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2018-12-05-NodeJs2-Part3.html
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<p>读 《node.js实战2.0》，进行学习记录总结。</p>
<p><a href="http://product.dangdang.com/25329015.html">当当网购买链接</a></p>
<p><a href="https://book.douban.com/subject/25870705/">豆瓣网1.0链接</a></p>
<h2 id="Node-Web-程序是什么"><a href="#Node-Web-程序是什么" class="headerlink" title="Node Web 程序是什么"></a>Node Web 程序是什么</h2><h3 id="了解-Node-Web-程序的结构"><a href="#了解-Node-Web-程序的结构" class="headerlink" title="了解 Node Web 程序的结构"></a>了解 Node Web 程序的结构</h3><p>典型的Node Web 程序是由下面几部分组成的：</p>
<ul>
<li>package.json ： 一个包含依赖项列表和运行这个程序的命令的文件；</li>
<li>public：静态资源文件</li>
<li>node_modules:项目的依赖项</li>
<li>程序代码：<ul>
<li>app.js 或 index.js ：设置程序的代码</li>
<li>models:数据库模型</li>
<li>views:渲染页面的模板</li>
<li>controllers或 routes :HTTP 请求处理器</li>
<li>middleware: 中间件组件</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="开始一个新的-Web-程序"><a href="#开始一个新的-Web-程序" class="headerlink" title="开始一个新的 Web 程序"></a><strong>开始一个新的 Web 程序</strong></h4><p>创建一个新目录，然后运行：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mkdir later</span><br><span class="line">cd later</span><br><span class="line">npm init -fy</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>安装 express</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm i express -S</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可以在 package.json，看到express 已经被安装上去了</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">"dependencies": {</span><br><span class="line">"express": "^4.16.4"</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>如果要卸载可以使用下面的命令：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm rm express -S</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>创建一个简单的服务器</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// index.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// express() 创建一个程序实例</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> app = express();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> port = process.env.PORT || <span class="number">3000</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 添加路由处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/'</span>,(req,res) =>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(<span class="string">'Hello World'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 程序实例绑定到一个 TCP端口</span></span><br><span class="line">app.listen(port,()=>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">`Express web app available at localhost: <span class="subst">${port}</span>`</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>新增 package.json 文件的 npm 脚本</p>
<figure class="highlight"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">"scripts": {</span><br><span class="line">"start": "node index.js",</span><br><span class="line">"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"</span><br><span class="line">},</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>运行程序：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm start</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可以看到：</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-12-05-NodeJs2-Part3-开始一个web程序.png" alt="开始一个web程序"></p>
<h4 id="跟其他平台比较"><a href="#跟其他平台比较" class="headerlink" title="跟其他平台比较"></a><strong>跟其他平台比较</strong></h4><p>如果在 PHP 实现上面的程序，代码如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight php"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta"><?php</span> <span class="keyword">echo</span> <span class="string">'<p>Hello World</p>'</span>; <span class="meta">?></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>只有一行，并且一看就明白，那么这个更加复杂的 Node示例有什么优点呢？二者是编程范<br>式上的区别：用 PHP，程序是页面；Node：程序是服务器，这个Node 示例可以完全控制请求和响应，不用配置服务器就可以做所有事情，如果要用 HTTP 压缩或 URL 转发，可以将这些功能作为程序的逻辑来实现。不需要把 HTTP 程序和逻辑分开，它们是程序的一部分。</p>
<h3 id="搭建一个-RESTful-Web-服务"><a href="#搭建一个-RESTful-Web-服务" class="headerlink" title="搭建一个 RESTful Web 服务"></a>搭建一个 RESTful Web 服务</h3><p>RESTful 服务可以方便创建和保存文件，将杂乱的 Web 页面变得整洁。</p>
<p>设计 RESTful 服务要想好操作，映射到 Express 路由上面。此例子，需要保存文章、获取文章、获取包含所有文章的列表和删除不再需要的文章这几个功能。分别对应下面的路由：</p>
<ul>
<li>POST /articles：创建新文章</li>
<li>GET /articles/:id ：获取指定文章</li>
<li>GET /articles：获取所有文章</li>
<li>DELETE /articles/:id ：删除指定文章</li>
</ul>
<p>简单的 Express 程序实现了这些路由，现在使用 JavaScript 来存储文章</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// index.js</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// express() 创建一个程序实例</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> app = express();</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 数组定义 文章articles</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> articles = [{ <span class="attr">title</span>: <span class="string">'Example'</span> }];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> port = process.env.PORT || <span class="number">3000</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 添加路由处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/'</span>, (req, res) => {</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(<span class="string">'Hello World'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取所有文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(articles);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一篇文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.post(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(<span class="string">'OK'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取指定文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/articles/:id'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> id = req.params.id;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'Fetching:'</span>, id);</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(articles[id]);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 删除指定文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.delete(<span class="string">'/articles/:id'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> id = req.params.id;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'Deleting:'</span>, id);</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">delete</span> articles[id];</span><br><span class="line"> res.send({ <span class="attr">message</span>: <span class="string">'Deleted'</span> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 程序实例绑定到一个 TCP端口</span></span><br><span class="line">app.listen(port, () => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">`Express web app available at localhost: <span class="subst">${port}</span>`</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Express 能自动将数组转换成 JSON 响应。</p>
<p>创建文章，处理 POST 请求需要消息体解析。安装解析器</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm i -S body-parser</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>添加消息解析器:</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 消息解析器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> bodyParser = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'body-parser'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 支持编码为 JSON 的消息请求体</span></span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser.json());</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 支持编码为表单的请求消息体</span></span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ <span class="attr">extended</span>: <span class="literal">true</span> }));</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一篇文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.post(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> article = { <span class="attr">title</span>: req.body.title };</span><br><span class="line"> articles.push(article);</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(article);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="添加数据库"><a href="#添加数据库" class="headerlink" title="添加数据库"></a>添加数据库</h3><p>就往 Node程序中添加数据库而言，并没有一定之规，但一般会涉及下面几个步骤。</p>
<p>(1) 决定想要用的数据库系统。<br>(2) 在 npm上看看那些实现了数据库驱动或对象-关系映射（ORM）的热门模块。<br>(3) 用 npm –save 将模块添加到项目中。<br>(4) 创建模型，封装数据库访问 API。<br>(5) 把这些模型添加到 Express路由中。</p>
<p>创建数据库之前，添加路由处理代码，程序汇中的 HTTP 路由处理会向模型发起一个简单的调用</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> Article.all(<span class="function">(<span class="params">err, articles</span>) =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="keyword">return</span> err;</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(articles);</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这个 HTTP 路由是用来获取所有文章的，所以对应的模型方法应该类似于 Article.all 。这要取决于数据库 API，一般来说应该是 Article.find({}, cb) 和 Article.fetchAll().then(cb) ，其中的 cb 是回调（callback）的缩写.</p>
<p>上例子中选择了 SQLite数据库，还有热门的 sqlite3 模块。SQLite 是进程内数据库，<br>所以很方便：你不需要在系统上安装一个后台运行的数据库。你添加的所有数据都会写到一个文件里，也就是说程序停掉后再起来时数据还在，所以非常适合入门学习时用。</p>
<h4 id="制作自己的模型-API"><a href="#制作自己的模型-API" class="headerlink" title="制作自己的模型 API"></a><strong>制作自己的模型 API</strong></h4><p>文章应该能被创建、获取、删除，所以模型 Articles 应该提供一下的方法：</p>
<ul>
<li>Article.all(cb)：返回文章</li>
<li>Article.find(id,cd)：给定ID,找到对应的文章</li>
<li>Article.create({title,content},cb)：创建一篇有标题和内容的文章</li>
<li>Article.delete(id,cb)：根据ID删除文章</li>
</ul>
<p>这些都可以用sqlite3模块实现。有了这个模块，我们可以用 db.all 获取多行数据，用db.get获取一行数据。不过先要有数据库连接。</p>
<p>安装 sqlite3：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm i -S sqlite3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>接着在 ds.js 中实现代码完成上述功能。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> sqlite3 = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'sqlite3'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> dbName = <span class="string">'later.sqlite'</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 新建并连接到数据库文件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> db = <span class="keyword">new</span> sqlite3.Database(dbName);</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">db.serialize(<span class="function"><span class="params">()</span> =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 如果还没有，创建一个 articles 表</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> sql = <span class="string">`</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS articles (id integer primary key, title, content TEXT)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string"> `</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> db.run(sql);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 定义模型类 Article</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Article</span> </span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 获取所有文章</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">static</span> all(cb) {</span><br><span class="line"> db.all(<span class="string">'SELECT * FROM articles'</span>, cb);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 选择一篇指定的文章</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">static</span> find(id, cb) {</span><br><span class="line"> db.find(<span class="string">'SELECT * FROM articles WHERE id = ?'</span>, id, cb);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">static</span> create(data, cb) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 问号表示参数</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> sql = <span class="string">`INSERT INTO articles(title, content) VALUES (?, ?)`</span>;</span><br><span class="line"> db.run(sql, data, tile, data.contont, cb);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">static</span> <span class="keyword">delete</span>(id, cb) {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (!id) <span class="keyword">return</span> cb(<span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Error</span>(<span class="string">'please provide an id'</span>));</span><br><span class="line"> db.run(<span class="string">'DELETE FROM articles WHERE id = ?'</span>, id, cb);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = db;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports.Article = Article;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面例子中创建了一个 名为 Article 的对象，它可以用标准的 SQL 和 sqlite3 创建、获取和删除数据。首先用 sqlite3.Database 打开一个数据库文件，然后创建表的 articles 。这里用到了 SQL 语法 IF NOT EXISTS ,以防一不小心重新运行了代码删除了前面的表重新创建一个。</p>
<p>数据库和表准备好了之后，就可以进行查询。用 sqlite3 的 all 方法可以获取的所有文章。用带问号的查询语法提供具体值的方法可以获取指定文章，sqlite3 会把 ID 插入到查询语句中，最后用 run 方法插入和删除数据。</p>
<p>基本的数据库功能已经实现了，接着我们把它添加到 HTTP 路由中。下面这段代码添加了所有方法，除了 POST 。（因为需要用到 readability模块，但你还没有装好，所以要单独处理。）</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> express = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'express'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// express() 创建一个程序实例</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> app = express();</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 消息解析器</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> bodyParser = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'body-parser'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 加载数据库模块 Article 类</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> Article = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'./db'</span>).Article;</span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 支持编码为 JSON 的消息请求体</span></span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser.json());</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 支持编码为表单的请求消息体</span></span><br><span class="line">app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ <span class="attr">extended</span>: <span class="literal">true</span> }));</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 数组定义 文章articles</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> articles = [{ <span class="attr">title</span>: <span class="string">'Example'</span> }];</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> port = process.env.PORT || <span class="number">3000</span>;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 添加路由处理器</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/'</span>, (req, res) => {</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(<span class="string">'Hello World'</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取所有文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> Article.all(<span class="function">(<span class="params">err, articles</span>) =></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="keyword">return</span> err;</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(articles);</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 获取指定文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.get(<span class="string">'/articles/:id'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> id = req.params.id;</span><br><span class="line"> Article.find(id, (err, article) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="keyword">return</span> next(err);</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(article);</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 删除指定文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.delete(<span class="string">'/articles/:id'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> id = req.params.id;</span><br><span class="line"> Article.delete(id, (err) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="keyword">return</span> next(err);</span><br><span class="line"> res.send({ <span class="attr">message</span>: <span class="string">'Deleted'</span> });</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 程序实例绑定到一个 TCP端口</span></span><br><span class="line">app.listen(port, () => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">`Express web app available at localhost: <span class="subst">${port}</span>`</span>);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">module</span>.exports = app;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>db.js 文件放在同个目录，Node 会加载那个模块，然后用它获取所有文章，查找特定文章和删除一篇文章。</p>
<p>最后一件事情是实现创建文章的功能。还要用 readability 算法处理它们。</p>
<h4 id="让文章可读并存起来"><a href="#让文章可读并存起来" class="headerlink" title="让文章可读并存起来"></a><strong>让文章可读并存起来</strong></h4><p>RSETful API 已经搭建好了，数据也可以持续化到数据库中，接下来该写代码把网页转换成简化版的 “阅读视图”。不过我们不用自己实现， npm 中有这样的模块。</p>
<p>在 npm上搜索 readability 会找到很多模块。我们试一下 node-readability:</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm i node-readability -S</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这个模块提供了一个异步函数，可以下载指定 URL 页面并将 HTML 转换成简版。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> read = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'node-readability'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> url = <span class="string">'http://www.manning.com/cantelon2/'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">read(url,(err,result)=>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 结果有.title 和 content</span></span><br><span class="line">})</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>还可以和数据库类结合起来，用 Article.create 方法保存文章：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">read(url,(err,result)=>{</span><br><span class="line"> Article.create({<span class="attr">title</span>:result:title,<span class="attr">content</span>: result.content},(err,article) =>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 将文章保存到数据中</span></span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>打开 index.js 添加新的 app.post 路由处理器，用上面的方法方法实现下载和保存文章的功能。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> read = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'node-readability'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 创建一篇文章</span></span><br><span class="line">app.post(<span class="string">'/articles'</span>, (req, res, next) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 从 POST 消息体重得到 URL </span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> url = req.body.url;</span><br><span class="line"> read(url, (err, result) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 用 readabiliry 模块获取这个 URL 指向的页面</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err || !result) res.status(<span class="number">500</span>).send(<span class="string">'Error downloading article'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> Article.create({ <span class="attr">title</span>: result.title, <span class="attr">content</span>: result.content }, (err, article) => {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> (err) <span class="keyword">return</span> err;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 文章保存成功后发送提示</span></span><br><span class="line"> res.send(<span class="string">'OK'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line"> });</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面代码中，先从 POST 消息体中得到 URL ，然后用 node-readability 模块获取这个URL 指向的页面，用模型类 Article 保存文章，如果有错误，将处理权交给 express 的中间件栈；否则，将 JSON 格式的文章发送给客户端。</p>
<h3 id="添加用户界面"><a href="#添加用户界面" class="headerlink" title="添加用户界面"></a>添加用户界面</h3><p>给 Express 项目添加界面需要做的几件事情，首先是使用模块引擎。</p>
<h4 id="支持多种格式"><a href="#支持多种格式" class="headerlink" title="支持多种格式"></a><strong>支持多种格式</strong></h4><p>基本做法是用 Express 的 res.format 方法，它可以根据请求发送响应格式的响应。它的用法如下，提供一个包含格式已经对应的响应函数的列表：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">res.format({</span><br><span class="line"> html:<span class="function"><span class="params">()</span>=></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.render(<span class="string">'articles.ejs'</span>,{ <span class="attr">articles</span>: articles});</span><br><span class="line"> },</span><br><span class="line"> json:<span class="function"><span class="params">()</span>=></span>{</span><br><span class="line"> res.send(articles);</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这段代码中， res.render 会渲染 view 文件夹下的 articles.ejs。但这需要安装模板引擎并创建相应的模板。</p>
<h4 id="渲染引擎"><a href="#渲染引擎" class="headerlink" title="渲染引擎"></a><strong>渲染引擎</strong></h4><p>模板引擎有很多，EJS属于简单易学的那种。安装：</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm i ejs -S</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>res.render 可以渲染 EJS 格式 的 HTML 文件。在 view 文件夹中创建 articles.ejs </p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><% include head %></span><br><span class="line"><ul></span><br><span class="line"> <% articles.forEach(article =>{ %></span><br><span class="line"> <li></span><br><span class="line"> <a href="/articles/<%= article.id %>"></span><br><span class="line"> <%= article.title %></span><br><span class="line"> </a></span><br><span class="line"> </li></span><br><span class="line"> <% }) %></span><br><span class="line"></ul></span><br><span class="line"><% include foot%></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>页眉和页脚模块</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"> <!-- 页眉 --></span><br><span class="line"><html></span><br><span class="line"> <head></span><br><span class="line"> <title></title></span><br><span class="line"> </head></span><br><span class="line"><body></span><br><span class="line"> <div class="container"></span><br><span class="line"> <!-- 页脚 --> </span><br><span class="line"> </div></span><br><span class="line"></body></span><br><span class="line"></html></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="用npm管理客户端依赖项"><a href="#用npm管理客户端依赖项" class="headerlink" title="用npm管理客户端依赖项"></a><strong>用npm管理客户端依赖项</strong></h4><p>模块搞定之后，就是样式了。安装 bootstrap</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">npm install bootstrap --save</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后在 node_modules/boostrap 里面会看到源码，在 dist/css 里面有css文件，要让服务器响应静态文件请求才可以使用这些文件。</p>
<p>Express 自带了 一个名为 express.static 中间件，可以给浏览器发送客户端 JavaScript、图片和CSS 文件。只要将它指向包含这些文件的目录，浏览器就可以访问到这些文件了。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 加载 css文件</span></span><br><span class="line">app.use(<span class="string">'/css/bootstrap.css'</span>,express.static(<span class="string">'node_modules/bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css'</span>));</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>接着在头模块中引入</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="tag"><<span class="name">link</span> <span class="attr">rel</span>=<span class="string">"stylesheet"</span> <span class="attr">href</span>=<span class="string">"/css/bootstrap.css"</span>></span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这只是 Bootstrap的 CSS。它还有很多文件，包括图标、字体以及 jQuery插件。你可以往项目里添加更多文件，或者用工具把它们打包成一个文件，让浏览器更容易加载。</p>
<h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><ul>
<li>用 npm init 和 Express 可以快速搭建出一个 Node Web 应用程序</li>
<li>npm install 是安装依赖项的命令</li>
<li>可以用 Express 制作带有 RESTful API 的 Web 程序</li>
<li>选择适合的数据库系统和数据库模板根据个人需求</li>
<li>对于小项目来说，SQLite 很好用</li>
<li>在 Express 中用EJS渲染模板很容易</li>
<li>Express 支持很多模块引擎，包括Pug和Mustache</li>
</ul>
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