These notes will come handy in exam.

Perimeter Defense - Email Security

Email Spoofing

SPF - Sender Policy Framework

Check the SPF records of the domain name by checking its DNS TXT records,

dig <domain> TXT | grep spf

Mechanisms

Mechanisms display the IP being matched and prefixed with Qualifiers that state what action should be taken if that mechanism (i.e., IP address) is matched.

Mechanism	Example SPF Record	Explanation
ip4	`v=spf1 ip4:10.0.0.1/24`	Authorized server IPs are in the 10.0.0.1/24 range
a	`v=spf1 a:example.com`	Authorized servers' IPs are in the DNS A record of example.com
mx	`v=spf1 mx:example.com`	Authorized servers IPs are the IPs of the servers in the DNS MX record of example.com
include	`v=spf1 include:_spf.domain.com`	Authorized servers' IPs are in another SPF/TXT record (`_spf.domain.com` in that case)
all	`v=spf1 all`	Authorized servers' IPs match any IP.

Qualifiers

Each of the above mechanisms should be prefixed with a qualifier to state the action upon matching the provided IP.

Qualifier	Example SPF Record	Explanation	Action
+ (pass)	`v=spf1 +ip4:10.0.0.1/24`	Pass SPF check If the sender server IP is in the 10.0.0.1/24 range	Accept the message (This is an authentic message)
- (fail)	`v=spf1 -ip4:10.0.0.1/24`	Fail SPF check If the sender server IP is in the 10.0.0.1/24 range	Reject the message (This is a spoofed message)
~ (softfail)	`v=spf1 ~ip4:10.0.0.1/24`	SoftFail SPF checks If the sender server IP is in the 10.0.0.1/24 range	Accept the message but flag it as spam or junk (probably a spoofed message).
? (neutral)	`v=spf1 ?ip4:10.0.0.1/24`	Neither pass nor fail If the sender server IP is in the 10.0.0.1/24 range	Accept the message (Not sure whether this is a spoofed or authentic message)

DKIM - DomainKeys Identified Mail

DKIM records have a standard format of

<selector>._domainkey.<domain>.

For example, the DKIM public key for cyberdefenders.org is published at

google._domainkey.cyberdefenders.org

and can be queried using

dig google._domainkey.cyberdefenders.org TXT | grep DKIM

DMARC - Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance

DMARC records are published as TXT records in the DNS server, just like DKIM and SPF. To check the DMARC record for a domain, we query the DNS server for _dmarc.<domain>,

dig _dmarc.nsa.gov TXT | grep dmarc

DMARC Record Creation

Monitor Mode

To start monitoring and collecting all sending servers, we only need to create a DMARC record with the policy set to none and publish it in the DNS server,

v=DMARC1; p=none; rua=mailto:dmarc-inbox@yourdomain.com

Receiving Mode

The receiving server/report generators will have to verify that the service provider is waiting for your reports to come by querying the DMARC record at,

dig <your-company.com>._report._dmarc.<service-provider.com> | grep dmarc

Analyzing Artifacts

Visualization Tools - URL2PNG, URLScan, AbuseIPDB, Criminalip.io, ThreatBook.io, IPQuality Score,
URL Reputation Tools - VirusTotal, URLScan, URLhaus, WannaBrowser
File Reputation Tools - VirusTotal, Talos File Reputation
Malware Sandboxing - Hybrid Analysis, Any.run, VirusTotal, Joe Sandbox, Tri.ge.

Digital Forensics

Acquisition

Memory Acquisition

Linux

Determine the kernel version on a Linux machine, you can use the command

uname -a

Download LiME,

sudo apt update && sudo apt install build-essential git
git clone https://github.com/504ensicsLabs/LiME.git
cd LiME/src/
make

Capture memory using LiME,

sudo insmod ./lime.ko "path=/home/user/Desktop/dump.mem format=lime timout=0"

Windows

We can use various tools like FTK Imager, Belkasoft, DumpIt.

Checking Disk Encryption

Use a command line tool called "Encrypted Disk Detector," to detect encrypted drives.

.\EDDv310.exe

Triage Image Acquisition

Obtaining Triage Image with KAPE is convenient.
Another tool CyLR, which can acquire triage images on Windows, Linux, and OSX systems. It comes with a list of essential artifacts to collect from each system.

Disk Acquisition

Windows

Using FTK Imager, Disk Images can be acquired.

Linux

Note: Do not run dd on the host system; run it from an external drive and save the output image to the same drive.

First, determine all mounted disks, and we will specifically choose one of them to image,

df -h

Now, proceed to the acquisition,

sudo dd if=/dev/sb1 of=/home/user/Desktop/file.img bs=512

Mounting

To mount different image types, use Arsenal Image Mounter, FTK Imager.

Windows Disk Forensics

Windows Event Logs

By default, Windows Event Logs are stored at 'C:\Windows\system32\winevt\logs' as .evtx files.

We can use Event log explorer or Full Event Log view.

Artifacts

By default, Windows Event Logs are stored at 'C:\Windows\system32\winevt\logs' as .evtx files.

Important Artifacts

Live System	Dead System	Investigation Tool
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SYSTEM	`C:\Windows\System32\config\SYSTEM`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/SOFTWARE	`C:\Windows\System32\config\SOFTWARE`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
HKEY_USERS	`C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
HKEY_CURRENT_USER	`C:\Users<USER>\NTUSER.dat` `C:\Users<user>\Local Settings\Application Data\Microsoft\Windows\UsrClass.dat`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Amcache.hve	`C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Event Viewer -> Windows Logs -> SECURITY	`C:\Windows\winevt\Logs\Security.evtx`	Event logs Explorer
Event Viewer -> Windows Logs -> SYSTEM	`C:\Windows\winevt\Logs\SYSTEM.evtx`	Event logs Explorer
Event Viewer -> Windows Logs -> Application	`C:\Windows\winevt\Logs\Application.evtx`	Event logs Explorer
Event viewer -> Applications & service logs -> Microsoft -> Windows -> TaskScheduler -> Operational	`Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler%4Operational.evtx`	Event logs Explorer

System Information

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Windows version and installation date	`SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Computer Name	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\ComputerName\ComputerName`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Timezone	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\TimeZoneInformation`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper

Network Information

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Identify physical cards	`SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\NetworkCards`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Identify interface configuration	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\Interfaces`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Connections History	`SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\NetworkList\Signatures\Unmanaged` `SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\NetworkList\Profiles` `Microsoft-Windows-WLAN-AutoConfig%4Operational.evtx`	WifiHistoryView

Users Information

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Username, creation date ,login date, SID	SAM	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Login, logout, deletion, creation	Security.evtx	Event Log Explorer
	4624 -> Successful logon event
	4625 -> failed logon event
	4634 -> Session terminated
	4647 -> User initiated logoff
	4672 -> Special privilege logon
	4648 -> User run program as another user (Runas administrator)
	4720/4726 -> Account creation/deletion

File Activities - What happened?

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
File name, path, timestamps, actions (i.e rename)	`$MFT, $LogFile, $UsnJrnl:$J`	NTFS Log Tracker
Information about deleted files	`$I30`	INDXRipper

File Activities - Who did it?

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Failed/Succesful object access	Securit.evtx	Event Log Explorer
	4656 -> User tried to access an object
	4660 -> object was deleted
	4663 -> User accessed the object successfully
	4658 -> the user closed the opened object (file)
Recently used files/folders	NTUSER.dat	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
	`Software\Microsoft\Office\15.0<Office application>\File MRU`
	`Software\Microsoft\Office\15.0<Office application>\Place MRU`
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\ComDlg32\OpenSavePidlMRU\*`
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RecentDocs`
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\RunMRU`
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\TypedPaths`
Accessed folders	ShellBags	ShellBags Explorer
	NTUSER.dat
	USRCLASS.dat
Accessed files, its path, metadata, timestamps, drive letter	LNK files	LECmd
	`C:\Users<User>\Appdata\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent`
	`C:\Users<User>\Desktop`
	`C:\Users<User>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Office\Recent\`
Frequently accessed files	JumpLists	JumpLists Explorer
	`C:\Users<User>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\AutomaticDestinations`
	`C:\Users<User>\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\ Windows\Recent\CustomDestinations`
Recover Deleted Files from Recycle Bin	`INFO2/$I`	RBCmd

Connected Devices

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Vendor ID, Product ID, Serial Number, Device name	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Enum\USB`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Serial Number, First connection time, last connection time, last removal time	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\USBSTOR`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
USB Label	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Enum\SWD\WPDBUSENUM`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
GUID, TYPE, serial number	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Control\DeviceClasses`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
VolumeGUID, Volume letter, serial number	`SYSTEM\MountedDevices` `SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Portable Devices\Devices` `SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows Search\VolumeInfoCache`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Serial number, first connection time	`setupapi.dev.log`	notepad++
Serial number, connections times, drive letter	SYSTEM.evtx: 20001 -> a new device is installed	Event Log Explorer
	Security.evtx: 6416 -> new externel device recognized
	Microsoft-Windows-Ntfs%4Operational.evtx
Automation	Registry	USBDeviceForenics, USBDetective
	Event Logs
	setupapi.dev.log

Execution Activities

What To Look For	Where To Find It	Investigation Tool
Windows Services executable, date added	`SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
Service installation time, Service crashed, stop/start service event	Security.evtx: 4697 -> service gets installed	Event Log Explorer
	SYSTEM.evtx: 7034 -> Service crashed
	7035 -> start/stop requests
	7036 -> service stoppped/started
Autorun applications	`SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
	`SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce`
	`SOFTWARE\WOW6432Node\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run`
	`SOFTWARE\WOW6432Node\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce`
	`NTUSER.DAT\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run`
	`NTUSER.DAT\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\RunOnce`
Frequently run programs, last time, number of execution	UserAssist	UserAssist by Didier Steven
	`NTUSER.DAT\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\UserAssist`
Run of older applications on newer system	`SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\SessionManager\AppCompatCache\AppCompatCache`	ShimCache Parser
Files path, md5 & sha1 hash	`Amcache.hve`	Amcache Parser
Background applications	`BAM & DAM`	Registry Explorer/RegRipper
	`SYSTEM\ControlSet001\Services\bam\State\UserSettings`
Filename, size, run count, each run timestamp, path	`Prefetch`	WinPrefetchView
	`C:\Windows\Prefetch`
Program network usage, memory usage	`SRUM`	SrumECmd
	`C:\Windows\System32\sru\SRUDB.dat`
Scheduled task	`C:\Windows\Tasks`	Task Scheduler Viewer
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Schedule\Taskcache\Tasks`
	`Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Schedule\Taskcache\Tree`
	`Microsoft-Windows-TaskScheduler%4Operational.evtx`

Windows Memory Forensics with Volatility

Image Identification

imageinfo Plugin

To determine the profile of an image,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp imageinfo

kdbgscan Plugin

To determine the kdbg signature of an image, first ran the command,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp imageinfo

Then identify the profile to be used later in the process, and use the plugin,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> kdbgscan

Determine the KdCopyDataBlock offset as we will use it in the next step with any other plugin, let us say pslist,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> pslist

Processes and DLLs

pslist Plugin

To determine the process in the memory dump,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> pslist

psscan Plugin

To enumerate processes using pool tag scanning,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> psscan

dlllist Plugin

To display a process's loaded DLLs,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> dlllist

To display the process's loaded DLLs of a particular process with PID XXXX,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> dlllist -p XXXX

pstree Plugin

To determine the parent-child process like which process is the parent process and which process is the child process,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> pstree

Use verbose mode of the pstree plugin to list detailed information,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> pstree -v

psxview Plugin

To find the hidden processes that are concealed from standard processes,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> psxview

psinfo Plugin

To find the detailed process information,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> psinfo -o <process_offset>

getsids plugin

To find the process privileges and identify the SIDs of the users,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> getsids -o <process_offset>

handles Plugin

To find open handles in a process,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> handles

To find open handles of a particular process with PID XXXX,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> handles -p XXXX

privs Plugin

To display which process privileges are present, enabled, and/or enabled by default,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> privs

consoles Plugin

To detect the commands that attackers typed into cmd.exe,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> consoles

cmdscan Plugin

To detect the commands that attackers entered through a console shell, cmd.exe.

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> cmdscan

ldrmodules Plugin

To list the DLLs in WoW64 processes,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> ldrmodules

Networking

netscan Plugin

To find the network-relevant information,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> netscan

connscan Plugin

To detect connections that have since been terminated, or active ones,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> connscan

Registry

hivelist Plugin

To list all registry hives in memory, their virtual space along with the full path, use the following plugin,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> hivelist

printkey Plugin

To detect the persistence techniques in Registry key, utilize the following plugin,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> printkey -K <registry-key>

winesap Plugin

To automate the inspecting persistence-related registry keys, utilize the following plugin,

volatility -f <memory_dump> --profile=<profile> -g <offset> winesap

Use the following parameter to display suspicious entries,

volatility -f <memory_dump> --profile=<profile> -g <offset> winesap --match

File System

mftparser Plugin

To extract MFT entries in memory, utilize the following plugin,

volatility -f <memory_dump> --profile=<profile> -g <offset> mftparser

Process Memory

procdump Plugin

To dump the process's executable of a particular process with PID XXXX,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> procdump -p XXXX --dump-dir=/<output-directory>

memdump Plugin

To dump the memory resident pages of a particular process with PID XXXX,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> memdump -p XXXX --dump-dir=/<output-directory>

vaddump Plugin

To extract the range of pages described by a VAD node,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> vaddump --dump-dir=/<output-directory>

Kernel Memory and Objects

filescan Plugin

To find all the files in the physical memory,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> filescan

Miscellaneous

volshell Plugin

Interactively explore an image,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> volshell

timeliner Plugin

To create a timeline from various artifacts in memory from the following sources,

python vol.py -f memory.dmp --profile=<profile> -g <offset> timeliner

malfind Plugin

To find the hidden or injected DLLs in the memory,

volatility -f <memory_dump> --profile=<profile> -g <offset> malfind

yarscan Plugin

To locate any sequence of bytes, or determine the malicious nature of a process with PID XXXX, provided we have included the rule (yara rule file) we created,

volatility -f <memory_dump> --profile=<profile> -g <offset> yarascan -y rule.yar -P XXXX

Threat Hunting

Elastic Common Schema (ECS)

Field	Description	KQL Examples
event.category	It looks for similar events from various data sources that can be grouped together for viewing or analysis.	event.category: authentication
		event.category: process
		event.category: network
		event.category: (malware or intrusion_detection)
event.type	It serves as a sub-categorization that, when combined with the "event.category" field, allows for filtering events to a specific level.	event.type: start
		event.type: creation
		event.type: access
		event.type: deletion
event.outcome	It indicates whether the event represents a successful or a failed outcome	event.outcome: success
		event.outcome : failure

Common search fields

Field	Description	KQL Examples
@timestamp	@timestamp: 2023-01-26	Events that happened in 26th
	@timestamp <= "2023-01-25"	Events that happened with a date less than or equal to 25th of Jan
	@timestamp >= "2023-01-26" and @timestamp <= "2023-01-27"	Events that happened between 26th and the 27th of Jan
agent.name	agent.name: `DESKTOP-*`	Look for events from the agent name that starts with DESKTOP
message	message: powershell	Look for any message with the word powershell

Process Related Fields

Field	Description	KQL Examples
process.name	`event.category: process and process.name: powershell.exe`	Look for powershell.exe as a process
process.command_line	`event.category: process and process.command_line.text:whoami`	Look for a commandline that has whoami on it
process.pid	`event.category: process and process.pid: 6360`	Look for process id: 6360
process.parent.name	`event.category: process and process.parent.name: cmd.exe`	Looks for cmd.exe as a parent process
process.parent.pid	`host.name: DESKTOP-* and event.category: process and process.command_line.text: powershell and process.parent.pid: 12620`	Looks for a process command line that has powershell and the parent process id is 12620 on a hostname that starts with DESKTOP

Network related fields

Field	Description	KQL Examples
source.ip	`source.ip: 127.0.0.1`	Looks for any logs originated from the loopback IP address
destination.ip	`destination.ip: 23.194.192.66`	Looks for any logs originating to IP 23.194.192.66
destination.port	`destination.port: 443`	Looks for any logs originating towards port 443
dns.question.name	`dns.question.name: "www.youtube.com"`	Look for any DNS resolution towards www.youtube.com
dns.response_code	`dns.response_code: "NXDOMAIN"`	Looks for DNS traffic towards non existing domain names
destination.geo.country_name	`destination.geo.country_name: "Canada"`	Looks for any outbound traffic toward Canada

Authentication related fields

Field	Description	KQL Examples
user.name	`event.category: "authentication" and user.name: administrator and event.outcome: failure`	Looks for failed login attempt targeting username administrator
winlog.logon.type	`event.category : "authentication" and winlog.logon.type: "Network"`	Look for authentication that happened over the network
	`event.category : "authentication" and winlog.logon.type: "RemoteInteractive"`	Look for RDP authentication
winlog.event_data.AuthenticationPackageName	`event.category : "authentication" and event.action: logged-in and winlog.logon.type: "Network" and user.name.text: administrator and event.outcome: success and winlog.event_data.AuthenticationPackageName: NTLM`	Look for successful network authentication events against the user administrator, and the authentication package is NTLM.

Endpoint Threat Hunting

Detecting Persistence using Scheduled Tasks,

technique_id=T1053,technique_name=Scheduled Task

Detect PsExec Activity in the Network,

event.code: 1 and process.name.text: psexec*

Detecting Mimikatz Activity in Network,

event.code: 10 and winlog.event_data.TargetImage: *\\lsass.exe

Network Threat Hunting

To detect data exfiltration through DNS,

agent.type: "packetbeat" and type: dns AND not dns.response_code: "NOERROR"

Few Commands for quick start

Eric Zimmerman Tools

MFTCmd

Extract the $MFT file from the C:\$MFT directory,

MFTECmd.exe -f "/path/to/$MFT" --csv "<output-directory>" --csvf results.csv

PECmd

Extract the Prefetch directory from the C:\Windows\Prefetch path using FTK Imager,

PECmd.exe -f "/path/to/Prefetch" --csv "<output-directory>" --csvf results.csv

LECmd

Extract the LNK file(s) from C:\Users\$USER$\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent using FTK Imager,

LECmd.exe -f "C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent\file.lnk"

RBCmd

Restore the deleted file from the Recycle Bin,

RBCmd.exe -f "path/to/file" --csv "<output-directory>" --csvf results.csv

WxtCmd

Analyze the Timeline database and parse it into a CSV file using WxtCmd. The file can be found at C:\Users<user>\AppData\Local\ConnectedDevicesPlatform\<user>\ActivitiesCache.db

WxTCmd.exe -f "C:\Users<user>\AppData\Local\ConnectedDevicesPlatform\<user>\ActivitiesCache.db" --csv "C:\Users\<user>\Desktop" --csvf results.csv

Amcache Parser

Parsing the AmCache.hve file to identify any suspicious entries or determine the malicious nature. The file can be found at C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve

AmcacheParser.exe -f "C:\Windows\appcompat\Programs\Amcache.hve" --csv "C:\Users\<user>\Desktop\" --csvf results.csv

SrumECmd

Parse the SRUDB.dat file to find the system resource usage, network and process, etc. The file can be found at C:\Windows\System32\sru\SRUDB.dat

SrumECmd.exe -f "C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\SRUDB.dat" --csv "C:\Users\<user>\Desktop\" --csvf results.csv

AppCompatCacheParser

To parse the ShimCache from the registry hive,

AppCompatCacheParser.exe -f "</path/to/SYSTEM/hive>" --csv "C:\Users\<user>\Desktop\" --csvf results.csv

ShimCacheParser

Parse the ShimCache with ShimCacheParser,

python ShimCacheParser.py -i <SYSTEM-hive> -o results.csv

Hashing the files

Windows

Utilizing the great PowerShell, we can find the hash of the file,

# generate SHA256 hash by-default
get-filehash <file>

# generate MD5 hash
get-filehash -algorithm MD5 <file>

#  generate SHA1 hash
get-filehash -algorithm SHA1 <file>

Linux

With Linux terminal, we can find the hash of the file,

# generate MD5 hash
md5sum <file>

# generate SHA1 hash
sha1sum <file>

# generate SHA256 hash
sha256sum <file>

File Extraction and Analysis

Use Binwalk tool to extract the files and analysis,

binwalk -e <file>

Bulk Extractor

Use bulk_extractor tool to extract the information without parsing file system,

bulk_extractor -o dump/ memory.dmp

Strings Command

To print the strings of printable characters,

strings <file>

Tools Utilized

Here is the list of all the tools utilized during the completion of the Certification. More tools can be added in coming future.

Tool Name	Resource Link	Purpose
LiME	https://github.com/504ensicsLabs/LiME	Memory Acquisition on Linux devices.
FTK Imager	https://www.exterro.com/ftk-imager	Memory Acquisition on range of devices.
Belkasoft	https://belkasoft.com/ram-capturer	Memory Acquisition.
DumpIt	http://www.toolwar.com/2014/01/dumpit-memory-dump-tools.html	Memory Acquisition.
Encrypted Disk Detector	https://www.magnetforensics.com/resources/encrypted-disk-detector/	Quickly checks for encrypted volumes on a system.
KAPE	https://www.kroll.com/en/insights/publications/cyber/kroll-artifact-parser-extractor-kape	Used for fast acquisition of data.
CyLR	https://github.com/orlikoski/CyLR	Forensics artifacts collection tool.
dd	https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/dd.1.html	Used to create a disk image of a Linux OS.
Arsenal Image Mounter	https://arsenalrecon.com/	Used to mount different image types.
Event log explorer	https://eventlogxp.com/	Used for Windows event log analysis.
Full Event Log view	https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/full_event_log_view.html	Used to display a table that details all events from the event logs of Windows.
Volatility	https://www.volatilityfoundation.org/	Used for Memory Analysis.
AbuseIPDB	https://www.abuseipdb.com/	Detect abusive activity of IP address.
IPQuality Score	https://www.ipqualityscore.com/	checks for IP addresses reputation.
Any.run	https://app.any.run/	Malware Sandbox.
VirusTotal	https://www.virustotal.com/gui/home/upload	Malware Sandbox.
Tri.ge	https://tria.ge/	Malware Sandbox.
EZ Tools	https://ericzimmerman.github.io/#!index.md	Set of digital forensics tools.
NTFS Log Tracker	https://sites.google.com/site/forensicnote/ntfs-log-tracker	Used to parse `$LogFile`, `$UsnJrnl:$J` of NTFS and carve `UsnJrnl` record in multiple files.
UserAssist	https://blog.didierstevens.com/programs/userassist/	Used to display a table of programs executed on a Windows machine, run count, last execution date & time.
R-Studio	https://www.r-studio.com/Data_Recovery_Download.shtml	Used to recover lost files.
Wireshark	https://www.wireshark.org/	Used for Network Traffic analysis.
CobaltStrikeParser	https://github.com/Sentinel-One/CobaltStrikeParser	A python parser for CobaltStrike Beacon's configuration.
Suricata	https://suricata.io/	A popular open-source IDS.
RITA	https://github.com/activecm/rita	An open source framework for detecting C2 through network traffic analysis.
Sysmon	https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/downloads/sysmon	Windows system service and device driver that logs system activity to Windows Event Log.
Velociraptor	https://www.rapid7.com/products/velociraptor/	Used for collecting collect, monitor, and hunt on a single endpoint, a group of endpoints, or an entire network.
Gophish	https://getgophish.com/	Open-Source, advanced Phishing Simulation framework.
Epoch & Unix Timestamp Conversion Tools	https://www.epochconverter.com/	Convert epoch to human-readable date and vice versa.
OSSEC	https://www.ossec.net/	A powerful host-based intrusion detection system.
Nessus	https://www.tenable.com/downloads/nessus?loginAttempted=true	Popular Vulnerability Assessment Scanner.
Microsoft Sentinel	https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/products/microsoft-sentinel/	A cloud native SIEM solution
Open Threat Exchange (OTX)	https://otx.alienvault.com/	Open Threat Intelligence Community
Canary Tokens	https://canarytokens.org/generate	Used for tracking anything.
Elastic SIEM	https://www.elastic.co/security/siem	Used for aggregating data, logging, monitoring.
Yara	https://virustotal.github.io/yara/	Used my malware researchers to identify and classify malware sample.
SQLite Browser	https://sqlitebrowser.org/	A high quality, visual, open source tool to create, design, and edit database files compatible with SQLite.
RegRipper	https://github.com/keydet89/RegRipper3.0	Used to surgically extract, translate, and display information from Registry-formatted files via plugins in the form of Perl-scripts.
Binwalk	https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk	Used for for analyzing, reverse engineering, and extracting firmware images.
MFTDump.py	https://github.com/mcs6502/mftdump/blob/master/mftdump.py	Used for parsing and displaying Master File Table (MFT) files.
Prefetchruncounts.py	https://github.com/dfir-scripts/prefetchruncounts	Used for Parsing and extracting a sortable list of basic Windows Prefetch file information based on "last run" timestamps.
parseMFT	https://pypi.org/project/parseMFT/#files	Parse the $MFT from an NTFS filesystem.
Brim	https://www.brimdata.io/	Used for network troubleshooting and security incident response.
NetworkMiner	https://www.netresec.com/?page=networkminer	Used to extract artifacts, such as files, images, emails and passwords, from captured network traffic in PCAP files.
Autopsy	https://www.autopsy.com/download/	Used for analyzing forensically-sound images.
Capa-Explorer	https://github.com/mandiant/capa	Used to identify capabilities in executable files.
IDA	https://hex-rays.com/ida-free/	Used for Reverse engineering the binary samples.
TurnedOnTimesView	https://www.nirsoft.net/utils/computer_turned_on_times.html	Used to analyze the windows event logs and detect time ranges that a computer was turned on.
USB Forensic Tracker	http://orionforensics.com/forensics-tools/usb-forensic-tracker	Used to extracts USB device connection artefacts from a range of locations.
WinDbg	https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/debugger-download-tools	Used for debugging.
Outlook Forensics Wizard	https://forensiksoft.com/outlook-forensics.html	Used to open, search, analyze, & export outlook data files of any size.
FakeNet	https://github.com/mandiant/flare-fakenet-ng	Used for dynamic network analysis.
oletools	https://github.com/decalage2/oletools	Set of tools used for malware analysis, forensics, and debugging.
scdbg	http://sandsprite.com/blogs/index.php?uid=7&pid=152	Used to display to the user all of the Windows API the shellcode attempts to call.
Resource Hacker	http://angusj.com/resourcehacker	A freeware resource compiler & decompiler for Windows applications.
Hashcat	https://hashcat.net/hashcat/	Used to crack the hashes to obtain plain-text password.
John The Ripper	https://www.openwall.com/john/	Used to crack the hashes to obtain plain-text password.
Bulk Extractor	https://downloads.digitalcorpora.org/downloads/bulk_extractor/	Used to extract useful information without parsing the file system.
jq	https://stedolan.github.io/jq/download	A command line JSON processor
AWS-CLI	https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html	Used to interact with AWS via Command Line.
HindSight	https://github.com/obsidianforensics/hindsight	Used for Web browser forensics for Google Chrome/Chromium
xxd	https://linux.die.net/man/1/xxd	Creates a HEX dump of a file/input
ShimCacheParser	https://github.com/mandiant/ShimCacheParser	Used to parse the Application Compatibility Shim Cache stored in the Windows registry

Files

CCD-CheatSheet.md

Latest commit

History

CCD-CheatSheet.md

File metadata and controls

Perimeter Defense - Email Security

Email Spoofing

SPF - Sender Policy Framework

Mechanisms

Qualifiers

DKIM - DomainKeys Identified Mail

DMARC - Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting & Conformance

DMARC Record Creation

Monitor Mode

Receiving Mode

Analyzing Artifacts

Digital Forensics

Acquisition

Memory Acquisition

Linux

Windows

Checking Disk Encryption

Triage Image Acquisition

Disk Acquisition

Windows

Linux

Mounting

Windows Disk Forensics

Windows Event Logs

Artifacts

Important Artifacts

System Information

Network Information

Users Information

File Activities - What happened?

File Activities - Who did it?

Connected Devices

Execution Activities

Windows Memory Forensics with Volatility

Image Identification

imageinfo Plugin

kdbgscan Plugin

Processes and DLLs

pslist Plugin

psscan Plugin

dlllist Plugin

pstree Plugin

psxview Plugin

psinfo Plugin

getsids plugin

handles Plugin

privs Plugin

consoles Plugin

cmdscan Plugin

ldrmodules Plugin

Networking

netscan Plugin

connscan Plugin

Registry

hivelist Plugin

printkey Plugin

winesap Plugin

File System

mftparser Plugin

Process Memory

procdump Plugin

memdump Plugin

vaddump Plugin

Kernel Memory and Objects

filescan Plugin

Miscellaneous

volshell Plugin

timeliner Plugin

malfind Plugin

yarscan Plugin

Threat Hunting

Elastic Common Schema (ECS)

Common search fields

Process Related Fields