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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="" xml:lang="">
<head>
<title>The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive effort in lizards</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta name="author" content=" Dylan Padilla, Dale DeNardo & Michael Angilletta June, 2022 dpadil10@asu.edu | https://dylanpadilla.netlify.app/" />
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class: center, middle, inverse, title-slide
.title[
# The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive effort in lizards
]
.author[
### <br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/><br/>Dylan Padilla, Dale DeNardo & Michael Angilletta <br/> June, 2022 <br/> <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:red;height:1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M502.3 190.8c3.9-3.1 9.7-.2 9.7 4.7V400c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V195.6c0-5 5.7-7.8 9.7-4.7 22.4 17.4 52.1 39.5 154.1 113.6 21.1 15.4 56.7 47.8 92.2 47.6 35.7.3 72-32.8 92.3-47.6 102-74.1 131.6-96.3 154-113.7zM256 320c23.2.4 56.6-29.2 73.4-41.4 132.7-96.3 142.8-104.7 173.4-128.7 5.8-4.5 9.2-11.5 9.2-18.9v-19c0-26.5-21.5-48-48-48H48C21.5 64 0 85.5 0 112v19c0 7.4 3.4 14.3 9.2 18.9 30.6 23.9 40.7 32.4 173.4 128.7 16.8 12.2 50.2 41.8 73.4 41.4z"></path></svg> <a href="mailto:dpadil10@asu.edu" class="email">dpadil10@asu.edu</a> | <svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" style="position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;fill:red;height:1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M326.612 185.391c59.747 59.809 58.927 155.698.36 214.59-.11.12-.24.25-.36.37l-67.2 67.2c-59.27 59.27-155.699 59.262-214.96 0-59.27-59.26-59.27-155.7 0-214.96l37.106-37.106c9.84-9.84 26.786-3.3 27.294 10.606.648 17.722 3.826 35.527 9.69 52.721 1.986 5.822.567 12.262-3.783 16.612l-13.087 13.087c-28.026 28.026-28.905 73.66-1.155 101.96 28.024 28.579 74.086 28.749 102.325.51l67.2-67.19c28.191-28.191 28.073-73.757 0-101.83-3.701-3.694-7.429-6.564-10.341-8.569a16.037 16.037 0 0 1-6.947-12.606c-.396-10.567 3.348-21.456 11.698-29.806l21.054-21.055c5.521-5.521 14.182-6.199 20.584-1.731a152.482 152.482 0 0 1 20.522 17.197zM467.547 44.449c-59.261-59.262-155.69-59.27-214.96 0l-67.2 67.2c-.12.12-.25.25-.36.37-58.566 58.892-59.387 154.781.36 214.59a152.454 152.454 0 0 0 20.521 17.196c6.402 4.468 15.064 3.789 20.584-1.731l21.054-21.055c8.35-8.35 12.094-19.239 11.698-29.806a16.037 16.037 0 0 0-6.947-12.606c-2.912-2.005-6.64-4.875-10.341-8.569-28.073-28.073-28.191-73.639 0-101.83l67.2-67.19c28.239-28.239 74.3-28.069 102.325.51 27.75 28.3 26.872 73.934-1.155 101.96l-13.087 13.087c-4.35 4.35-5.769 10.79-3.783 16.612 5.864 17.194 9.042 34.999 9.69 52.721.509 13.906 17.454 20.446 27.294 10.606l37.106-37.106c59.271-59.259 59.271-155.699.001-214.959z"></path></svg> <a href="https://dylanpadilla.netlify.app/" class="uri">https://dylanpadilla.netlify.app/</a>
]
---
# Acknowledgements
.pull-left[
<center>
<p align="center">
<img float = "left" src = "images/shai-meiri.jpeg" width = "310" height = "210"><br>
Shai Meiri
<br>
<img float = "right" src = "images/Mark-Oshea.jpeg" width = "250" height = "220"><br>
Mark O'Shea
</p>
</center>
]
.pull-right[
<center>
<img float = "right" src = "images/Gustavo-Burin.png" width = "210" height = "220"><br>
Gustavo Burin
<br>
<img float = "right" src = "images/Camila-Tabares.jpg" width = "180" height = "220"><br>
Camila Tabares
</center>
]
---
# The foraging-mode paradigm
.pull-left[
<p align="center">
<span style="color: red;" > Active foragers </span>
</p>
<center>
<img float = "left" src = "images/cnemis.gif" width = "370" height = "210">
<img float = "right" src = "images/komodo.gif" width = "370" height = "220">
</center>
]
.pull-right[
<p align="center">
<span style="color: red;" > Sit-and-wait foragers </span>
</p>
<center>
<img float = "right" src = "images/sidewander.gif" width = "370" height = "220">
<img float = "left" src = "images/snapping-turtle.gif" width = "370" height = "210">
</center>
]
---
# Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-1-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
# Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-2-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
# Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-3-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
# Hypotheses about how an organism’s foraging mode relates to its life history
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-4-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
# Functional reproductive volume
<center>
<img float = "center" src = "images/model1.jpg" width = "400" height = "380">
<p align = "center">
<span style = "color: red;" > Strategy 1: Sit-and-wait foragers; </span>
<span style = "color: red;" > Strategy 2: active foragers </span>
</p>
<br>
<center>
Vitt and Congdon (1978)
</center>
---
# Sit-and-wait lizards evolved greater reproductive effort than did active-foraging lizards
<center>
<img float = "right" src = "images/vitt-results.jpg" width = "300" height = "390">
</center>
<br>
<center>
Vitt and Congdon (1978)
</center>
---
<center>
<img float = "right" src = "images/model2.jpg" width = "400" height = "500">
</center>
<br>
<center>
Vitt and Price (1982)
</center>
---
# The long-standing prediction of a relationship between foraging mode and life-history traits is currently unsupported
.pull-left[
<center>
<br><br><br><br><br>
<img float = "left" src = "images/mesquita.png" width = "500" height = "150">
</center>
]
.pull-right[
<br><br>
<center>
<img float = "left" src = "images/no.gif">
</center>
]
<br><br><br><br>
<center>
Mesquita et al. (2016)
</center>
---
# Data source and description of variables
<img src = "images/Meiri-2018.jpeg" width = "700" height = "220">
- Hatchling mass
- Offspring number
- Female mass
- Scaled-mass index
<br><br>
<center>
\[Reproductive\; output=Hatchling\; size \times Offspring\; number \]
</center>
---
# Ancestral reconstruction of foraging mode
<br>
- We used a set of continuous-time, discrete-state Markov chain models to sample the character histories from their posterior probability distribution
--
- We fitted three different models to our data, using the function `make.simmap` from the [`phytools` 📦](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/phytools/index.html) of <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg>, v. 1.0.1
--
- We estimated the prior distribution on the root node of the tree (`pi = 'estimated'`) and sampled the transition matrix, `Q`, from its posterior distribution (`Q = 'mcmc'`).
--
- We selected the most likely model of evolution based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC)
---
# Effects of maternal mass and foraging mode on reproductive output
- We used PGLS to model the relationship among maternal mass, foraging mode and reproductive output through the `gls` function from the [`nlme` 📦](https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/nlme/index.html) of <svg viewBox="0 0 581 512" style="height:1em;position:relative;display:inline-block;top:.1em;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M581 226.6C581 119.1 450.9 32 290.5 32S0 119.1 0 226.6C0 322.4 103.3 402 239.4 418.1V480h99.1v-61.5c24.3-2.7 47.6-7.4 69.4-13.9L448 480h112l-67.4-113.7c54.5-35.4 88.4-84.9 88.4-139.7zm-466.8 14.5c0-73.5 98.9-133 220.8-133s211.9 40.7 211.9 133c0 50.1-26.5 85-70.3 106.4-2.4-1.6-4.7-2.9-6.4-3.7-10.2-5.2-27.8-10.5-27.8-10.5s86.6-6.4 86.6-92.7-90.6-87.9-90.6-87.9h-199V361c-74.1-21.5-125.2-67.1-125.2-119.9zm225.1 38.3v-55.6c57.8 0 87.8-6.8 87.8 27.3 0 36.5-38.2 28.3-87.8 28.3zm-.9 72.5H365c10.8 0 18.9 11.7 24 19.2-16.1 1.9-33 2.8-50.6 2.9v-22.1z"></path></svg>, v. 3.1.153
--
- The slope of the linear relationship can be interpreted as reproductive effort—proportion of mass allocated to reproduction—which enabled us to avoid statistical issues associated with the analysis of ratios
--
- Models in which maternal mass was standardized (M) enabled us to deal with outliers, thus increasing the robustness of our conclusions
---
# Sit-and-wait foraging is the most likely ancestral state
<center>
<img src = "images/Figure2.jpeg" width = "580" height = "580">
</center>
---
# Foraging mode is conserved among lizards
<center>
<img src = "images/Figure2.jpeg" width = "580" height = "580">
</center>
---
# The evolution of reproductive effort in lizards was driven by an interaction between maternal mass and foraging mode
<center>
<img src = "images/Figure3.jpeg" width = "590" height = "490">
</center>
---
Our analysis provides evidence that widely-foraging lizards have evolved greater reproductive effort, but only in heavier species. Food consumption may play an important role:
<br>
.pull-left[
<center>
<img src = "images/follicle.jpeg" width = "320" height = "290">
Promoting follicular growth
]
.pull-right[
<center>
<img src = "images/fat.png" width = "390" height = "290"><br/>
Increasing energy stores to initiate reproduction
</center>
]
---
Our analysis provides evidence that widely-foraging lizards have evolved greater reproductive effort, but only in heavier species. Food consumption may play an important role:
<br>
<center>
<img src = "images/age.png" width = "390" height = "290"><br>
Reducing age at first reproduction
</center>
---
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-5-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-6-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-7-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-8-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
<img src="index_files/figure-html/unnamed-chunk-9-1.png" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />
---
# Concluding remarks
<br>
- The early shift in foraging mode—from sit-and-wait foraging to widely foraging—in the evolutionary history of lacertilians was likely accompanied by the evolution of a greater reproductive effort, specifically in large-bodied species of lizards
<br>
- Importantly, our study captured the effects of foraging plasticity on the reproductive effort of lizards. For instance, lizards that adopt a mixed-foraging strategy produced the greatest reproductive effort
.pull-left[
<center>
<br><br>
Find the paper here 👉
</center>
]
.pull-right[
<img src = "images/qrcode.png" width = "200" height = "200">
]
</textarea>
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