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search.cpp
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search.cpp
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/*
Stockfish, a UCI chess playing engine derived from Glaurung 2.1
Copyright (C) 2004-2021 The Stockfish developers (see AUTHORS file)
Stockfish is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
(at your option) any later version.
Stockfish is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
GNU General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring> // For std::memset
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include "evaluate.h"
#include "misc.h"
#include "movegen.h"
#include "movepick.h"
#include "position.h"
#include "search.h"
#include "thread.h"
#include "timeman.h"
#include "tt.h"
#include "uci.h"
#include "syzygy/tbprobe.h"
namespace Stockfish {
namespace Search {
LimitsType Limits;
}
namespace Tablebases {
int Cardinality;
bool RootInTB;
bool UseRule50;
Depth ProbeDepth;
}
namespace TB = Tablebases;
using std::string;
using Eval::evaluate;
using namespace Search;
namespace {
// Different node types, used as a template parameter
enum NodeType { NonPV, PV, Root };
// Futility margin
Value futility_margin(Depth d, bool improving) {
return Value(214 * (d - improving));
}
// Reductions lookup table, initialized at startup
int DReductions[MAX_MOVES]; // [depth]
int MReductions[MAX_MOVES]; // [moveNumber]
Depth reduction(bool i, Depth d, int mn, bool rangeReduction) {
int r = DReductions[d] * MReductions[mn];
return (r + 534) / 1024 + (!i && r > 904) + rangeReduction;
}
constexpr int futility_move_count(bool improving, Depth depth) {
return (3 + depth * depth) / (2 - improving);
}
// History and stats update bonus, based on depth
int stat_bonus(Depth d) {
return std::min((d + 100) * d - 81 , 2000);
}
// Add a small random component to draw evaluations to avoid 3-fold blindness
Value value_draw(Thread* thisThread) {
return VALUE_DRAW + Value(2 * (thisThread->nodes & 1) - 1);
}
// Check if the current thread is in a search explosion
ExplosionState search_explosion(Thread* thisThread) {
uint64_t nodesNow = thisThread->nodes;
bool explosive = thisThread->doubleExtensionAverage[WHITE].is_greater(2, 100)
|| thisThread->doubleExtensionAverage[BLACK].is_greater(2, 100);
if (explosive)
thisThread->nodesLastExplosive = nodesNow;
else
thisThread->nodesLastNormal = nodesNow;
if ( explosive
&& thisThread->state == EXPLOSION_NONE
&& nodesNow - thisThread->nodesLastNormal > 6000000)
thisThread->state = MUST_CALM_DOWN;
if ( thisThread->state == MUST_CALM_DOWN
&& nodesNow - thisThread->nodesLastExplosive > 6000000)
thisThread->state = EXPLOSION_NONE;
return thisThread->state;
}
// Skill structure is used to implement strength limit
struct Skill {
explicit Skill(int l) : level(l) {}
bool enabled() const { return level < 20; }
bool time_to_pick(Depth depth) const { return depth == 1 + level; }
Move pick_best(size_t multiPV);
int level;
Move best = MOVE_NONE;
};
template <NodeType nodeType>
Value search(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, bool cutNode);
template <NodeType nodeType>
Value qsearch(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth = 0);
Value value_to_tt(Value v, int ply);
Value value_from_tt(Value v, int ply, int r50c);
void update_pv(Move* pv, Move move, Move* childPv);
void update_continuation_histories(Stack* ss, Piece pc, Square to, int bonus);
void update_quiet_stats(const Position& pos, Stack* ss, Move move, int bonus, int depth);
void update_all_stats(const Position& pos, Stack* ss, Move bestMove, Value bestValue, Value beta, Square prevSq,
Move* quietsSearched, int quietCount, Move* capturesSearched, int captureCount, Depth depth);
// perft() is our utility to verify move generation. All the leaf nodes up
// to the given depth are generated and counted, and the sum is returned.
template<bool Root>
uint64_t perft(Position& pos, Depth depth) {
StateInfo st;
ASSERT_ALIGNED(&st, Eval::NNUE::CacheLineSize);
uint64_t cnt, nodes = 0;
const bool leaf = (depth == 2);
for (const auto& m : MoveList<LEGAL>(pos))
{
if (Root && depth <= 1)
cnt = 1, nodes++;
else
{
pos.do_move(m, st);
cnt = leaf ? MoveList<LEGAL>(pos).size() : perft<false>(pos, depth - 1);
nodes += cnt;
pos.undo_move(m);
}
if (Root)
sync_cout << UCI::move(m, pos.is_chess960()) << ": " << cnt << sync_endl;
}
return nodes;
}
} // namespace
/// Search::init() is called at startup to initialize various lookup tables
void Search::init() {
double r = 16.0 + std::log(Threads.size()) / 2;
for (int i = 1; i < MAX_MOVES; ++i)
{
DReductions[i] = int(r * 0.4 * i * (1.0 - exp(-8.0 / i)));
MReductions[i] = int(r * log(i + 0.25 * log(i)));
}
}
/// Search::clear() resets search state to its initial value
void Search::clear() {
Threads.main()->wait_for_search_finished();
Time.availableNodes = 0;
TT.clear();
Threads.clear();
Tablebases::init(Options["SyzygyPath"]); // Free mapped files
}
/// MainThread::search() is started when the program receives the UCI 'go'
/// command. It searches from the root position and outputs the "bestmove".
void MainThread::search() {
if (Limits.perft)
{
nodes = perft<true>(rootPos, Limits.perft);
sync_cout << "\nNodes searched: " << nodes << "\n" << sync_endl;
return;
}
Color us = rootPos.side_to_move();
Time.init(Limits, us, rootPos.game_ply());
TT.new_search();
Eval::NNUE::verify();
if (rootMoves.empty())
{
rootMoves.emplace_back(MOVE_NONE);
sync_cout << "info depth 0 score "
<< UCI::value(rootPos.checkers() ? -VALUE_MATE : VALUE_DRAW)
<< sync_endl;
}
else
{
Threads.start_searching(); // start non-main threads
Thread::search(); // main thread start searching
}
// When we reach the maximum depth, we can arrive here without a raise of
// Threads.stop. However, if we are pondering or in an infinite search,
// the UCI protocol states that we shouldn't print the best move before the
// GUI sends a "stop" or "ponderhit" command. We therefore simply wait here
// until the GUI sends one of those commands.
while (!Threads.stop && (ponder || Limits.infinite))
{} // Busy wait for a stop or a ponder reset
// Stop the threads if not already stopped (also raise the stop if
// "ponderhit" just reset Threads.ponder).
Threads.stop = true;
// Wait until all threads have finished
Threads.wait_for_search_finished();
// When playing in 'nodes as time' mode, subtract the searched nodes from
// the available ones before exiting.
if (Limits.npmsec)
Time.availableNodes += Limits.inc[us] - Threads.nodes_searched();
Thread* bestThread = this;
if ( int(Options["MultiPV"]) == 1
&& !Limits.depth
&& !(Skill(Options["Skill Level"]).enabled() || int(Options["UCI_LimitStrength"]))
&& rootMoves[0].pv[0] != MOVE_NONE)
bestThread = Threads.get_best_thread();
bestPreviousScore = bestThread->rootMoves[0].score;
// Send again PV info if we have a new best thread
if (bestThread != this)
sync_cout << UCI::pv(bestThread->rootPos, bestThread->completedDepth, -VALUE_INFINITE, VALUE_INFINITE) << sync_endl;
sync_cout << "bestmove " << UCI::move(bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv[0], rootPos.is_chess960());
if (bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv.size() > 1 || bestThread->rootMoves[0].extract_ponder_from_tt(rootPos))
std::cout << " ponder " << UCI::move(bestThread->rootMoves[0].pv[1], rootPos.is_chess960());
std::cout << sync_endl;
}
/// Thread::search() is the main iterative deepening loop. It calls search()
/// repeatedly with increasing depth until the allocated thinking time has been
/// consumed, the user stops the search, or the maximum search depth is reached.
void Thread::search() {
// To allow access to (ss-7) up to (ss+2), the stack must be oversized.
// The former is needed to allow update_continuation_histories(ss-1, ...),
// which accesses its argument at ss-6, also near the root.
// The latter is needed for statScore and killer initialization.
Stack stack[MAX_PLY+10], *ss = stack+7;
Move pv[MAX_PLY+1];
Value bestValue, alpha, beta, delta1, delta2;
Move lastBestMove = MOVE_NONE;
Depth lastBestMoveDepth = 0;
MainThread* mainThread = (this == Threads.main() ? Threads.main() : nullptr);
double timeReduction = 1, totBestMoveChanges = 0;
Color us = rootPos.side_to_move();
int iterIdx = 0;
std::memset(ss-7, 0, 10 * sizeof(Stack));
for (int i = 7; i > 0; i--)
(ss-i)->continuationHistory = &this->continuationHistory[0][0][NO_PIECE][0]; // Use as a sentinel
for (int i = 0; i <= MAX_PLY + 2; ++i)
(ss+i)->ply = i;
ss->pv = pv;
bestValue = delta1 = delta2 = alpha = -VALUE_INFINITE;
beta = VALUE_INFINITE;
if (mainThread)
{
if (mainThread->bestPreviousScore == VALUE_INFINITE)
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
mainThread->iterValue[i] = VALUE_ZERO;
else
for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
mainThread->iterValue[i] = mainThread->bestPreviousScore;
}
std::copy(&lowPlyHistory[2][0], &lowPlyHistory.back().back() + 1, &lowPlyHistory[0][0]);
std::fill(&lowPlyHistory[MAX_LPH - 2][0], &lowPlyHistory.back().back() + 1, 0);
size_t multiPV = size_t(Options["MultiPV"]);
// Pick integer skill levels, but non-deterministically round up or down
// such that the average integer skill corresponds to the input floating point one.
// UCI_Elo is converted to a suitable fractional skill level, using anchoring
// to CCRL Elo (goldfish 1.13 = 2000) and a fit through Ordo derived Elo
// for match (TC 60+0.6) results spanning a wide range of k values.
PRNG rng(now());
double floatLevel = Options["UCI_LimitStrength"] ?
std::clamp(std::pow((Options["UCI_Elo"] - 1346.6) / 143.4, 1 / 0.806), 0.0, 20.0) :
double(Options["Skill Level"]);
int intLevel = int(floatLevel) +
((floatLevel - int(floatLevel)) * 1024 > rng.rand<unsigned>() % 1024 ? 1 : 0);
Skill skill(intLevel);
// When playing with strength handicap enable MultiPV search that we will
// use behind the scenes to retrieve a set of possible moves.
if (skill.enabled())
multiPV = std::max(multiPV, (size_t)4);
multiPV = std::min(multiPV, rootMoves.size());
ttHitAverage.set(50, 100); // initialize the running average at 50%
doubleExtensionAverage[WHITE].set(0, 100); // initialize the running average at 0%
doubleExtensionAverage[BLACK].set(0, 100); // initialize the running average at 0%
nodesLastExplosive = nodes;
nodesLastNormal = nodes;
state = EXPLOSION_NONE;
trend = SCORE_ZERO;
int searchAgainCounter = 0;
// Iterative deepening loop until requested to stop or the target depth is reached
while ( ++rootDepth < MAX_PLY
&& !Threads.stop
&& !(Limits.depth && mainThread && rootDepth > Limits.depth))
{
// Age out PV variability metric
if (mainThread)
totBestMoveChanges /= 2;
// Save the last iteration's scores before first PV line is searched and
// all the move scores except the (new) PV are set to -VALUE_INFINITE.
for (RootMove& rm : rootMoves)
rm.previousScore = rm.score;
size_t pvFirst = 0;
pvLast = 0;
if (!Threads.increaseDepth)
searchAgainCounter++;
// MultiPV loop. We perform a full root search for each PV line
for (pvIdx = 0; pvIdx < multiPV && !Threads.stop; ++pvIdx)
{
if (pvIdx == pvLast)
{
pvFirst = pvLast;
for (pvLast++; pvLast < rootMoves.size(); pvLast++)
if (rootMoves[pvLast].tbRank != rootMoves[pvFirst].tbRank)
break;
}
// Reset UCI info selDepth for each depth and each PV line
selDepth = 0;
// Reset aspiration window starting size
if (rootDepth >= 4)
{
Value prev = rootMoves[pvIdx].previousScore;
delta1 = (prev < 0) ? Value(8 + abs(prev) / 20) : Value(8);
delta2 = (prev > 0) ? Value(8 + abs(prev) / 20) : Value(8);
alpha = std::max(prev - delta1,-VALUE_INFINITE);
beta = std::min(prev + delta2, VALUE_INFINITE);
// Adjust trend based on root move's previousScore (dynamic contempt)
int tr = 113 * prev / (abs(prev) + 147);
trend = (us == WHITE ? make_score(tr, tr / 2)
: -make_score(tr, tr / 2));
}
// Start with a small aspiration window and, in the case of a fail
// high/low, re-search with a bigger window until we don't fail
// high/low anymore.
int failedHighCnt = 0;
while (true)
{
Depth adjustedDepth = std::max(1, rootDepth - failedHighCnt - searchAgainCounter);
bestValue = Stockfish::search<Root>(rootPos, ss, alpha, beta, adjustedDepth, false);
// Bring the best move to the front. It is critical that sorting
// is done with a stable algorithm because all the values but the
// first and eventually the new best one are set to -VALUE_INFINITE
// and we want to keep the same order for all the moves except the
// new PV that goes to the front. Note that in case of MultiPV
// search the already searched PV lines are preserved.
std::stable_sort(rootMoves.begin() + pvIdx, rootMoves.begin() + pvLast);
// If search has been stopped, we break immediately. Sorting is
// safe because RootMoves is still valid, although it refers to
// the previous iteration.
if (Threads.stop)
break;
// When failing high/low give some update (without cluttering
// the UI) before a re-search.
if ( mainThread
&& multiPV == 1
&& (bestValue <= alpha || bestValue >= beta)
&& Time.elapsed() > 3000)
sync_cout << UCI::pv(rootPos, rootDepth, alpha, beta) << sync_endl;
// In case of failing low/high increase aspiration window and
// re-search, otherwise exit the loop.
if (bestValue <= alpha)
{
beta = (alpha + beta) / 2;
alpha = std::max(bestValue - delta1, -VALUE_INFINITE);
failedHighCnt = 0;
if (mainThread)
mainThread->stopOnPonderhit = false;
}
else if (bestValue >= beta)
{
beta = std::min(bestValue + delta2, VALUE_INFINITE);
++failedHighCnt;
}
else
break;
delta1 += delta1 / 2;
delta2 += delta2 / 2;
assert(alpha >= -VALUE_INFINITE && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
}
// Sort the PV lines searched so far and update the GUI
std::stable_sort(rootMoves.begin() + pvFirst, rootMoves.begin() + pvIdx + 1);
if ( mainThread
&& (Threads.stop || pvIdx + 1 == multiPV || Time.elapsed() > 3000))
sync_cout << UCI::pv(rootPos, rootDepth, alpha, beta) << sync_endl;
}
if (!Threads.stop)
completedDepth = rootDepth;
if (rootMoves[0].pv[0] != lastBestMove) {
lastBestMove = rootMoves[0].pv[0];
lastBestMoveDepth = rootDepth;
}
// Have we found a "mate in x"?
if ( Limits.mate
&& bestValue >= VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY
&& VALUE_MATE - bestValue <= 2 * Limits.mate)
Threads.stop = true;
if (!mainThread)
continue;
// If skill level is enabled and time is up, pick a sub-optimal best move
if (skill.enabled() && skill.time_to_pick(rootDepth))
skill.pick_best(multiPV);
// Do we have time for the next iteration? Can we stop searching now?
if ( Limits.use_time_management()
&& !Threads.stop
&& !mainThread->stopOnPonderhit)
{
double fallingEval = (318 + 6 * (mainThread->bestPreviousScore - bestValue)
+ 6 * (mainThread->iterValue[iterIdx] - bestValue)) / 825.0;
fallingEval = std::clamp(fallingEval, 0.5, 1.5);
// If the bestMove is stable over several iterations, reduce time accordingly
timeReduction = lastBestMoveDepth + 9 < completedDepth ? 1.92 : 0.95;
double reduction = (1.47 + mainThread->previousTimeReduction) / (2.32 * timeReduction);
// Use part of the gained time from a previous stable move for the current move
for (Thread* th : Threads)
{
totBestMoveChanges += th->bestMoveChanges;
th->bestMoveChanges = 0;
}
double bestMoveInstability = 1.073 + std::max(1.0, 2.25 - 9.9 / rootDepth)
* totBestMoveChanges / Threads.size();
double totalTime = Time.optimum() * fallingEval * reduction * bestMoveInstability;
// Cap used time in case of a single legal move for a better viewer experience in tournaments
// yielding correct scores and sufficiently fast moves.
if (rootMoves.size() == 1)
totalTime = std::min(500.0, totalTime);
// Stop the search if we have exceeded the totalTime
if (Time.elapsed() > totalTime)
{
// If we are allowed to ponder do not stop the search now but
// keep pondering until the GUI sends "ponderhit" or "stop".
if (mainThread->ponder)
mainThread->stopOnPonderhit = true;
else
Threads.stop = true;
}
else if ( Threads.increaseDepth
&& !mainThread->ponder
&& Time.elapsed() > totalTime * 0.58)
Threads.increaseDepth = false;
else
Threads.increaseDepth = true;
}
mainThread->iterValue[iterIdx] = bestValue;
iterIdx = (iterIdx + 1) & 3;
}
if (!mainThread)
return;
mainThread->previousTimeReduction = timeReduction;
// If skill level is enabled, swap best PV line with the sub-optimal one
if (skill.enabled())
std::swap(rootMoves[0], *std::find(rootMoves.begin(), rootMoves.end(),
skill.best ? skill.best : skill.pick_best(multiPV)));
}
namespace {
// search<>() is the main search function for both PV and non-PV nodes
template <NodeType nodeType>
Value search(Position& pos, Stack* ss, Value alpha, Value beta, Depth depth, bool cutNode) {
Thread* thisThread = pos.this_thread();
// Step 0. Limit search explosion
if ( ss->ply > 10
&& search_explosion(thisThread) == MUST_CALM_DOWN
&& depth > (ss-1)->depth)
depth = (ss-1)->depth;
constexpr bool PvNode = nodeType != NonPV;
constexpr bool rootNode = nodeType == Root;
const Depth maxNextDepth = rootNode ? depth : depth + 1;
// Check if we have an upcoming move which draws by repetition, or
// if the opponent had an alternative move earlier to this position.
if ( !rootNode
&& pos.rule50_count() >= 3
&& alpha < VALUE_DRAW
&& pos.has_game_cycle(ss->ply))
{
alpha = value_draw(pos.this_thread());
if (alpha >= beta)
return alpha;
}
// Dive into quiescence search when the depth reaches zero
if (depth <= 0)
return qsearch<PvNode ? PV : NonPV>(pos, ss, alpha, beta);
assert(-VALUE_INFINITE <= alpha && alpha < beta && beta <= VALUE_INFINITE);
assert(PvNode || (alpha == beta - 1));
assert(0 < depth && depth < MAX_PLY);
assert(!(PvNode && cutNode));
Move pv[MAX_PLY+1], capturesSearched[32], quietsSearched[64];
StateInfo st;
ASSERT_ALIGNED(&st, Eval::NNUE::CacheLineSize);
TTEntry* tte;
Key posKey;
Move ttMove, move, excludedMove, bestMove;
Depth extension, newDepth;
Value bestValue, value, ttValue, eval, maxValue, probCutBeta;
bool givesCheck, improving, didLMR, priorCapture;
bool captureOrPromotion, doFullDepthSearch, moveCountPruning,
ttCapture, singularQuietLMR, noLMRExtension;
Piece movedPiece;
int moveCount, captureCount, quietCount;
// Step 1. Initialize node
ss->inCheck = pos.checkers();
priorCapture = pos.captured_piece();
Color us = pos.side_to_move();
moveCount = captureCount = quietCount = ss->moveCount = 0;
bestValue = -VALUE_INFINITE;
maxValue = VALUE_INFINITE;
// Check for the available remaining time
if (thisThread == Threads.main())
static_cast<MainThread*>(thisThread)->check_time();
// Used to send selDepth info to GUI (selDepth counts from 1, ply from 0)
if (PvNode && thisThread->selDepth < ss->ply + 1)
thisThread->selDepth = ss->ply + 1;
if (!rootNode)
{
// Step 2. Check for aborted search and immediate draw
if ( Threads.stop.load(std::memory_order_relaxed)
|| pos.is_draw(ss->ply)
|| ss->ply >= MAX_PLY)
return (ss->ply >= MAX_PLY && !ss->inCheck) ? evaluate(pos)
: value_draw(pos.this_thread());
// Step 3. Mate distance pruning. Even if we mate at the next move our score
// would be at best mate_in(ss->ply+1), but if alpha is already bigger because
// a shorter mate was found upward in the tree then there is no need to search
// because we will never beat the current alpha. Same logic but with reversed
// signs applies also in the opposite condition of being mated instead of giving
// mate. In this case return a fail-high score.
alpha = std::max(mated_in(ss->ply), alpha);
beta = std::min(mate_in(ss->ply+1), beta);
if (alpha >= beta)
return alpha;
}
assert(0 <= ss->ply && ss->ply < MAX_PLY);
(ss+1)->ttPv = false;
(ss+1)->excludedMove = bestMove = MOVE_NONE;
(ss+2)->killers[0] = (ss+2)->killers[1] = MOVE_NONE;
ss->doubleExtensions = (ss-1)->doubleExtensions;
ss->depth = depth;
Square prevSq = to_sq((ss-1)->currentMove);
// Update the running average statistics for double extensions
thisThread->doubleExtensionAverage[us].update(ss->depth > (ss-1)->depth);
// Initialize statScore to zero for the grandchildren of the current position.
// So statScore is shared between all grandchildren and only the first grandchild
// starts with statScore = 0. Later grandchildren start with the last calculated
// statScore of the previous grandchild. This influences the reduction rules in
// LMR which are based on the statScore of parent position.
if (!rootNode)
(ss+2)->statScore = 0;
// Step 4. Transposition table lookup. We don't want the score of a partial
// search to overwrite a previous full search TT value, so we use a different
// position key in case of an excluded move.
excludedMove = ss->excludedMove;
posKey = excludedMove == MOVE_NONE ? pos.key() : pos.key() ^ make_key(excludedMove);
tte = TT.probe(posKey, ss->ttHit);
ttValue = ss->ttHit ? value_from_tt(tte->value(), ss->ply, pos.rule50_count()) : VALUE_NONE;
ttMove = rootNode ? thisThread->rootMoves[thisThread->pvIdx].pv[0]
: ss->ttHit ? tte->move() : MOVE_NONE;
if (!excludedMove)
ss->ttPv = PvNode || (ss->ttHit && tte->is_pv());
// Update low ply history for previous move if we are near root and position is or has been in PV
if ( ss->ttPv
&& depth > 12
&& ss->ply - 1 < MAX_LPH
&& !priorCapture
&& is_ok((ss-1)->currentMove))
thisThread->lowPlyHistory[ss->ply - 1][from_to((ss-1)->currentMove)] << stat_bonus(depth - 5);
// running average of ttHit
thisThread->ttHitAverage.update(ss->ttHit);
// At non-PV nodes we check for an early TT cutoff
if ( !PvNode
&& ss->ttHit
&& tte->depth() >= depth
&& ttValue != VALUE_NONE // Possible in case of TT access race
&& (ttValue >= beta ? (tte->bound() & BOUND_LOWER)
: (tte->bound() & BOUND_UPPER)))
{
// If ttMove is quiet, update move sorting heuristics on TT hit
if (ttMove)
{
if (ttValue >= beta)
{
// Bonus for a quiet ttMove that fails high
if (!pos.capture_or_promotion(ttMove))
update_quiet_stats(pos, ss, ttMove, stat_bonus(depth), depth);
// Extra penalty for early quiet moves of the previous ply
if ((ss-1)->moveCount <= 2 && !priorCapture)
update_continuation_histories(ss-1, pos.piece_on(prevSq), prevSq, -stat_bonus(depth + 1));
}
// Penalty for a quiet ttMove that fails low
else if (!pos.capture_or_promotion(ttMove))
{
int penalty = -stat_bonus(depth);
thisThread->mainHistory[us][from_to(ttMove)] << penalty;
update_continuation_histories(ss, pos.moved_piece(ttMove), to_sq(ttMove), penalty);
}
}
// Partial workaround for the graph history interaction problem
// For high rule50 counts don't produce transposition table cutoffs.
if (pos.rule50_count() < 90)
return ttValue;
}
// Step 5. Tablebases probe
if (!rootNode && TB::Cardinality)
{
int piecesCount = pos.count<ALL_PIECES>();
if ( piecesCount <= TB::Cardinality
&& (piecesCount < TB::Cardinality || depth >= TB::ProbeDepth)
&& pos.rule50_count() == 0
&& !pos.can_castle(ANY_CASTLING))
{
TB::ProbeState err;
TB::WDLScore wdl = Tablebases::probe_wdl(pos, &err);
// Force check of time on the next occasion
if (thisThread == Threads.main())
static_cast<MainThread*>(thisThread)->callsCnt = 0;
if (err != TB::ProbeState::FAIL)
{
thisThread->tbHits.fetch_add(1, std::memory_order_relaxed);
int drawScore = TB::UseRule50 ? 1 : 0;
// use the range VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY to VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY to score
value = wdl < -drawScore ? VALUE_MATED_IN_MAX_PLY + ss->ply + 1
: wdl > drawScore ? VALUE_MATE_IN_MAX_PLY - ss->ply - 1
: VALUE_DRAW + 2 * wdl * drawScore;
Bound b = wdl < -drawScore ? BOUND_UPPER
: wdl > drawScore ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_EXACT;
if ( b == BOUND_EXACT
|| (b == BOUND_LOWER ? value >= beta : value <= alpha))
{
tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(value, ss->ply), ss->ttPv, b,
std::min(MAX_PLY - 1, depth + 6),
MOVE_NONE, VALUE_NONE);
return value;
}
if (PvNode)
{
if (b == BOUND_LOWER)
bestValue = value, alpha = std::max(alpha, bestValue);
else
maxValue = value;
}
}
}
}
CapturePieceToHistory& captureHistory = thisThread->captureHistory;
// Step 6. Static evaluation of the position
if (ss->inCheck)
{
// Skip early pruning when in check
ss->staticEval = eval = VALUE_NONE;
improving = false;
goto moves_loop;
}
else if (ss->ttHit)
{
// Never assume anything about values stored in TT
ss->staticEval = eval = tte->eval();
if (eval == VALUE_NONE)
ss->staticEval = eval = evaluate(pos);
// Randomize draw evaluation
if (eval == VALUE_DRAW)
eval = value_draw(thisThread);
// Can ttValue be used as a better position evaluation?
if ( ttValue != VALUE_NONE
&& (tte->bound() & (ttValue > eval ? BOUND_LOWER : BOUND_UPPER)))
eval = ttValue;
}
else
{
// In case of null move search use previous static eval with a different sign
// and addition of two tempos
if ((ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL)
ss->staticEval = eval = evaluate(pos);
else
ss->staticEval = eval = -(ss-1)->staticEval;
// Save static evaluation into transposition table
if(!excludedMove)
tte->save(posKey, VALUE_NONE, ss->ttPv, BOUND_NONE, DEPTH_NONE, MOVE_NONE, eval);
}
// Use static evaluation difference to improve quiet move ordering
if (is_ok((ss-1)->currentMove) && !(ss-1)->inCheck && !priorCapture)
{
int bonus = std::clamp(-depth * 4 * int((ss-1)->staticEval + ss->staticEval), -1000, 1000);
thisThread->mainHistory[~us][from_to((ss-1)->currentMove)] << bonus;
}
// Set up improving flag that is used in various pruning heuristics
// We define position as improving if static evaluation of position is better
// Than the previous static evaluation at our turn
// In case of us being in check at our previous move we look at move prior to it
improving = (ss-2)->staticEval == VALUE_NONE
? ss->staticEval > (ss-4)->staticEval || (ss-4)->staticEval == VALUE_NONE
: ss->staticEval > (ss-2)->staticEval;
// Step 7. Futility pruning: child node (~50 Elo).
// The depth condition is important for mate finding.
if ( !PvNode
&& depth < 9
&& eval - futility_margin(depth, improving) >= beta
&& eval < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN) // Do not return unproven wins
return eval;
// Step 8. Null move search with verification search (~40 Elo)
if ( !PvNode
&& (ss-1)->currentMove != MOVE_NULL
&& (ss-1)->statScore < 23767
&& eval >= beta
&& eval >= ss->staticEval
&& ss->staticEval >= beta - 20 * depth - 22 * improving + 168 * ss->ttPv + 177
&& !excludedMove
&& thisThread->selDepth + 5 > thisThread->rootDepth
&& pos.non_pawn_material(us) > BishopValueMg
&& (ss->ply >= thisThread->nmpMinPly || us != thisThread->nmpColor))
{
assert(eval - beta >= 0);
// Null move dynamic reduction based on depth and value
Depth R = std::max(1, int(2.6 * log(depth)) + std::min(int(eval - beta) / 205, 3));
ss->currentMove = MOVE_NULL;
ss->continuationHistory = &thisThread->continuationHistory[0][0][NO_PIECE][0];
pos.do_null_move(st);
Value nullValue = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -beta, -beta+1, depth-R, !cutNode);
pos.undo_null_move();
if (nullValue >= beta)
{
// Do not return unproven mate or TB scores
if (nullValue >= VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY)
nullValue = beta;
if (thisThread->nmpMinPly || (abs(beta) < VALUE_KNOWN_WIN && depth < 14))
return nullValue;
assert(!thisThread->nmpMinPly); // Recursive verification is not allowed
// Do verification search at high depths, with null move pruning disabled
// for us, until ply exceeds nmpMinPly.
thisThread->nmpMinPly = ss->ply + 3 * (depth-R) / 4;
thisThread->nmpColor = us;
Value v = search<NonPV>(pos, ss, beta-1, beta, depth-R, false);
thisThread->nmpMinPly = 0;
if (v >= beta)
return nullValue;
}
}
probCutBeta = beta + 209 - 44 * improving;
// Step 9. ProbCut (~4 Elo)
// If we have a good enough capture and a reduced search returns a value
// much above beta, we can (almost) safely prune the previous move.
if ( !PvNode
&& depth > 4
&& abs(beta) < VALUE_TB_WIN_IN_MAX_PLY
// if value from transposition table is lower than probCutBeta, don't attempt probCut
// there and in further interactions with transposition table cutoff depth is set to depth - 3
// because probCut search has depth set to depth - 4 but we also do a move before it
// so effective depth is equal to depth - 3
&& !( ss->ttHit
&& tte->depth() >= depth - 3
&& ttValue != VALUE_NONE
&& ttValue < probCutBeta))
{
assert(probCutBeta < VALUE_INFINITE);
MovePicker mp(pos, ttMove, probCutBeta - ss->staticEval, &captureHistory);
int probCutCount = 0;
bool ttPv = ss->ttPv;
ss->ttPv = false;
while ( (move = mp.next_move()) != MOVE_NONE
&& probCutCount < 2 + 2 * cutNode)
if (move != excludedMove && pos.legal(move))
{
assert(pos.capture_or_promotion(move));
assert(depth >= 5);
captureOrPromotion = true;
probCutCount++;
ss->currentMove = move;
ss->continuationHistory = &thisThread->continuationHistory[ss->inCheck]
[captureOrPromotion]
[pos.moved_piece(move)]
[to_sq(move)];
pos.do_move(move, st);
// Perform a preliminary qsearch to verify that the move holds
value = -qsearch<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -probCutBeta, -probCutBeta+1);
// If the qsearch held, perform the regular search
if (value >= probCutBeta)
value = -search<NonPV>(pos, ss+1, -probCutBeta, -probCutBeta+1, depth - 4, !cutNode);
pos.undo_move(move);
if (value >= probCutBeta)
{
// if transposition table doesn't have equal or more deep info write probCut data into it
if ( !(ss->ttHit
&& tte->depth() >= depth - 3
&& ttValue != VALUE_NONE))
tte->save(posKey, value_to_tt(value, ss->ply), ttPv,
BOUND_LOWER,
depth - 3, move, ss->staticEval);
return value;
}
}
ss->ttPv = ttPv;
}
// Step 10. If the position is not in TT, decrease depth by 2 or 1 depending on node type
if ( PvNode
&& depth >= 6
&& !ttMove)
depth -= 2;
if ( cutNode
&& depth >= 9
&& !ttMove)
depth--;
moves_loop: // When in check, search starts here
ttCapture = ttMove && pos.capture_or_promotion(ttMove);
int rangeReduction = 0;
// Step 11. A small Probcut idea, when we are in check
probCutBeta = beta + 409;
if ( ss->inCheck
&& !PvNode
&& depth >= 4
&& ttCapture
&& (tte->bound() & BOUND_LOWER)
&& tte->depth() >= depth - 3
&& ttValue >= probCutBeta
&& abs(ttValue) <= VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
&& abs(beta) <= VALUE_KNOWN_WIN
)
return probCutBeta;
const PieceToHistory* contHist[] = { (ss-1)->continuationHistory, (ss-2)->continuationHistory,
nullptr , (ss-4)->continuationHistory,
nullptr , (ss-6)->continuationHistory };
Move countermove = thisThread->counterMoves[pos.piece_on(prevSq)][prevSq];
MovePicker mp(pos, ttMove, depth, &thisThread->mainHistory,
&thisThread->lowPlyHistory,
&captureHistory,
contHist,
countermove,
ss->killers,
ss->ply);
value = bestValue;
singularQuietLMR = moveCountPruning = noLMRExtension = false;
// Indicate PvNodes that will probably fail low if the node was searched
// at a depth equal or greater than the current depth, and the result of this search was a fail low.