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2018-12-07-NodeJs2-Part5.html
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<p>读 《node.js实战2.0》，进行学习记录总结。</p>
<p><a href="http://product.dangdang.com/25329015.html">当当网购买链接</a></p>
<p><a href="https://book.douban.com/subject/25870705/">豆瓣网1.0链接</a></p>
<h2 id="服务器端框架"><a href="#服务器端框架" class="headerlink" title="服务器端框架"></a>服务器端框架</h2><p>本章内容</p>
<ul>
<li>使用热门的 Node Web 框架</li>
<li>选择合适的框架</li>
<li>用 Web 框架搭建 Web 程序</li>
</ul>
<p>如何为给定项目选择最好的框架。</p>
<p><img src="/images/2018-12-07-NodeJs2-Part5-选择 Node 框架.png" alt="选择 Node 框架"></p>
<h2 id="Koa"><a href="#Koa" class="headerlink" title="Koa"></a>Koa</h2><p>Koa 是以 Express 为基础开发的，但它用 ESS2015 中的生成器语法来定义中间件，可以用 yield 退出和重入中间件。</p>
<p>主要特点：HTTP 服务器库，基于生成器的中间件，请求/响应模型，应用于轻型 Web 程序、不严格的 HTTP API、单页 Web 程序。</p>
<p>这段代码演示了 在 Koa 如何使用 yield 转到下一个中间件组件，等它执行完再回来继续执行调用者中间件的逻辑。</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> koa = <span class="built_in">require</span>(<span class="string">'koa'</span>);</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">const</span> app = koa();</span><br><span class="line">app.use(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>*(<span class="params">next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> start = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Date</span>();</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// yield 以运行下一个中间件组件</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">yield</span> next;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">const</span> ms = <span class="keyword">new</span> <span class="built_in">Date</span> - start;</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">console</span>.log(<span class="string">'%s %s - %s'</span>，<span class="keyword">this</span>.method, <span class="keyword">this</span>.url, ms);</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line">app.use(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>*(<span class="params"></span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 运行完后回到最初 yield 的位置继续执行</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">this</span>.body = <span class="string">'Hello World'</span>;</span><br><span class="line">});</span><br><span class="line">app.listen(<span class="number">3000</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>注意关键字 function *，这里是不可能用箭头函数的。用 yield 关键字将执行步骤转到中间件的栈中去，然后在下一个中间件返回后再回来。使用生成器函数带来的额外好处是只要设定 this.body 就好了。Express 则需要用函数发送响应：res.send(response)。在 Koa 中间件中， this 就是上下文。每个请求都有对应的上下文，用来封装 Node 的 HTTP request 和 response 对象。在需要访问请求里的东西时，比如 Get 参数或者是 cookie，可以通过这个请求上下文来访问。响应也是如此， 设定 this.body 的值就可以控制送什么给浏览器。</p>
<h4 id="设置"><a href="#设置" class="headerlink" title="设置"></a><strong>设置</strong></h4><p>Koa 项目的设置工作包括安装模块和定义中间件。如果需要更多功能，比如要通过路由 API<br>定义和响应各种 HTTP 请求，则需要安装路由中间件。</p>
<h4 id="定义路由"><a href="#定义路由" class="headerlink" title="定义路由"></a><strong>定义路由</strong></h4><p>koa-router 是一个流行的路由器中间件组件。它也是基于 HTTP 动词的，这点跟 Express 一样，不同之处是它的链式 API。下面这段代码演示了它的路由定义：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">router.post(<span class="string">'/pages'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>*(<span class="params">next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 创建页面</span></span><br><span class="line">}).get(<span class="string">'pages/:id'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>*(<span class="params">next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 渲染页面</span></span><br><span class="line">}).put(<span class="string">'pages-update'</span>,<span class="string">'/pages/:id'</span>,<span class="function"><span class="keyword">function</span>*(<span class="params">next</span>)</span>{</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 更新页面</span></span><br><span class="line">});</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>可以提供额外的参数给路由命名。这可以用来生成 URL，并不是所有 Node Web 框架都支持这一功能。这里有个例子：</p>
<figure class="highlight javascript"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">router.url(<span class="string">'pages-update'</span>, <span class="string">'99'</span>);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="优缺点"><a href="#优缺点" class="headerlink" title="优缺点"></a><strong>优缺点</strong></h4><p><a href="https://koa.bootcss.com/">官网</a></p>
<h3 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h3><ul>
<li>Koa 轻便、极简，在中间件中使用 ES2015 生成器语法。适合依赖外部 Web API 的单页Web 程序</li>
<li>hapi 的重点是 HTTP 服务器和路由。适合由很多小服务器组成的轻便后台。</li>
<li>Flatiron 是一组解耦的模块，既可以当作 Web MVC 框架来用，也可以当作更轻便的 Express库。Flatiron 跟 Connect 中间件是兼容的</li>
<li>Kraken 是基于 Express 的，添加了安全特性。可以用于 MVC。</li>
<li>Sails.js 是 Rails/Django 风格的 MVC 框架。有 ORM 和模板系统。</li>
<li>DerbyJS 是个同构框架，适合实时程序</li>
<li>LoopBack 帮我们省掉了写套路化代码的工作。它可以快速生成带有数据库支持的 REST API，并有个 API 管理界面。</li>
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