parse.jl

# This file is a part of Julia. License is MIT: https://julialang.org/license

import Base.Checked: add_with_overflow, mul_with_overflow

## string to integer functions ##

"""
    parse(type, str; base)

Parse a string as a number. For `Integer` types, a base can be specified
(the default is 10). For floating-point types, the string is parsed as a decimal
floating-point number.  `Complex` types are parsed from decimal strings
of the form `"R±Iim"` as a `Complex(R,I)` of the requested type; `"i"` or `"j"` can also be
used instead of `"im"`, and `"R"` or `"Iim"` are also permitted.
If the string does not contain a valid number, an error is raised.

!!! compat "Julia 1.1"
    `parse(Bool, str)` requires at least Julia 1.1.

# Examples
```jldoctest
julia> parse(Int, "1234")
1234

julia> parse(Int, "1234", base = 5)
194

julia> parse(Int, "afc", base = 16)
2812

julia> parse(Float64, "1.2e-3")
0.0012

julia> parse(Complex{Float64}, "3.2e-1 + 4.5im")
0.32 + 4.5im
```
"""
parse(T::Type, str; base = Int)

function parse(::Type{T}, c::AbstractChar; base::Integer = 10) where T<:Integer
    a::Int = (base <= 36 ? 10 : 36)
    2 <= base <= 62 || throw(ArgumentError("invalid base: base must be 2 ≤ base ≤ 62, got $base"))
    d = '0' <= c <= '9' ? c-'0'    :
        'A' <= c <= 'Z' ? c-'A'+10 :
        'a' <= c <= 'z' ? c-'a'+a  : throw(ArgumentError("invalid digit: $(repr(c))"))
    d < base || throw(ArgumentError("invalid base $base digit $(repr(c))"))
    convert(T, d)
end

function parseint_iterate(s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    (0 < startpos <= endpos) || (return Char(0), 0, 0)
    j = startpos
    c, startpos = iterate(s,startpos)::Tuple{Char, Int}
    c, startpos, j
end

function parseint_preamble(signed::Bool, base::Int, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    c, i, j = parseint_iterate(s, startpos, endpos)

    while isspace(c)
        c, i, j = parseint_iterate(s,i,endpos)
    end
    (j == 0) && (return 0, 0, 0)

    sgn = 1
    if signed
        if c == '-' || c == '+'
            (c == '-') && (sgn = -1)
            c, i, j = parseint_iterate(s,i,endpos)
        end
    end

    while isspace(c)
        c, i, j = parseint_iterate(s,i,endpos)
    end
    (j == 0) && (return 0, 0, 0)

    if base == 0
        if c == '0' && i <= endpos
            c, i = iterate(s,i)::Tuple{Char, Int}
            base = c=='b' ? 2 : c=='o' ? 8 : c=='x' ? 16 : 10
            if base != 10
                c, i, j = parseint_iterate(s,i,endpos)
            end
        else
            base = 10
        end
    end
    return sgn, base, j
end

function tryparse_internal(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int, base_::Integer, raise::Bool) where T<:Integer
    sgn, base, i = parseint_preamble(T<:Signed, Int(base_), s, startpos, endpos)
    if sgn == 0 && base == 0 && i == 0
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("input string is empty or only contains whitespace"))
        return nothing
    end
    if !(2 <= base <= 62)
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("invalid base: base must be 2 ≤ base ≤ 62, got $base"))
        return nothing
    end
    if i == 0
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("premature end of integer: $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
        return nothing
    end
    c, i = parseint_iterate(s,i,endpos)
    if i == 0
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("premature end of integer: $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
        return nothing
    end

    base = convert(T, base)
    # Special case the common cases of base being 10 or 16 to avoid expensive runtime div
    m::T = base == 10 ? div(typemax(T) - T(9), T(10)) :
           base == 16 ? div(typemax(T) - T(15), T(16)) :
                        div(typemax(T) - base + 1, base)
    n::T = 0
    a::Int = base <= 36 ? 10 : 36
    _0 = UInt32('0')
    _9 = UInt32('9')
    _A = UInt32('A')
    _a = UInt32('a')
    _Z = UInt32('Z')
    _z = UInt32('z')
    while n <= m
        # Fast path from `UInt32(::Char)`; non-ascii will be >= 0x80
        _c = reinterpret(UInt32, c) >> 24
        d::T = _0 <= _c <= _9 ? _c-_0             :
               _A <= _c <= _Z ? _c-_A+ UInt32(10) :
               _a <= _c <= _z ? _c-_a+a           : base
        if d >= base
            raise && throw(ArgumentError("invalid base $base digit $(repr(c)) in $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
            return nothing
        end
        n *= base
        n += d
        if i > endpos
            n *= sgn
            return n
        end
        c, i = iterate(s,i)::Tuple{Char, Int}
        isspace(c) && break
    end
    (T <: Signed) && (n *= sgn)
    while !isspace(c)
        # Fast path from `UInt32(::Char)`; non-ascii will be >= 0x80
        _c = reinterpret(UInt32, c) >> 24
        d::T = _0 <= _c <= _9 ? _c-_0             :
               _A <= _c <= _Z ? _c-_A+ UInt32(10) :
               _a <= _c <= _z ? _c-_a+a           : base
        if d >= base
            raise && throw(ArgumentError("invalid base $base digit $(repr(c)) in $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
            return nothing
        end
        (T <: Signed) && (d *= sgn)

        n, ov_mul = mul_with_overflow(n, base)
        n, ov_add = add_with_overflow(n, d)
        if ov_mul | ov_add
            raise && throw(OverflowError("overflow parsing $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
            return nothing
        end
        (i > endpos) && return n
        c, i = iterate(s,i)::Tuple{Char, Int}
    end
    while i <= endpos
        c, i = iterate(s,i)::Tuple{Char, Int}
        if !isspace(c)
            raise && throw(ArgumentError("extra characters after whitespace in $(repr(SubString(s,startpos,endpos)))"))
            return nothing
        end
    end
    return n
end

function tryparse_internal(::Type{Bool}, sbuff::Union{String,SubString{String}},
        startpos::Int, endpos::Int, base::Integer, raise::Bool)
    if isempty(sbuff)
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("input string is empty"))
        return nothing
    end

    if isnumeric(sbuff[1])
        intres = tryparse_internal(UInt8, sbuff, startpos, endpos, base, false)
        (intres == 1) && return true
        (intres == 0) && return false
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("invalid Bool representation: $(repr(sbuff))"))
    end

    orig_start = startpos
    orig_end   = endpos

    # Ignore leading and trailing whitespace
    while isspace(sbuff[startpos]) && startpos <= endpos
        startpos = nextind(sbuff, startpos)
    end
    while isspace(sbuff[endpos]) && endpos >= startpos
        endpos = prevind(sbuff, endpos)
    end

    len = endpos - startpos + 1
    p   = pointer(sbuff) + startpos - 1
    GC.@preserve sbuff begin
        (len == 4) && (0 == _memcmp(p, "true", 4)) && (return true)
        (len == 5) && (0 == _memcmp(p, "false", 5)) && (return false)
    end

    if raise
        substr = SubString(sbuff, orig_start, orig_end) # show input string in the error to avoid confusion
        if all(isspace, substr)
            throw(ArgumentError("input string only contains whitespace"))
        else
            throw(ArgumentError("invalid Bool representation: $(repr(substr))"))
        end
    end
    return nothing
end

@inline function check_valid_base(base)
    if 2 <= base <= 62
        return base
    end
    throw(ArgumentError("invalid base: base must be 2 ≤ base ≤ 62, got $base"))
end

"""
    tryparse(type, str; base)

Like [`parse`](@ref), but returns either a value of the requested type,
or [`nothing`](@ref) if the string does not contain a valid number.
"""
function tryparse(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString; base::Union{Nothing,Integer} = nothing) where {T<:Integer}
    # Zero base means, "figure it out"
    tryparse_internal(T, s, firstindex(s), lastindex(s), base===nothing ? 0 : check_valid_base(base), false)
end

function parse(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString; base::Union{Nothing,Integer} = nothing) where {T<:Integer}
    convert(T, tryparse_internal(T, s, firstindex(s), lastindex(s),
                                 base===nothing ? 0 : check_valid_base(base), true))
end

## string to float functions ##

function tryparse(::Type{Float64}, s::String)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtod, Tuple{Bool, Float64},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s, 0, sizeof(s))
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse(::Type{Float64}, s::SubString{String})
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtod, Tuple{Bool, Float64},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s.string, s.offset, s.ncodeunits)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse_internal(::Type{Float64}, s::String, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtod, Tuple{Bool, Float64},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s, startpos-1, endpos-startpos+1)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse_internal(::Type{Float64}, s::SubString{String}, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtod, Tuple{Bool, Float64},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s.string, s.offset+startpos-1, endpos-startpos+1)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse(::Type{Float32}, s::String)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtof, Tuple{Bool, Float32},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s, 0, sizeof(s))
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse(::Type{Float32}, s::SubString{String})
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtof, Tuple{Bool, Float32},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s.string, s.offset, s.ncodeunits)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse_internal(::Type{Float32}, s::String, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtof, Tuple{Bool, Float32},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s, startpos-1, endpos-startpos+1)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
function tryparse_internal(::Type{Float32}, s::SubString{String}, startpos::Int, endpos::Int)
    hasvalue, val = ccall(:jl_try_substrtof, Tuple{Bool, Float32},
                          (Ptr{UInt8},Csize_t,Csize_t), s.string, s.offset+startpos-1, endpos-startpos+1)
    hasvalue ? val : nothing
end
tryparse(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString) where {T<:Union{Float32,Float64}} = tryparse(T, String(s))
tryparse(::Type{Float16}, s::AbstractString) =
    convert(Union{Float16, Nothing}, tryparse(Float32, s))
tryparse_internal(::Type{Float16}, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int) =
    convert(Union{Float16, Nothing}, tryparse_internal(Float32, s, startpos, endpos))

## string to complex functions ##

function tryparse_internal(::Type{Complex{T}}, s::Union{String,SubString{String}}, i::Int, e::Int, raise::Bool) where {T<:Real}
    # skip initial whitespace
    while i ≤ e && isspace(s[i])
        i = nextind(s, i)
    end
    if i > e
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("input string is empty or only contains whitespace"))
        return nothing
    end

    # find index of ± separating real/imaginary parts (if any)
    i₊ = something(findnext(in(('+','-')), s, i), 0)
    if i₊ == i # leading ± sign
        i₊ = something(findnext(in(('+','-')), s, i₊+1), 0)
    end
    if i₊ != 0 && s[i₊-1] in ('e','E') # exponent sign
        i₊ = something(findnext(in(('+','-')), s, i₊+1), 0)
    end

    # find trailing im/i/j
    iᵢ = something(findprev(in(('m','i','j')), s, e), 0)
    if iᵢ > 0 && s[iᵢ] == 'm' # im
        iᵢ -= 1
        if s[iᵢ] != 'i'
            raise && throw(ArgumentError("expected trailing \"im\", found only \"m\""))
            return nothing
        end
    end

    if i₊ == 0 # purely real or imaginary value
        if iᵢ > i && !(iᵢ == i+1 && s[i] in ('+','-')) # purely imaginary (not "±inf")
            x = tryparse_internal(T, s, i, iᵢ-1, raise)
            x === nothing && return nothing
            return Complex{T}(zero(x),x)
        else # purely real
            x = tryparse_internal(T, s, i, e, raise)
            x === nothing && return nothing
            return Complex{T}(x)
        end
    end

    if iᵢ < i₊
        raise && throw(ArgumentError("missing imaginary unit"))
        return nothing # no imaginary part
    end

    # parse real part
    re = tryparse_internal(T, s, i, i₊-1, raise)
    re === nothing && return nothing

    # parse imaginary part
    im = tryparse_internal(T, s, i₊+1, iᵢ-1, raise)
    im === nothing && return nothing

    return Complex{T}(re, s[i₊]=='-' ? -im : im)
end

# the ±1 indexing above for ascii chars is specific to String, so convert:
tryparse_internal(T::Type{Complex{S}}, s::AbstractString, i::Int, e::Int, raise::Bool) where S<:Real =
    tryparse_internal(T, String(s), i, e, raise)

# fallback methods for tryparse_internal
tryparse_internal(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int) where T<:Real =
    startpos == firstindex(s) && endpos == lastindex(s) ? tryparse(T, s) : tryparse(T, SubString(s, startpos, endpos))
function tryparse_internal(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int, raise::Bool) where T<:Real
    result = tryparse_internal(T, s, startpos, endpos)
    if raise && result === nothing
        _parse_failure(T, s, startpos, endpos)
    end
    return result
end
function tryparse_internal(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString, raise::Bool; kwargs...) where T<:Real
    result = tryparse(T, s; kwargs...)
    if raise && result === nothing
        _parse_failure(T, s)
    end
    return result
end
@noinline _parse_failure(T, s::AbstractString, startpos = firstindex(s), endpos = lastindex(s)) =
    throw(ArgumentError("cannot parse $(repr(s[startpos:endpos])) as $T"))

tryparse_internal(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString, startpos::Int, endpos::Int, raise::Bool) where T<:Integer =
    tryparse_internal(T, s, startpos, endpos, 10, raise)

parse(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString; kwargs...) where T<:Real =
    convert(T, tryparse_internal(T, s, true; kwargs...))
parse(::Type{T}, s::AbstractString) where T<:Complex =
    convert(T, tryparse_internal(T, s, firstindex(s), lastindex(s), true))

tryparse(T::Type{Complex{S}}, s::AbstractString) where S<:Real =
    tryparse_internal(T, s, firstindex(s), lastindex(s), false)