snippets.py

# Copyright 2016 Google, Inc.
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import argparse
from collections import defaultdict
import datetime
from pprint import pprint

from google.api_core.client_options import ClientOptions
import google.cloud.exceptions
from google.cloud import datastore  # noqa: I100
from google.cloud.datastore.query import PropertyFilter


def _preamble():
    # [START datastore_incomplete_key]
    # [START datastore_named_key]
    # [START datastore_key_with_parent]
    # [START datastore_key_with_multilevel_parent]
    # [START datastore_basic_entity]
    # [START datastore_entity_with_parent]
    # [START datastore_properties]
    # [START datastore_array_value]
    # [START datastore_upsert]
    # [START datastore_insert]
    # [START datastore_update]
    # [START datastore_lookup]
    # [START datastore_delete]
    # [START datastore_batch_upsert]
    # [START datastore_batch_lookup]
    # [START datastore_batch_delete]
    # [START datastore_unindexed_property_query]
    # [START datastore_basic_query]
    # [START datastore_projection_query]
    # [START datastore_ancestor_query]
    # [START datastore_run_query]
    # [START datastore_limit]
    # [START datastore_cursor_paging]
    # [START datastore_property_filter]
    # [START datastore_composite_filter]
    # [START datastore_key_filter]
    # [START datastore_ascending_sort]
    # [START datastore_descending_sort]
    # [START datastore_multi_sort]
    # [START datastore_keys_only_query]
    # [START datastore_distinct_on_query]
    # [START datastore_kindless_query]
    # [START datastore_inequality_range]
    # [START datastore_inequality_invalid]
    # [START datastore_equal_and_inequality_range]
    # [START datastore_inequality_sort]
    # [START datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_same]
    # [START datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_first]
    # [START datastore_array_value_inequality_range]
    # [START datastore_array_value_equality]
    # [START datastore_exploding_properties]
    # [START datastore_transactional_update]
    # [START datastore_transactional_retry]
    # [START datastore_transactional_get_or_create]
    # [START datastore_transactional_single_entity_group_read_only]
    # [START datastore_namespace_run_query]
    # [START datastore_kind_run_query]
    # [START datastore_property_run_query]
    # [START datastore_property_by_kind_run_query]
    # [START datastore_eventual_consistent_query]
    # [START datastore_built_in_index_queries]
    # [START datastore_merged_index_query]
    # [START datastore_merged_index_tag_queries]
    # [START datastore_owner_size_tag_query]
    # [START datastore_size_coloration_query]
    from google.cloud import datastore

    # For help authenticating your client, visit
    # https://cloud.google.com/docs/authentication/getting-started
    client = datastore.Client()

    # [END datastore_incomplete_key]
    # [END datastore_named_key]
    # [END datastore_key_with_parent]
    # [END datastore_key_with_multilevel_parent]
    # [END datastore_basic_entity]
    # [END datastore_entity_with_parent]
    # [END datastore_properties]
    # [END datastore_array_value]
    # [END datastore_upsert]
    # [END datastore_insert]
    # [END datastore_update]
    # [END datastore_lookup]
    # [END datastore_delete]
    # [END datastore_batch_upsert]
    # [END datastore_batch_lookup]
    # [END datastore_batch_delete]
    # [END datastore_unindexed_property_query]
    # [END datastore_basic_query]
    # [END datastore_projection_query]
    # [END datastore_ancestor_query]
    # [END datastore_run_query]
    # [END datastore_limit]
    # [END datastore_cursor_paging]
    # [END datastore_property_filter]
    # [END datastore_composite_filter]
    # [END datastore_key_filter]
    # [END datastore_ascending_sort]
    # [END datastore_descending_sort]
    # [END datastore_multi_sort]
    # [END datastore_keys_only_query]
    # [END datastore_distinct_on_query]
    # [END datastore_kindless_query]
    # [END datastore_inequality_range]
    # [END datastore_inequality_invalid]
    # [END datastore_equal_and_inequality_range]
    # [END datastore_inequality_sort]
    # [END datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_same]
    # [END datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_first]
    # [END datastore_array_value_inequality_range]
    # [END datastore_array_value_equality]
    # [END datastore_exploding_properties]
    # [END datastore_transactional_update]
    # [END datastore_transactional_retry]
    # [END datastore_transactional_get_or_create]
    # [END datastore_transactional_single_entity_group_read_only]
    # [END datastore_namespace_run_query]
    # [END datastore_kind_run_query]
    # [END datastore_property_run_query]
    # [END datastore_property_by_kind_run_query]
    # [END datastore_eventual_consistent_query]
    # [END datastore_built_in_index_queries]
    # [END datastore_merged_index_query]
    # [END datastore_merged_index_tag_queries]
    # [END datastore_owner_size_tag_query]
    # [END datastore_size_coloration_query]
    assert client is not None


def incomplete_key(client):
    # [START datastore_incomplete_key]
    key = client.key("Task")
    # [END datastore_incomplete_key]

    return key


def named_key(client):
    # [START datastore_named_key]
    key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask")
    # [END datastore_named_key]

    return key


def key_with_parent(client):
    # [START datastore_key_with_parent]
    key = client.key("TaskList", "default", "Task", "sampleTask")
    # Alternatively
    parent_key = client.key("TaskList", "default")
    key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask", parent=parent_key)
    # [END datastore_key_with_parent]

    return key


def key_with_multilevel_parent(client):
    # [START datastore_key_with_multilevel_parent]
    key = client.key("User", "alice", "TaskList", "default", "Task", "sampleTask")
    # [END datastore_key_with_multilevel_parent]

    return key


def basic_entity(client):
    # [START datastore_basic_entity]
    task = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task"))
    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )
    # [END datastore_basic_entity]

    return task


def entity_with_parent(client):
    # [START datastore_entity_with_parent]
    key_with_parent = client.key("TaskList", "default", "Task", "sampleTask")

    task = datastore.Entity(key=key_with_parent)

    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )
    # [END datastore_entity_with_parent]

    return task


def properties(client):
    # [START datastore_properties]
    key = client.key("Task")
    task = datastore.Entity(key, exclude_from_indexes=("description",))
    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
            "created": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "percent_complete": 10.5,
        }
    )
    client.put(task)
    # [END datastore_properties]

    return task


def array_value(client):
    # [START datastore_array_value]
    key = client.key("Task")
    task = datastore.Entity(key)
    task.update({"tags": ["fun", "programming"], "collaborators": ["alice", "bob"]})
    # [END datastore_array_value]

    return task


def upsert(client):
    # [START datastore_upsert]
    complete_key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask")

    task = datastore.Entity(key=complete_key)

    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )

    client.put(task)
    # [END datastore_upsert]

    return task


def insert(client):
    # [START datastore_insert]
    with client.transaction():
        incomplete_key = client.key("Task")

        task = datastore.Entity(key=incomplete_key)

        task.update(
            {
                "category": "Personal",
                "done": False,
                "priority": 4,
                "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
            }
        )

        client.put(task)
    # [END datastore_insert]

    return task


def update(client):
    # Create the entity we're going to update.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_update]
    with client.transaction():
        key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask")
        task = client.get(key)

        task["done"] = True

        client.put(task)
    # [END datastore_update]

    return task


def lookup(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to look up.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_lookup]
    key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask")
    task = client.get(key)
    # [END datastore_lookup]

    return task


def delete(client):
    # Create the entity we're going to delete.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_delete]
    key = client.key("Task", "sampleTask")
    client.delete(key)
    # [END datastore_delete]

    return key


def batch_upsert(client):
    # [START datastore_batch_upsert]
    task1 = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task", 1))

    task1.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )

    task2 = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task", 2))

    task2.update(
        {
            "category": "Work",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 8,
            "description": "Integrate Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )

    client.put_multi([task1, task2])
    # [END datastore_batch_upsert]

    return task1, task2


def batch_lookup(client):
    # Create the entities we will lookup.
    batch_upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_batch_lookup]
    keys = [client.key("Task", 1), client.key("Task", 2)]
    tasks = client.get_multi(keys)
    # [END datastore_batch_lookup]

    return tasks


def batch_delete(client):
    # Create the entities we will delete.
    batch_upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_batch_delete]
    keys = [client.key("Task", 1), client.key("Task", 2)]
    client.delete_multi(keys)
    # [END datastore_batch_delete]

    return keys


def unindexed_property_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_unindexed_property_query]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("description", "=", "Learn Cloud Datastore"))
    # [END datastore_unindexed_property_query]

    return list(query.fetch())


def basic_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_basic_query]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("done", "=", False))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", ">=", 4))
    query.order = ["-priority"]
    # [END datastore_basic_query]

    return list(query.fetch())


def projection_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    task = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task"))
    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "done": False,
            "priority": 4,
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
            "percent_complete": 0.5,
        }
    )
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_projection_query]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.projection = ["priority", "percent_complete"]
    # [END datastore_projection_query]

    # This block intentionally doesn't include the top level import because
    # it doesn't use a `datastore.Client` instance
    # [START datastore_run_query_projection]
    priorities = []
    percent_completes = []

    for task in query.fetch():
        priorities.append(task["priority"])
        percent_completes.append(task["percent_complete"])
    # [END datastore_run_query_projection]

    return priorities, percent_completes


def ancestor_query(client):
    task = datastore.Entity(client.key("TaskList", "default", "Task"))
    task.update(
        {
            "category": "Personal",
            "description": "Learn Cloud Datastore",
        }
    )
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_ancestor_query]
    # Query filters are omitted in this example as any ancestor queries with a
    # non-key filter require a composite index.
    ancestor = client.key("TaskList", "default")
    query = client.query(kind="Task", ancestor=ancestor)
    # [END datastore_ancestor_query]

    return list(query.fetch())


def run_query(client):
    # [START datastore_run_query]
    query = client.query()
    results = list(query.fetch())
    # [END datastore_run_query]

    return results


def limit(client):
    # [START datastore_limit]
    query = client.query()
    tasks = list(query.fetch(limit=5))
    # [END datastore_limit]

    return tasks


def cursor_paging(client):
    # [START datastore_cursor_paging]

    def get_one_page_of_tasks(cursor=None):
        query = client.query(kind="Task")
        query_iter = query.fetch(start_cursor=cursor, limit=5)
        page = next(query_iter.pages)

        tasks = list(page)
        next_cursor = query_iter.next_page_token

        return tasks, next_cursor

    # [END datastore_cursor_paging]

    page_one, cursor_one = get_one_page_of_tasks()
    page_two, cursor_two = get_one_page_of_tasks(cursor=cursor_one)
    return page_one, cursor_one, page_two, cursor_two


def property_filter(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_property_filter]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("done", "=", False))
    # [END datastore_property_filter]

    return list(query.fetch())


def composite_filter(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_composite_filter]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("done", "=", False))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", "=", 4))
    # [END datastore_composite_filter]

    return list(query.fetch())


def key_filter(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_key_filter]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    first_key = client.key("Task", "first_task")
    # key_filter(key, op) translates to add_filter('__key__', op, key).
    query.key_filter(first_key, ">")
    # [END datastore_key_filter]

    return list(query.fetch())


def ascending_sort(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    task = upsert(client)
    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_ascending_sort]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.order = ["created"]
    # [END datastore_ascending_sort]

    return list(query.fetch())


def descending_sort(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    task = upsert(client)
    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_descending_sort]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.order = ["-created"]
    # [END datastore_descending_sort]

    return list(query.fetch())


def multi_sort(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    task = upsert(client)
    task["created"] = datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_multi_sort]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.order = ["-priority", "created"]
    # [END datastore_multi_sort]

    return list(query.fetch())


def keys_only_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_keys_only_query]
    query = client.query()
    query.keys_only()
    # [END datastore_keys_only_query]

    keys = list([entity.key for entity in query.fetch(limit=10)])

    return keys


def distinct_on_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_distinct_on_query]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.distinct_on = ["category"]
    query.order = ["category", "priority"]
    # [END datastore_distinct_on_query]

    return list(query.fetch())


def kindless_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_kindless_query]
    last_seen_key = client.key("Task", "a")
    query = client.query()
    query.key_filter(last_seen_key, ">")
    # [END datastore_kindless_query]

    return list(query.fetch())


def inequality_range(client):
    # [START datastore_inequality_range]
    start_date = datetime.datetime(1990, 1, 1)
    end_date = datetime.datetime(2000, 1, 1)
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("created", ">", start_date))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("created", "<", end_date))
    # [END datastore_inequality_range]

    return list(query.fetch())


def inequality_invalid(client):
    try:
        # [START datastore_inequality_invalid]
        start_date = datetime.datetime(1990, 1, 1)
        query = client.query(kind="Task")
        query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("created", ">", start_date))
        query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", ">", 3))
        # [END datastore_inequality_invalid]

        return list(query.fetch())

    except (google.cloud.exceptions.BadRequest, google.cloud.exceptions.GrpcRendezvous):
        pass


def equal_and_inequality_range(client):
    # [START datastore_equal_and_inequality_range]
    start_date = datetime.datetime(1990, 1, 1)
    end_date = datetime.datetime(2000, 12, 31, 23, 59, 59)
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", "=", 4))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("done", "=", False))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("created", ">", start_date))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("created", "<", end_date))
    # [END datastore_equal_and_inequality_range]

    return list(query.fetch())


def inequality_sort(client):
    # [START datastore_inequality_sort]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", ">", 3))
    query.order = ["priority", "created"]
    # [END datastore_inequality_sort]

    return list(query.fetch())


def inequality_sort_invalid_not_same(client):
    try:
        # [START datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_same]
        query = client.query(kind="Task")
        query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", ">", 3))
        query.order = ["created"]
        # [END datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_same]

        return list(query.fetch())

    except (google.cloud.exceptions.BadRequest, google.cloud.exceptions.GrpcRendezvous):
        pass


def inequality_sort_invalid_not_first(client):
    try:
        # [START datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_first]
        query = client.query(kind="Task")
        query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("priority", ">", 3))
        query.order = ["created", "priority"]
        # [END datastore_inequality_sort_invalid_not_first]

        return list(query.fetch())

    except (google.cloud.exceptions.BadRequest, google.cloud.exceptions.GrpcRendezvous):
        pass


def array_value_inequality_range(client):
    # [START datastore_array_value_inequality_range]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("tag", ">", "learn"))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("tag", "<", "math"))
    # [END datastore_array_value_inequality_range]

    return list(query.fetch())


def array_value_equality(client):
    # [START datastore_array_value_equality]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("tag", "=", "fun"))
    query.add_filter(filter=PropertyFilter("tag", "=", "programming"))
    # [END datastore_array_value_equality]

    return list(query.fetch())


def exploding_properties(client):
    # [START datastore_exploding_properties]
    task = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task"))
    task.update(
        {
            "tags": ["fun", "programming", "learn"],
            "collaborators": ["alice", "bob", "charlie"],
            "created": datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc),
        }
    )
    # [END datastore_exploding_properties]

    return task


def transactional_update(client):
    # Create the entities we're going to manipulate
    account1 = datastore.Entity(client.key("Account"))
    account1["balance"] = 100
    account2 = datastore.Entity(client.key("Account"))
    account2["balance"] = 100
    client.put_multi([account1, account2])

    # [START datastore_transactional_update]
    def transfer_funds(client, from_key, to_key, amount):
        with client.transaction():
            from_account = client.get(from_key)
            to_account = client.get(to_key)

            from_account["balance"] -= amount
            to_account["balance"] += amount

            client.put_multi([from_account, to_account])

    # [END datastore_transactional_update]

    # [START datastore_transactional_retry]
    for _ in range(5):
        try:
            transfer_funds(client, account1.key, account2.key, 50)
            break
        except google.cloud.exceptions.Conflict:
            continue
    else:
        print("Transaction failed.")
    # [END datastore_transactional_retry]

    return account1.key, account2.key


def transactional_get_or_create(client):
    # [START datastore_transactional_get_or_create]
    with client.transaction():
        key = client.key(
            "Task", datetime.datetime.now(tz=datetime.timezone.utc).isoformat()
        )

        task = client.get(key)

        if not task:
            task = datastore.Entity(key)
            task.update({"description": "Example task"})
            client.put(task)

        return task
    # [END datastore_transactional_get_or_create]


def transactional_single_entity_group_read_only(client):
    client.put_multi(
        [
            datastore.Entity(key=client.key("TaskList", "default")),
            datastore.Entity(key=client.key("TaskList", "default", "Task", 1)),
        ]
    )

    # [START datastore_transactional_single_entity_group_read_only]
    with client.transaction(read_only=True):
        task_list_key = client.key("TaskList", "default")

        task_list = client.get(task_list_key)

        query = client.query(kind="Task", ancestor=task_list_key)
        tasks_in_list = list(query.fetch())

        return task_list, tasks_in_list
    # [END datastore_transactional_single_entity_group_read_only]


def namespace_run_query(client):
    # Create an entity in another namespace.
    task = datastore.Entity(client.key("Task", "sample-task", namespace="google"))
    client.put(task)

    # [START datastore_namespace_run_query]
    # All namespaces
    query = client.query(kind="__namespace__")
    query.keys_only()

    all_namespaces = [entity.key.id_or_name for entity in query.fetch()]

    # Filtered namespaces
    start_namespace = client.key("__namespace__", "g")
    end_namespace = client.key("__namespace__", "h")
    query = client.query(kind="__namespace__")
    query.key_filter(start_namespace, ">=")
    query.key_filter(end_namespace, "<")

    filtered_namespaces = [entity.key.id_or_name for entity in query.fetch()]
    # [END datastore_namespace_run_query]

    return all_namespaces, filtered_namespaces


def kind_run_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_kind_run_query]
    query = client.query(kind="__kind__")
    query.keys_only()

    kinds = [entity.key.id_or_name for entity in query.fetch()]
    # [END datastore_kind_run_query]

    return kinds


def property_run_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_property_run_query]
    query = client.query(kind="__property__")
    query.keys_only()

    properties_by_kind = defaultdict(list)

    for entity in query.fetch():
        kind = entity.key.parent.name
        property_ = entity.key.name

        properties_by_kind[kind].append(property_)
    # [END datastore_property_run_query]

    return properties_by_kind


def property_by_kind_run_query(client):
    # Create the entity that we're going to query.
    upsert(client)

    # [START datastore_property_by_kind_run_query]
    ancestor = client.key("__kind__", "Task")
    query = client.query(kind="__property__", ancestor=ancestor)

    representations_by_property = {}

    for entity in query.fetch():
        property_name = entity.key.name
        property_types = entity["property_representation"]

        representations_by_property[property_name] = property_types
    # [END datastore_property_by_kind_run_query]

    return representations_by_property


def regional_endpoint():
    # [START datastore_regional_endpoints]
    ENDPOINT = "https://nam5-datastore.googleapis.com"
    client_options = ClientOptions(api_endpoint=ENDPOINT)
    client = datastore.Client(client_options=client_options)

    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    results = list(query.fetch())
    for r in results:
        print(r)
    # [END datastore_regional_endpoints]

    return client


def eventual_consistent_query(client):
    # [START datastore_eventual_consistent_query]
    query = client.query(kind="Task")
    query.fetch(eventual=True)
    # [END datastore_eventual_consistent_query]


def index_merge_queries(client):
    # Create a Photo entity to query
    photo = datastore.Entity(client.key("Photo", "sample_photo"))

    photo.update(
        {
            "owner_id": "user1234",
            "size": 2,
            "coloration": 2,
            "tag": ["family", "outside", "camping"],
        }
    )

    client.put(photo)

    # Sample queries using built-in indexes
    queries = []

    # [START datastore_built_in_index_queries]
    query_owner_id = client.query(kind="Photo", filters=[("owner_id", "=", "user1234")])

    query_size = client.query(kind="Photo", filters=[("size", "=", 2)])

    query_coloration = client.query(kind="Photo", filters=[("coloration", "=", 2)])
    # [END datastore_built_in_index_queries]

    queries.append(query_owner_id)
    queries.append(query_size)
    queries.append(query_coloration)

    # [START datastore_merged_index_query]
    query_all_properties = client.query(
        kind="Photo",
        filters=[
            ("owner_id", "=", "user1234"),
            ("size", "=", 2),
            ("coloration", "=", 2),
            ("tag", "=", "family"),
        ],
    )
    # [END datastore_merged_index_query]

    queries.append(query_all_properties)

    # [START datastore_merged_index_tag_queries]
    query_tag = client.query(
        kind="Photo",
        filters=[
            ("tag", "=", "family"),
            ("tag", "=", "outside"),
            ("tag", "=", "camping"),
        ],
    )

    query_owner_size_color_tags = client.query(
        kind="Photo",
        filters=[
            ("owner_id", "=", "user1234"),
            ("size", "=", 2),
            ("coloration", "=", 2),
            ("tag", "=", "family"),
            ("tag", "=", "outside"),
            ("tag", "=", "camping"),
        ],
    )
    # [END datastore_merged_index_tag_queries]

    queries.append(query_tag)
    queries.append(query_owner_size_color_tags)

    # [START datastore_owner_size_tag_query]
    query_owner_size_tag = client.query(
        kind="Photo",
        filters=[
            ("owner_id", "=", "username"),
            ("size", "=", 2),
            ("tag", "=", "family"),
        ],
    )
    # [END datastore_owner_size_tag_query]

    queries.append(query_owner_size_tag)

    # [START datastore_size_coloration_query]
    query_size_coloration = client.query(
        kind="Photo", filters=[("size", "=", 2), ("coloration", "=", 1)]
    )
    # [END datastore_size_coloration_query]

    queries.append(query_size_coloration)

    results = []
    for query in queries:
        results.append(query.fetch())

    return results


def main(project_id):
    client = datastore.Client(project_id)

    for name, function in globals().items():
        if name in ("main", "_preamble", "defaultdict") or not callable(function):
            continue

        print(name)
        pprint(function(client))
        print("\n-----------------\n")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Demonstrates datastore API operations."
    )
    parser.add_argument("project_id", help="Your cloud project ID.")

    args = parser.parse_args()

    main(args.project_id)