subcribe">
<label for="subscribe">I want to subscribe to newsletter</label><br>
<input class="formbutton" type="submit" value="send">
</div>
</form>
<!-- side bar section here -->
</article>
<aside class="Flex1">
<p class="bold">Editor Picks</p>
<hr>
<div class="SideBarAdd">
<img class="AdvPic" src="Pics/editorPick1.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="75" height="75"><p><a class="BlackLink" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/22/style/smell-covid-dating-parosmia.html?action=click&algo=top_conversion&block=editors_picks_recirc&fellback=true&imp_id=470405802&impression_id=07f6c290-8bd1-11eb-93d8-eddbf84f14cb&index=0&pgtype=Article®ion=ccolumn&req_id=205474807&surface=home-featured&variant=2_lda_unique&action=click&module=editorContent&pgtype=Article®ion=CompanionColumn&contentCollection=Trending">If Everything Smells Bad, You're Not Alone</a></p>
</div>
<div class="SideBarAdd">
<img class="AdvPic" src="Pics/editPick2.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="75" height="75"><p><a class="BlackLink" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/22/style/smell-covid-dating-parosmia.html?action=click&algo=top_conversion&block=editors_picks_recirc&fellback=true&imp_id=470405802&impression_id=07f6c290-8bd1-11eb-93d8-eddbf84f14cb&index=0&pgtype=Article®ion=ccolumn&req_id=205474807&surface=home-featured&variant=2_lda_unique&action=click&module=editorContent&pgtype=Article®ion=CompanionColumn&contentCollection=Trending">Your Pandemic Tech Habits</a></p>
</div>
<div class="SideBarAdd">
<img class="AdvPic" src="Pics/editorPick3.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="75" height="75"><p><a class="BlackLink" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/22/style/smell-covid-dating-parosmia.html?action=click&algo=top_conversion&block=editors_picks_recirc&fellback=true&imp_id=470405802&impression_id=07f6c290-8bd1-11eb-93d8-eddbf84f14cb&index=0&pgtype=Article®ion=ccolumn&req_id=205474807&surface=home-featured&variant=2_lda_unique&action=click&module=editorContent&pgtype=Article®ion=CompanionColumn&contentCollection=Trending">How honest can you be? </a></p>
</div>
</aside>
</div>
<!-- footer section -->
<footer>
<div class="FooterMain">
<div class="toppFlex">
<p class="topp, bold">Suggested newsletter for you</p>
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ"><p class="topp">Don't show me this again</p></a>
</div>
<div class="section">
<a href=""><div class="NewsLet">
<div class="newsletcont">
<img src ="Pics/newsLet1.png" alt="Editor pick picture" width="82" height="82">
<i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i>
</div>
<br>
<h6>DAILY</h6>
<h4>The Morning</h4>
<p>Make sense of the day's news and idea. David Leonhardt and Times journalists guide you through what's happening -- and why it matters.</p>
<br>
<p><a href="">See the latest</a></p>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="NewsLet">
<div class="newsletcont">
<img src ="Pics/newsLet2.png" alt="Editor pick picture" width="82" height="82">
<i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i>
</div>
<br>
<h6>AS NEEDED</h6>
<h4>Breaking News</h4>
<p>Alerts when important news breaks around the world.</p>
<br>
<a href=""><p>See the latest</p></a>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="NewsLet">
<div class="newsletcont">
<img src ="Pics/newsLet3.png" alt="Editor pick picture" width="82" height="82">
<i class="fa fa-plus-circle"></i>
</div>
<br>
<h6>WEEKLY</h6>
<h4>At Home</h4>
<p>Our best suggestions for how to live a full and cultured life during the pandemic, at home</p>
<br>
<a href=""><p>See the latest</p></a>
</div></a>
</div>
<hr>
<p class="FooterMargin, bold">More in Space and Astronomy</p>
<div class="section2">
<a href=""><div class="Pick2">
<img src="Pics/Pick1.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Getty images</h6>
<br>
<p>The Water on Mars Vanished. This Might Be Where It Went</p>
<br>
<h5>March 11</h5>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="Pick2">
<img src="Pics/Pick2.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Jeff J Mitchell</h6>
<br>
<p>Biden Nominates Former Florida Senator to Lead NASA</p>
<br>
<h5>March 19</h5></div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="section2">
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick3.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Tyler Martin</h6>
<br>
<p>NASA Last Rocket</p>
<br>
<h5>March 23</h5>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick4.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Mark Schielfer</h6>
<br>
<p>China and Russia Agree to Explore the Moon Together</p>
<br>
<h5>March 10</h5>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick5.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>SpaceX</h6>
<br>
<p>SpaceX Mars Rocket Prototype Explodes, but This Time It Lands First</p>
<br>
<h5>March 4</h5>
</div></a>
</div>
<hr>
<p class="FooterMargin, bold">Editors Picks</p>
<div class="section2">
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick6.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Mamadi Doumboya</h6>
<br>
<p>Covid Has Tramatized America. A Doctor Explains What We Need To Heal</p>
<br>
<h5>March 19</h5>
</div>
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick7.jpg" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Kaile Whitman</h6>
<br>
<p>Resume-Writing tips to Help You Get Past the A.I. Gatekeepers</p>
<br>
<h5>March 28</h5>
</div></a>
<a href=""><div class="Pick">
<img src="Pics/Pick8.png" alt="Editor pick picture" width="310" height="182">
<h6>Piotr Rutkowski</h6>
<br>
<p>A Study of Edward Said, One of the Most Interesing Man of His Time.</p>
<br>
<h5>March 19</h5>
</div></a>
</div>
</div>
<div class="FooterSide">
<h4 class="bold"> Most Popular </h4>
<hr>
<p><a href="">Presidential Challenger Dies of Covid-19 Just Hours After Voting Ends</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">Stephen Colbert Breaks It Down for Spring Breakers</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">The Patient Is Obsessed With Sex. But How Reliable Is Her Therapist?</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">How Does That Song Go? This Bird Couldn’t Say.</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">Montana Governor Gets Written Warning After Killing a Wolf</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">George Segal, Durable Veteran of Drama and TV Comedy, Is Dead at 87</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">I’m Realizing My Friends Are Racist. What Should I Do?</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">Welcome to Paradise. You May Want to Catch the Next Flight Home.</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">The Curious Case of the Cinnamon Toast Crunch Box</a></p>
<hr>
<p><a href="">5 Things We Know About Flying This Summer</a></p>
</div>
</footer>
<hr class="footerhr">
<div class="bottomFooter">
<div class="footerTitle">
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/"><img src="Pics/NTYL.png" alt="New York Times Logo" width="195" height="32"></a>
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/"><p class="homepage">Go to Home Page>></p></a>
</div>
<div class="footerFlexBox">
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">NEWS</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href="">World</a></li>
<li><a href="">Coronavirus</a></li>
<li><a href="">U.S.</a></li>
<li><a href="">Politics</a></li>
<li><a href="">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="">Buisness</a></li>
<li><a href="">Tech</a></li>
<li><a href="">Science</a></li>
<li><a href="">Sports</a></li>
<li><a href="">Obituaries</a></li>
<li><a href="">Today's Paper</a></li>
<li><a href="">Corrections</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">OPINION</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href="">Today's Opinion</a></li>
<li><a href="">Op-Ed Columnists</a></li>
<li><a href="">Editorials</a></li>
<li><a href="">Op-Ed Contributors</a></li>
<li><a href="">Letters</a></li>
<li><a href="">Sunday Review</a></li>
<li><a href="">Video:Opinion</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">ARTS</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href="">Today's Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="">Art & Design</a></li>
<li><a href="">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="">Movies</a></li>
<li><a href="">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="">Pop Culture</a></li>
<li><a href="">Television</a></li>
<li><a href="">Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="">Video:Arts</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">LIVING</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href="">At Home</a></li>
<li><a href="">Automobiles</a></li>
<li><a href="">Games</a></li>
<li><a href="">Education</a></li>
<li><a href="">Food</a></li>
<li><a href="">Health</a></li>
<li><a href="">Jobs</a></li>
<li><a href="">Love</a></li>
<li><a href="">Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="">Parenting</a></li>
<li><a href="">Real Estate</a></li>
<li><a href="">Recipes</a></li>
<li><a href="">Style</a></li>
<li><a href="">T Magazine</a></li>
<li><a href="">Travel</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">MORE</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href="">Reader Center</a></li>
<li><a href="">Wirecutter</a></li>
<li><a href="">Live Events</a></li>
<li><a href="">The Learning Network</a></li>
<li><a href="">Tools & Services</a></li>
<li><a href="">Multimedia</a></li>
<li><a href="">Photography</a></li>
<li><a href="">Video</a></li>
<li><a href="">Newsletters</a></li>
<li><a href="">TimesMachine</a></li>
<li><a href="">NYT Store</a></li>
<li><a href="">Times Journeys</a></li>
<li><a href="">Manage My Account</a></li>
<li><a href="">NYTLicensing</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footerCont">
<p class="bold">SUBSCRIBE</p>
<ul class="footerList">
<li><a href=""><p class="bold">Home Delivery</p></a></li>
<li><a href=""><p class="bold">Digital Subscriptions</p></a></li>
<li><a href=""><p class="bold">Games</p></a></li>
<li><a href=""><p class="bold">Food</p></a></li>
<li><a href="">Email Newsletters</a></li>
<li><a href="">Corporate Subscriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="">Education Rate</a></li>
<li><a href="">Mobile Applications</a></li>
<li><a href="">Replica Edition</a></li>
<li><a href="">International</a></li>
<li><a href="">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="">Espanol</a></li>
<li><a href="">Chinese</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<ul class="bottomText">
<li><a href="">2021 The New York Times</a></li>
<li><a href="">NYTCo</a></li>
<li><a href="">Contact Us</a></li>
<li><a href="">Accessibility</a></li>
<li><a href="">Work with us</a></li>
<li><a href="">Advertise</a></li>
<li><a href="">T Brand Studio</a></li>
<li><a href="">Your Ad Choices</a></li>
<li><a href="">Privacy Policy</a></li>
<li><a href="">Terms of Service</a></li>
<li><a href="">Terms of Sale</a></li>
<li><a href="">Site Map</a></li>
<li><a href="">Help</a></li>
<li><a href="">Subscriptions</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
</body>
</html>