train.py

import argparse
import os
import test  # import test.py to get mAP after each epoch

import torch.distributed as dist
import torch.optim as optim
import torch.optim.lr_scheduler as lr_scheduler

from models import *
from utils.datasets import *
from utils.utils import *

os.environ["CUDA_VISIBLE_DEVICES"] = "1"


mixed_precision = True
try:  # Mixed precision training https://github.com/NVIDIA/apex
    from apex import amp
except:
    mixed_precision = False  # not installed

wdir = 'weights' + os.sep  # weights dir
last = wdir + 'last.pt'
best = wdir + 'best.pt'
results_file = 'results.txt'
'''
for reproduce
'''

# hyp = {
#     'giou': 1.48,  # giou loss gain
#     'cls': 24.6,  # cls loss gain
#     'cls_pw': 1.0,  # cls BCELoss positive_weight
#     'obj': 392,  #64.35,#1,#49.5,  
#     # obj loss gain (*=img_size/320 if img_size != 320)
#     'obj_pw': 1.0,  # obj BCELoss positive_weight
#     'iou_t': 0.136,  # iou training threshold   
#     'lr0': 0.00807,  # initial learning rate (SGD=1E-3, Adam=9E-5)
#     'lrf': -4.,  # final LambdaLR learning rate = lr0 * (10 ** lrf)
#     'momentum': 0.963,  # SGD momentum
#     'weight_decay': 0.000252,  # optimizer weight decay
#     'fl_gamma': 0.5,  #0.5,  # focal loss gamma
#     'hsv_h': 0.00704,  # image HSV-Hue augmentation (fraction)
#     'hsv_s': 0.638,  # image HSV-Saturation augmentation (fraction)
#     'hsv_v': 0.476,  # image HSV-Value augmentation (fraction)
#     'degrees': 0.77,  # image rotation (+/- deg)
#     'translate': 0.0302,  # image translation (+/- fraction)
#     'scale': 0.058,  # image scale (+/- gain)
#     'shear': 0.407
# }

# Hyperparameters (results68: 59.2 mAP@0.5 yolov3-spp-416) https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/issues/310

hyp = {
    'giou': 3.54,  # giou loss gain
    'cls': 37.4,  # cls loss gain
    'cls_pw': 1.0,  # cls BCELoss positive_weight
    'obj': 49.5,  #64.35,#1,#49.5,  # obj loss gain (*=img_size/320 if img_size != 320)
    'obj_pw': 1.0,  # obj BCELoss positive_weight
    'iou_t': 0.225,  # iou training threshold
    'lr0': 0.00579,  # initial learning rate (SGD=1E-3, Adam=9E-5)
    'lrf': -4.,  # final LambdaLR learning rate = lr0 * (10 ** lrf)
    'momentum': 0.937,  # SGD momentum
    'weight_decay': 0.000484,  # optimizer weight decay
    'fl_gamma': 0.5,  #0.5,  # focal loss gamma
    'hsv_h': 0.0138,  # image HSV-Hue augmentation (fraction)
    'hsv_s': 0.678,  # image HSV-Saturation augmentation (fraction)
    'hsv_v': 0.36,  # image HSV-Value augmentation (fraction)
    'degrees': 1.98,  # image rotation (+/- deg)
    'translate': 0.05,  # image translation (+/- fraction)
    'scale': 0.05,  # image scale (+/- gain)
    'shear': 0.641
}  # image shear (+/- deg)

# Overwrite hyp with hyp*.txt (optional)
f = glob.glob('hyp*.txt')
if f:
    print('Using %s' % f[0])
    for k, v in zip(hyp.keys(), np.loadtxt(f[0])):
        hyp[k] = v


def train():
    cfg = opt.cfg
    data = opt.data
    img_size = opt.img_size
    epochs = opt.epochs  # 500200 batches at bs 64, 117263 images = 273 epochs
    batch_size = opt.batch_size
    accumulate = opt.accumulate  # effective bs = batch_size * accumulate = 16 * 4 = 64
    weights = opt.weights  # initial training weights

    if 'pw' not in opt.arc:  # remove BCELoss positive weights
        hyp['cls_pw'] = 1.
        hyp['obj_pw'] = 1.

    # Initialize
    init_seeds(0)
    if opt.multi_scale:
        img_sz_min = round(img_size / 32 / 1.5)
        img_sz_max = round(img_size / 32 * 1.5)
        img_size = img_sz_max * 32  # initiate with maximum multi_scale size
        print('Using multi-scale %g - %g' % (img_sz_min * 32, img_size))

    # Configure run
    data_dict = parse_data_cfg(data)
    train_path = data_dict['train']
    test_path = data_dict['valid']
    nc = int(data_dict['classes'])  # number of classes

    # Remove previous results
    for f in glob.glob('*_batch*.png') + glob.glob(results_file):
        os.remove(f)

    # Initialize model
    model = Darknet(cfg, arc=opt.arc).to(device)

    # Optimizer
    pg0, pg1 = [], []  # optimizer parameter groups
    for k, v in dict(model.named_parameters()).items():
        if 'Conv2d.weight' in k:
            pg1 += [v]  # parameter group 1 (apply weight_decay)
        else:
            pg0 += [v]  # parameter group 0

    if opt.adam:
        optimizer = optim.Adam(pg0, lr=hyp['lr0'])
        # optimizer = AdaBound(pg0, lr=hyp['lr0'], final_lr=0.1)
    else:
        optimizer = optim.SGD(pg0,
                              lr=hyp['lr0'],
                              momentum=hyp['momentum'],
                              nesterov=True)
    optimizer.add_param_group({
        'params': pg1,
        'weight_decay': hyp['weight_decay']
    })  # add pg1 with weight_decay
    del pg0, pg1

    # https://github.com/alphadl/lookahead.pytorch
    # optimizer = torch_utils.Lookahead(optimizer, k=5, alpha=0.5)

    cutoff = -1  # backbone reaches to cutoff layer
    start_epoch = 0
    best_fitness = float('inf')
    # best_map, corresponding_f1, weighted_fitness = 0., 0., 0.
    # attempt_download(weights)
    if weights.endswith('.pt'):  # pytorch format
        # possible weights are '*.pt', 'yolov3-spp.pt', 'yolov3-tiny.pt' etc.
        chkpt = torch.load(weights, map_location=device)

        # load model
        try:
            chkpt['model'] = {
                k: v
                for k, v in chkpt['model'].items()
                if model.state_dict()[k].numel() == v.numel()
            }
            model.load_state_dict(chkpt['model'], strict=False)
        except KeyError as e:
            s = "%s is not compatible with %s. Specify --weights '' or specify a --cfg compatible with %s. " \
                "See https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/issues/657" % (opt.weights, opt.cfg, opt.weights)
            raise KeyError(s) from e

        # load optimizer
        if chkpt['optimizer'] is not None:
            optimizer.load_state_dict(chkpt['optimizer'])
            best_fitness = chkpt['best_fitness']
            # best_map = chkpt['best_map']
            # corresponding_f1 = chkpt['corresponding_f1']
            # weighted_fitness = chkpt['weighted_fitness']

        # load results
        if chkpt.get('training_results') is not None:
            with open(results_file, 'w') as file:
                file.write(chkpt['training_results'])  # write results.txt

        start_epoch = chkpt['epoch'] + 1
        del chkpt

    elif len(weights) > 0:  # darknet format
        # possible weights are '*.weights', 'yolov3-tiny.conv.15',  'darknet53.conv.74' etc.
        cutoff = load_darknet_weights(model, weights)

    # Scheduler https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov3/issues/238
    # lf = lambda x: 1 - x / epochs  # linear ramp to zero
    # lf = lambda x: 10 ** (hyp['lrf'] * x / epochs)  # exp ramp
    # lf = lambda x: 1 - 10 ** (hyp['lrf'] * (1 - x / epochs))  # inverse exp ramp
    # scheduler = lr_scheduler.LambdaLR(optimizer, lr_lambda=lf)
    # scheduler = lr_scheduler.MultiStepLR(optimizer, milestones=range(59, 70, 1), gamma=0.8)  # gradual fall to 0.1*lr0
    scheduler = lr_scheduler.MultiStepLR(
        optimizer,
        milestones=[round(opt.epochs * x) for x in [0.8, 0.9]],
        gamma=0.1)
    scheduler.last_epoch = start_epoch - 1

    # Plot lr schedule
    y = []
    for _ in range(epochs):
        scheduler.step()
        y.append(optimizer.param_groups[0]['lr'])

    # plt.plot(y, label='LambdaLR')
    # plt.xlabel('epoch')
    # plt.ylabel('LR')
    # plt.tight_layout()
    # plt.savefig('LR.png', dpi=300)

    # Mixed precision training https://github.com/NVIDIA/apex
    if mixed_precision:
        model, optimizer = amp.initialize(model,
                                          optimizer,
                                          opt_level='O1',
                                          verbosity=0)

    # Initialize distributed training
    if device.type != 'cpu' and torch.cuda.device_count() > 1:
        dist.init_process_group(
            backend='nccl',  # 'distributed backend'
            init_method=
            'tcp://127.0.0.1:9998',  # distributed training init method
            world_size=1,  # number of nodes for distributed training
            rank=0)  # distributed training node rank
        model = torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel(
            model, find_unused_parameters=True)
        model.yolo_layers = model.module.yolo_layers  # move yolo layer indices to top level

    # Dataset
    dataset = LoadImagesAndLabels(
        train_path,
        img_size,
        batch_size,
        augment=False,
        hyp=hyp,  # augmentation hyperparameters
        rect=opt.rect,  # rectangular training
        cache_labels=True,
        cache_images=opt.cache_images)

    # Dataloader
    batch_size = min(batch_size, len(dataset))
    nw = min([os.cpu_count(), batch_size if batch_size > 1 else 0,
              1])  # number of workers change from 8 to 1 to debug
    dataloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(
        dataset,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        num_workers=1,
        shuffle=not opt.rect,  # Shuffle=True unless rectangular training is used
        pin_memory=True,
        collate_fn=dataset.collate_fn)  #,
    # worker_init_fn=_init_fn)

    # Testloader
    testloader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(LoadImagesAndLabels(
        test_path,
        opt.img_size,
        batch_size * 2,
        hyp=hyp,
        rect=True,
        cache_labels=True,
        cache_images=opt.cache_images),
                                             batch_size=batch_size * 2,
                                             num_workers=1,
                                             pin_memory=True,
                                             collate_fn=dataset.collate_fn)  #,
    #  worker_init_fn=_init_fn)

    # Start training
    nb = len(dataloader)
    model.nc = nc  # attach number of classes to model
    model.arc = opt.arc  # attach yolo architecture
    model.hyp = hyp  # attach hyperparameters to model
    model.class_weights = labels_to_class_weights(dataset.labels, nc).to(
        device)  # attach class weights
    maps = np.zeros(nc)  # mAP per class
    # torch.autograd.set_detect_anomaly(True)
    results = (
        0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
    )  # 'P', 'R', 'mAP', 'F1', 'val GIoU', 'val Objectness', 'val Classification'
    t0 = time.time()
    # torch_utils.model_info(model, report='full')  # 'full' or 'summary'
    print('Using %g dataloader workers' % nw)
    print('Starting training for %g epochs...' % epochs)

    min_min = 1000
    max_max = -1000

    for epoch in range(start_epoch - 1 if opt.prebias else start_epoch,
                       epochs):  # epoch ------------------------------
        model.train()
        print(('\n' + '%10s' * 8) % ('Epoch', 'gpu_mem', 'GIoU', 'obj', 'cls',
                                     'total', 'targets', 'img_size'))

        # Prebias
        if opt.prebias:
            if epoch < 0:  # prebias
                ps = 0.1, 0.9, False  # prebias settings (lr=0.1, momentum=0.9, requires_grad=False)
            else:  # normal training
                ps = hyp['lr0'], hyp[
                    'momentum'], True  # normal training settings
                opt.prebias = False

            for p in optimizer.param_groups:
                p['lr'] = ps[0]  # learning rate
                if p.get('momentum') is not None:  # for SGD but not Adam
                    p['momentum'] = ps[1]
            for name, p in model.named_parameters():
                p.requires_grad = True if name.endswith('.bias') else ps[2]

        # Update image weights (optional)
        if dataset.image_weights:
            w = model.class_weights.cpu().numpy() * (1 -
                                                     maps)**2  # class weights
            image_weights = labels_to_image_weights(dataset.labels,
                                                    nc=nc,
                                                    class_weights=w)
            dataset.indices = random.choices(range(dataset.n),
                                             weights=image_weights,
                                             k=dataset.n)  # rand weighted idx

        mloss = torch.zeros(4).to(device)  # mean losses
        pbar = tqdm(enumerate(dataloader), total=nb)  # progress bar
        for i, (
                imgs, targets, paths, _
        ) in pbar:  # batch -------------------------------------------------------------
            ni = i + nb * epoch  # number integrated batches (since train start)
            imgs = imgs.to(device).float(
            ) / 255.0  # uint8 to float32, 0 - 255 to 0.0 - 1.0
            targets = targets.to(device)

            # Multi-Scale training
            if opt.multi_scale:
                if ni / accumulate % 10 == 0:  #  adjust (67% - 150%) every 10 batches
                    img_size = random.randrange(img_sz_min,
                                                img_sz_max + 1) * 32
                sf = img_size / max(imgs.shape[2:])  # scale factor
                if sf != 1:
                    ns = [
                        math.ceil(x * sf / 32.) * 32 for x in imgs.shape[2:]
                    ]  # new shape (stretched to 32-multiple)
                    imgs = F.interpolate(imgs,
                                         size=ns,
                                         mode='bilinear',
                                         align_corners=False)

            # Plot images with bounding boxes
            if ni == 0:
                fname = 'train_batch%g.png' % i
                plot_images(imgs=imgs,
                            targets=targets,
                            paths=paths,
                            fname=fname)
                if tb_writer:
                    tb_writer.add_image(fname,
                                        cv2.imread(fname)[:, :, ::-1],
                                        dataformats='HWC')

            # Hyperparameter burn-in
            # n_burn = nb - 1  # min(nb // 5 + 1, 1000)  # number of burn-in batches
            # if ni <= n_burn:
            #     for m in model.named_modules():
            #         if m[0].endswith('BatchNorm2d'):
            #             m[1].momentum = 1 - i / n_burn * 0.99  # BatchNorm2d momentum falls from 1 - 0.01
            #     g = (i / n_burn) ** 4  # gain rises from 0 - 1
            #     for x in optimizer.param_groups:
            #         x['lr'] = hyp['lr0'] * g
            #         x['weight_decay'] = hyp['weight_decay'] * g

            # Run model
            pred = model(imgs)

            # Compute loss
            loss, loss_items = compute_loss(pred, targets, model)

            # a, lobj, c, d = loss_items

            # min_min = min(min_min, lobj)
            # max_max = max(max_max, lobj
            # print("minmin %.4f maxmax %.4f" % (min_min, max_max))

            if not torch.isfinite(loss):
                print('WARNING: non-finite loss, ending training ', loss_items)
                return results

            # Scale loss by nominal batch_size of 64
            loss *= batch_size / 64

            # Compute gradient
            if mixed_precision:
                with amp.scale_loss(loss, optimizer) as scaled_loss:
                    scaled_loss.backward()
            else:
                loss.backward()

            # Accumulate gradient for x batches before optimizing
            if ni % accumulate == 0:
                optimizer.step()
                optimizer.zero_grad()

            # Print batch results
            mloss = (mloss * i + loss_items) / (i + 1)  # update mean losses
            mem = torch.cuda.memory_cached() / 1E9 if torch.cuda.is_available(
            ) else 0  # (GB)
            s = ('%10s' * 2 + '%10.3g' * 6) % ('%g/%g' % (epoch, epochs - 1),
                                               '%.3gG' % mem, *mloss,
                                               len(targets), img_size)
            pbar.set_description(s)

            # end batch ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

        # Process epoch results
        final_epoch = epoch + 1 == epochs
        if opt.prebias:
            print_model_biases(model)
            continue
        elif not opt.notest or final_epoch:  # Calculate mAP
            is_coco = any([
                x in data
                for x in ['coco.data', 'coco2014.data', 'coco2017.data']
            ]) and model.nc == 80
            results, maps = test.test(
                cfg,
                data,
                batch_size=batch_size * 2,
                img_size=opt.img_size,
                model=model,
                conf_thres=0.001 if opt.evolve or
                (final_epoch and is_coco) else 0.1,
                #if final_epoch else 0.1,  # 0.1 for speed
                iou_thres=0.6 if final_epoch and is_coco else 0.5,
                save_json=final_epoch and is_coco,
                dataloader=testloader)

        # Update scheduler
        scheduler.step()

        # Write epoch results
        with open(results_file, 'a') as f:
            f.write(s + '%10.3g' * 7 % results +
                    '\n')  # P, R, mAP, F1, test_losses=(GIoU, obj, cls)
        if len(opt.name) and opt.bucket:
            os.system('gsutil cp results.txt gs://%s/results%s.txt' %
                      (opt.bucket, opt.name))

        # Write Tensorboard results
        if tb_writer:
            x = list(mloss) + list(results)
            titles = [
                'GIoU', 'Objectness', 'Classification', 'Train loss',
                'Precision', 'Recall', 'mAP', 'F1', 'val GIoU',
                'val Objectness', 'val Classification'
            ]
            for xi, title in zip(x, titles):
                tb_writer.add_scalar(title, xi, epoch)

        # Update best mAP
        fitness = sum(results[4:])  # total loss

        if fitness < best_fitness:
            fitness = best_fitness
        # fitness = results[2]
        # fitness_f1 = results[3]

        # map:f1=2:1
        # weighted_fitness = 2 * fitness + fitness_f1

        # if weighted_fitness >= best_fitness:
        # best_fitness = weighted_fitness
        # best_map = fitness
        # corresponding_f1 = fitness_f1

        # Save training results
        save = (not opt.nosave) or (final_epoch and not opt.evolve)
        if save:
            with open(results_file, 'r') as f:
                # Create checkpoint
                chkpt = {
                    'epoch':
                    epoch,
                    'best_fitness':
                    best_fitness,
                    # 'best_map':
                    # best_map,
                    # 'corresponding_f1':
                    # corresponding_f1,
                    'training_results':
                    f.read(),
                    'model':
                    model.module.state_dict()
                    if type(model) is nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel else
                    model.state_dict(),
                    'optimizer':
                    None if final_epoch else optimizer.state_dict()
                }

            # Save last checkpoint
            torch.save(chkpt, last)

            # Save best checkpoint
            if best_fitness == fitness:
                # print("update best")
                torch.save(chkpt, best)

            # Save backup every 10 epochs (optional)
            if epoch > 0 and epoch % 10 == 0:
                torch.save(chkpt, wdir + 'backup%g.pt' % epoch)

            # Delete checkpoint
            del chkpt

        # end epoch ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    # end training
    n = opt.name
    if len(n):
        n = '_' + n if not n.isnumeric() else n
        fresults, flast, fbest = 'results%s.txt' % n, 'last%s.pt' % n, 'best%s.pt' % n
        os.rename('results.txt', fresults)
        os.rename(wdir + 'last.pt', wdir +
                  flast) if os.path.exists(wdir + 'last.pt') else None
        os.rename(wdir + 'best.pt', wdir +
                  fbest) if os.path.exists(wdir + 'best.pt') else None

        # save to cloud
        if opt.bucket:
            os.system('gsutil cp %s %s gs://%s' %
                      (fresults, wdir + flast, opt.bucket))

    if not opt.evolve:
        plot_results()  # save as results.png
    print('%g epochs completed in %.3f hours.\n' % (epoch - start_epoch + 1,
                                                    (time.time() - t0) / 3600))
    dist.destroy_process_group() if torch.cuda.device_count() > 1 else None
    torch.cuda.empty_cache()

    return results


if __name__ == '__main__':
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('--epochs', type=int, default=273)
    # 500200 batches at bs 16, 117263 COCO images = 273 epochs
    parser.add_argument('--batch-size', type=int, default=16)
    # effective bs = batch_size * accumulate = 16 * 4 = 64
    parser.add_argument('--accumulate',
                        type=int,
                        default=4,
                        help='batches to accumulate before optimizing')
    parser.add_argument('--cfg',
                        type=str,
                        default='cfg/yolov3-1cls.cfg',
                        help='*.cfg path')
    parser.add_argument('--data',
                        type=str,
                        default='data/dimtargetSingle.data',
                        help='*.data path')
    parser.add_argument('--multi-scale',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='adjust (67% - 150%) img_size every 10 batches')
    parser.add_argument('--img-size',
                        type=int,
                        default=416,
                        help='inference size (pixels)')
    parser.add_argument('--rect',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='rectangular training')
    parser.add_argument('--resume',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='resume training from last.pt')
    parser.add_argument('--nosave',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='only save final checkpoint')
    parser.add_argument('--notest',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='only test final epoch')
    parser.add_argument('--evolve',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='evolve hyperparameters')
    parser.add_argument('--bucket', type=str, default='', help='gsutil bucket')
    parser.add_argument('--cache-images',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='cache images for faster training')
    parser.add_argument('--weights',
                        type=str,
                        default='',
                        help='initial weights')
    parser.add_argument('--arc',
                        type=str,
                        default='default',
                        help='yolo architecture')  # defaultpw, uCE, uBCE
    parser.add_argument('--prebias',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='pretrain model biases')
    parser.add_argument(
        '--name',
        default='',
        help='renames results.txt to results_name.txt if supplied')
    parser.add_argument('--device',
                        default='',
                        help='device id (i.e. 0 or 0,1 or cpu)')
    parser.add_argument('--adam',
                        action='store_true',
                        help='use adam optimizer')
    parser.add_argument('--var', type=float, help='debug variable')
    opt = parser.parse_args()
    opt.weights = last if opt.resume else opt.weights
    print(opt)
    device = torch_utils.select_device(opt.device,
                                       apex=mixed_precision,
                                       batch_size=opt.batch_size)
    if device.type == 'cpu':
        mixed_precision = False

    # scale hyp['obj'] by img_size (evolved at 320)
    # hyp['obj'] *= opt.img_size / 320.

    tb_writer = None
    if not opt.evolve:  # Train normally
        try:
            # Start Tensorboard with "tensorboard --logdir=runs", view at http://localhost:6006/
            from torch.utils.tensorboard import SummaryWriter

            tb_writer = SummaryWriter()
        except:
            pass

        train()  # train normally

    else:  # Evolve hyperparameters (optional)
        opt.notest = True  # 仅测试最后一个epoch
        opt.nosave = True  # 仅测试最后一个权重

        for _ in range(200):  # generations to evolve
            if os.path.exists(
                    'evolve.txt'
            ):  # if evolve.txt exists: select best hyps and mutate
                # Select parent(s)
                x = np.loadtxt('evolve.txt', ndmin=2)
                parent = 'single'  # parent selection method: 'single' or 'weighted'
                if parent == 'single' or len(x) == 1:
                    x = x[fitness(x).argmax()]

                elif parent == 'weighted':  # weighted combination
                    n = min(10, len(x))  # number to merge
                    x = x[np.argsort(-fitness(x))][:n]  # top n mutations
                    w = fitness(x) - fitness(x).min()  # weights
                    x = (x * w.reshape(n, 1)).sum(0) / w.sum()  # new parent

                # Mutate
                method = 2
                s = 0.2  # 20% sigma
                np.random.seed(int(time.time()))
                g = np.array(
                    [1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, .1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
                     1])  # gains
                ng = len(g)
                if method == 1:
                    v = (np.random.randn(ng) * np.random.random() * g * s +
                         1)**2.0
                elif method == 2:
                    v = (np.random.randn(ng) * np.random.random(ng) * g * s +
                         1)**2.0
                elif method == 3:
                    v = np.ones(ng)
                    while all(
                            v == 1
                    ):  # mutate untill a change occurs (prevent duplicates)
                        r = (np.random.random(ng) < 0.1) * np.random.randn(
                            ng)  # 10% mutation probability
                        v = (g * s * r + 1)**2.0
                for i, k in enumerate(hyp.keys()):  # plt.hist(v.ravel(), 300)
                    hyp[k] = x[i + 7] * v[i]  # mutate

            # Clip to limits
            keys = [
                'lr0', 'iou_t', 'momentum', 'weight_decay', 'hsv_s', 'hsv_v',
                'translate', 'scale', 'fl_gamma'
            ]
            limits = [(1e-5, 1e-2), (0.00, 0.70), (0.60, 0.98), (0, 0.001),
                      (0, .9), (0, .9), (0, .9), (0, .9), (0, 3)]

            for k, v in zip(keys, limits):
                hyp[k] = np.clip(hyp[k], v[0], v[1])

            # Train mutation
            results = train()

            # Write mutation results
            print_mutation(hyp, results, opt.bucket)

            # Plot results
            plot_evolution_results(hyp)