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Adept

A blazing fast language for general purpose programming.

Download Adept v2.7 for Windows

Download Adept v2.7 for MacOS

Download Adept v2.7 Cross-Compilation Extensions

Resources

Adept v2.7 Documentation

Adept v2.7 Language Server

Adept v2.7 Standard Library

Adept v2.7 Working with Domestic and Foreign Libraries

Adept v2.7 MacOS Homebrew Tap

Adept v2.7 Vim Plugin

Adept v2.7 Vim Bare-Bones Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 VSCode Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 VSCode Language Server

Adept v2.7 Sublime Text Syntax Highlighting

Adept v2.7 Geany Syntax Highlighting

Command-Line Usage

adept [filename] [options]

  • filename - default is 'main.adept'
  • options - secondary compiler options

You can optionally use adept2-7 instead of adept if you have multiple versions installed.

Basic Functionality

Hello World

import basics

func main {
    print("Hello World!")
}

Variables

import basics

func main {
    name String = "Alan"
    age int = 36
    height uint = 189
    
    print("Name is " + name)
    print("Age is " + age)
    print("Height is " + height + " cm")
}

Functions

import basics

func main {
    greet("Alice")
}

func greet(name String) {
    print("Hello " + name)
}

Records

import basics

record Person (name String, age int) {
    func print {
        print(this.name + " is " + this.age + " years old")
    }
}

func main {
    Person("John Smith", 36).print()
}

Structs

import basics

struct Configuration (
    filename String,
    numBatteries int,
    numPorts int,
){
    constructor(filename String) {
        this.filename = filename.commit()
        this.numBatteries = 4
        this.numPorts = 10
    }
}

func toString(config Configuration) String {
    return config.filename + ":" + config.numBatteries + ":" + config.numPorts
}

func main {
    print(Configuration("settings.config"))
}

Pointers

import basics

func main {
    x, y int = 0

    x++
    y++
    addOneTo(&x)

    print("x = " + x)
    print("y = " + y)
}

func addOneTo(pointerToNumber *$T~__number__) {
    (*pointerToNumber)++
}

Conditionals and Loops

import basics

func main {
    name String = scan("What is your name? ")
    age int = scanInt("How old are you? ")
    
    // If conditional
    if name == "Isaac" {
        print("Hello Isaac :)")
    } else {
        print("Nice to meet you " + name)
    }
    
    // Unless conditional
    unless age > 21 {
        print("You are too young to drink")
    }
    
    // While loops
    while age < 18 {
        print("**birthday**")
        age += 1
    }
    
    print("You are now old enough to smoke")
    
    // Until loops
    until age >= 21 {
        print("**birthday**")
        age += 1
    }
    
    print("You are now old enough to drink")
}

Lists

import basics

record Invitation (to, from String, priority int)

func main {
    invites <Invitation> List
    invites.add(Invitation("Isaac", "Peter", 4))
    invites.add(Invitation("Mr. Smith", "Mrs. Smith", 12))
    invites.add(Invitation("James", "Paul", 3))

    each Invitation in invites {
        printf("invites[%zu] = %S\n", idx, toString(it))
    }
}

func toString(invite Invitation) String {
    return invite.to + " invited " + invite.from + " with priority " + invite.priority
}

Ownership

/*
    For values that use ownership-based memory management
    (e.g. String, List, Grid)
    
    we must transfer ownership if we want to keep them
    alive for longer than their owner's scope
*/

import basics

func main {
    everyone <String> List = getEveryoneAttending()
    
    each fullname String in everyone {
        print("=> " + fullname)
    }
}

func getEveryoneAttending() <String> List {
    everyone <String> List

    person1 String = getFullnameReturnImmediately("Alice", "Golden")
    person2 String = getFullnameStoreAndThenLaterReturn("Bob", "Johnson")

    // Commit ownership of strings held by 'person1' and 'person2'
    // to be managed by the list
    everyone.add(person1.commit())
    everyone.add(person2.commit())

    // Commit ownership of the list to the caller
    return everyone.commit()
}

func getFullnameReturnImmediately(firstname, lastname String) String {
    // '.commit()' is not necessary here
    return firstname + " " + lastname
}

func getFullnameStoreAndThenLaterReturn(firstname, lastname String) String {
    fullname String = firstname + " " + lastname
    
    // Ownership of the result is held by 'fullname',
    // so we must transfer ownership to the caller in order
    // to keep it alive after this function returns

    // '.commit()' is necessary here
    return fullname.commit()
}

Loop Labels

import basics

func main {
    print(makeNumericSkewer())
    print(makeAlphabetSkewer())
}

func makeNumericSkewer String {
    // Example output: `0-2-4-6-8-10-13-16-19-22-25-28`

    skewer String

    while continue preparing {
        skewer.append(skewer.length)

        if skewer.length < 30 {
            skewer.append("-")
            continue preparing
        }
    }

    return skewer
}

func makeAlphabetSkewer String {
    // Example output: `a-c-e-g-i-k-m-o-q-s-u-w-y`

    skewer String

    while still_making_skewer : skewer.length < 30 {
        skewer.append('a'ub + skewer.length as ubyte)

        if skewer[skewer.length - 1] == 'y'ub {
            break still_making_skewer
        }

        skewer.append("-")
    }

    return skewer
}

Named Expressions and Global Variables

import basics

// Will be re-evaluated with each use
define GREETING = "Welcome"
define STRANGER_NAME = "guest"
define WELCOME_MESSAGE = GREETING + " " + STRANGER_NAME + "!"

// Will only be evaluated once when the program starts
ARCH_STRING String = #get __arm64__ ? "arm64" : #get __x86_64__ ? "x86_64" : "other"

func main {
    print(WELCOME_MESSAGE)
    print("You are using architecture: " + ARCH_STRING)
}

Low-Level Dynamic Allocation

import 'sys/cstdio.adept'
import 'sys/cstdlib.adept'
import 'sys/cstring.adept'

func main int {
    withMallocAndFree('Will', 'Johnson')
    withNewAndDelete('John', 'Wilson')
    return 0
}

func withMallocAndFree(firstname, lastname *ubyte) void {
    // Manual C-String manipulation using malloc, free, and sprintf
    
    fullname *ubyte = malloc(strlen(firstname) + strlen(lastname) + 2)
    defer free(fullname)

    sprintf(fullname, '%s %s', firstname, lastname)
    printf('Fullname is: %s\n', fullname)
}

func withNewAndDelete(firstname, lastname *ubyte) void {
    // Manual C-String manipulation using new, delete, and sprintf
    
    fullname *ubyte = new ubyte * (strlen(firstname) + strlen(lastname) + 2)
    defer delete fullname

    sprintf(fullname, '%s %s', firstname, lastname)
    printf('Fullname is: %s\n', fullname)
}

Command-Line Arguments

import basics

func main(argc int, argv **ubyte) {
    // C-Style
    // Print out each argument specified
    each *ubyte in [argv, argc] {
        printf("args[%zu] = %s\n", idx, argv[idx])
    }

    // Collect arguments into string list
    args <String> List = Array(argv, argc).map(func &stringConstant)

    // Adept-style
    // Print out arguments again, except in cleaner way
    each String in args {
        printf("args[%zu] = %S\n", idx, it)
    }

    if args.contains("-h") || args.contains("--help") {
        print("You asked for help, but I have no help to show you")
    }
}

Function Pointers

import basics
import random

func sum(a, b int) int = a + b
func mul(a, b int) int = a * b

func main {
    randomize()

    doCalculation func(int, int) int = null
    
    if normalizedRandom() < 0.5 {
        doCalculation = func &sum
    } else {
        doCalculation = func &mul
    }

    print("Result of 8 and 13 is " + doCalculation(8, 13))
}

Defer Statements

import basics

func main {
    defer print("I will be printed last")
    defer print("I will be printed second")
    defer print("I will be printed first")
    print("I will be printed before anyone else")
}

Undef Keyword

import 'sys/cstdio.adept'

func main(argc int, argv **ubyte) int {
    // Will be initialized to 0
    zero_value int

    // Will be initialized to null
    null_pointer *ulong

    // Will be undefined (left uninitialized)
    undefined_value int = undef
    undefined_pointer *ulong = undef

    printf('%d == 0, %d == ?\n', zero_value, undefined_value)
    printf('%p == null, %p == ?\n', null_pointer, undefined_pointer)
    return 0
}

Pragma Directives

pragma compiler_version '2.7'
pragma project_name 'my_cool_project'
pragma optimization aggressive

import basics

func main {
    print("Hello World")
}

Primitive Types

func main {
    // 8-bit Types
    a_bool   bool   = false
    a_byte   byte   = 0sb
    a_ubyte  ubyte  = 0ub

    // 16-bit Types
    a_short  short  = 0ss
    a_ushort ushort = 0us

    // 32-bit Types
    an_int   int    = 0si
    a_uint   uint   = 0ui
    a_float  float  = 0.0f

    // 64-bit Types
    a_long   long   = 0sl
    a_ulong  ulong  = 0ul
    a_double double = 0.0d
    a_usize  usize  = 0uz

    // 64-bit or 32-bit depending on the system
    a_ptr    ptr    = null
    int_ptr  *int   = null

    return 0
}

Type Casting

import basics

func main {
    value int = 1234
    
    // x as Type   is equivalent to   cast Type x
    
    // Primitive value casting
    result1 double = value as double
    result2 double = cast double value
    
    // Arbitrary pointer casting
    result3 *uint = &value as *uint
    result4 *uint = cast *uint &value
    
    // Expression result casting
    result5 usize = (value + 1) as usize
    result6 usize = cast usize (value + 1)
}

Runtime Type Information

import basics

func main {
    print("Every type used in this program: ")
    
    each *AnyType in [__types__, __types_length__] {
        print(" => " + stringConstant(it.name))
    }
    
    print("...")
    print("Each member of type 'String':")
    
    string_type *AnyStructType = typeinfo String as *AnyStructType
    repeat string_type.length {
        field_name String = stringConstant(string_type.member_names[idx])
        field_type String = stringConstant(string_type.members[idx].name)
        print(" => " + field_name + " " + field_type)
    }
}

Conditional Compilation

#default should_fake_windows   false
#default should_fake_macos     false
#default enable_secret_feature false

#if enable_secret_feature
    #print "Doing super secret feature stuff..."
    #set should_fake_windows true
    #set should_fake_macos   true
#end

import basics

func main {
    #if should_fake_windows && should_fake_macos
        print("Hello from Windows and MacOS???")
    #elif __windows__ || should_fake_windows
        print("Hello on Windows!")
    #elif __macos__ || should_fake_macos
        print("Hello on MacOS!")
    #end
}

Polymorphism

import basics

func sum(a, b $T) $T = a + b

func main {
    print(sum(8, 13))
    print(sum(3.14159, 0.57721))
    print(sum(' 'ub, '!'ub))
    print(sum(true, false))
    print(sum("Hello", " World"))
}

Polymorphic Structures

import basics

record <$T> Couple (first, second $T)

func main {
    coord <int> Couple
    coord.first = 3
    coord.second = 4
    print("Distance is: " + coord.distance())
    
    socks <String> Couple = Couple("Left Sock", "Right Sock")
    print(socks)
}

func toString(couple <$T> Couple) String {
    return toString(couple.first) + " " + toString(couple.second)
}

func distance(this *<$T~__number__> Couple) $T {
    const x double = cast double this.first
    const y double = cast double this.second
    return sqrt(x * x + y * y) as $T
}

Delayed Method Declaration

import basics

record Unit (hp int) {
    func damage(atk int) {
        this.hp -= atk
    }
}

func heal(this *Unit, pts int) {
    this.hp += pts
}

func main {
    unit Unit = Unit(10)
    unit.damage(7)
    unit.heal(4)
    print("Remaining HP: " + unit.hp)
}

Intrinsic Loop Variables

import basics

func main {
    my_integers <int> List
    
    // Add numbers 0..9 inclusive to list
    repeat 10, my_integers.add(idx)
    
    // Square each number in the list
    each int in my_integers, it = it * it
    
    // Print each number
    each int in my_integers {
        printf("my_integers[%zu] = %d\n", idx, it)
    }
}

Classes and Virtual Dispatch

import basics

class Shape () {
    constructor {}
    
    virtual func draw {}
}

class Rectangle extends Shape (w, h float) {
    constructor(w, h float) {
        this.w = w
        this.h = h
    }
    
    override func draw {
        printf("Rectangle %f by %f\n", this.w, this.h)
    }
}

class Circle extends Shape (radius float) {
    constructor(radius float) {
        this.radius = radius
    }
    
    override func draw {
        printf("Circle with radius %f\n", this.radius)
    }
}

func main {
    shapes <*Shape> List
    
    defer {
        each *Shape in shapes, delete it
    }
     
    shapes.add(new Rectangle(4.0, 5.0) as *Shape)
    shapes.add(new Circle(9.0) as *Shape)

    each *Shape in shapes {
        it.draw()
    }
}

Applications in Adept 2.0

Popular Libraries and Ports

Additional Syntax Examples

See examples folder

Thank you for sponsoring Adept ❤️

  • Fernando Dantas