/
MARC.pm
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MARC.pm
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package Catmandu::MARC;
use Catmandu::Sane;
use Catmandu::Util;
use Catmandu::Exporter::MARC::XML;
use MARC::Spec::Parser;
use List::Util;
use Memoize;
use Carp;
use Moo;
with 'MooX::Singleton';
memoize('compile_marc_path');
memoize('parse_marc_spec');
memoize('_get_index_range');
our $VERSION = '1.29';
sub marc_map {
my $self = $_[0];
# $_[2] : marc_path
my $context
= ref( $_[2] )
? $_[2]
: $self->compile_marc_path( $_[2], subfield_wildcard => 1 );
confess "invalid marc path" unless $context;
# $_[1] : data record
my $record = $_[1]->{'record'};
return wantarray ? () : undef
unless ( defined $record && ref($record) eq 'ARRAY' );
# $_[3] : opts
my $split = $_[3]->{'-split'} // 0;
my $join_char = $_[3]->{'-join'} // '';
my $pluck = $_[3]->{'-pluck'} // 0;
my $value_set = $_[3]->{'-value'} // undef;
my $nested_arrays = $_[3]->{'-nested_arrays'} // 0;
my $append = $_[3]->{'-force_array'} // undef;
# Do an implicit split for nested_arrays , except when no-implicit-split is set
if ( $nested_arrays == 1 ) {
$split = 1 unless $_[3]->{'-no-implicit-split'};
}
my $vals;
for my $field (@$record) {
next
if (
( $context->{is_regex_field} == 0
&& $field->[0] ne $context->{field}
)
|| ( defined $context->{ind1}
&& ( !defined $field->[1] || $field->[1] ne $context->{ind1} )
)
|| ( defined $context->{ind2}
&& ( !defined $field->[2] || $field->[2] ne $context->{ind2} )
)
|| ( $context->{is_regex_field} == 1
&& $field->[0] !~ $context->{field_regex} )
);
my $v;
if ($value_set) {
for ( my $i = 3; $i < @{$field}; $i += 2 ) {
my $subfield_regex = $context->{subfield_regex};
if ( $field->[$i] =~ $subfield_regex ) {
$v = $value_set;
last;
}
}
}
else {
$v = [];
if ($pluck) {
# Treat the subfield as a hash index
my $_h = {};
for ( my $i = $context->{start}; $i < @{$field}; $i += 2 ) {
push @{ $_h->{ $field->[$i] } }, $field->[ $i + 1 ];
}
my $subfield = $context->{subfield};
$subfield =~ s{[^a-zA-Z0-9]}{}g;
for my $c ( split( '', $subfield ) ) {
my $val = $_h->{$c} // [undef];
push @$v, @{$val};
}
}
else {
for ( my $i = $context->{start}; $i < @{$field}; $i += 2 ) {
my $subfield_regex = $context->{subfield_regex};
if ( $field->[$i] =~ $subfield_regex ) {
push( @$v, $field->[ $i + 1 ] );
}
}
}
if (@$v) {
if ( !$split ) {
my @defined_values = grep { defined($_) } @$v;
$v = join $join_char, @defined_values;
}
if ( defined( my $off = $context->{from} ) ) {
if ( ref $v eq 'ARRAY' ) {
my @defined_values = grep { defined($_) } @$v;
$v = join $join_char, @defined_values;
}
my $len = $context->{len};
if ( length( ${v} ) > $off ) {
$v = substr( $v, $off, $len );
}
else {
$v = undef;
}
}
}
else {
$v = undef;
}
}
if ( defined $v ) {
if ($split) {
$v = [$v] unless ( defined($v) && ref($v) eq 'ARRAY' );
if ( defined($vals) && ref($vals) eq 'ARRAY' ) {
# With the nested arrays option a split will
# always return an array of array of values.
# This was the old behavior of Inline marc_map functions
if ( $nested_arrays == 1 ) {
push @$vals, $v;
}
else {
push @$vals, @$v;
}
}
else {
if ( $nested_arrays == 1 ) {
$vals = [$v];
}
else {
$vals = [@$v];
}
}
}
else {
push @$vals, $v;
}
}
}
if ( $split && defined $vals ) {
$vals = [$vals];
}
elsif ($append) {
# we got a $append
}
elsif ( defined $vals ) {
$vals = join $join_char, @$vals;
}
else {
# no result
}
$vals;
}
sub marc_add {
my ( $self, $data, $marc_path, @subfields ) = @_;
my %subfields = @subfields;
my $marc = $data->{'record'} // [];
if ( $marc_path =~ /^\w{3}$/ ) {
my @field = ();
push @field, $marc_path;
my $ind1 = $subfields{ind1} // ' ';
my $ind2 = $subfields{ind2} // ' ';
if ($ind1 =~ /^\$\.(\S+)$/) {
my $path = $1;
$ind1 = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
if ($ind2 =~ /^\$\.(\S+)$/) {
my $path = $1;
$ind2 = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
push @field, $ind1;
push @field, $ind2;
for ( my $i = 0; $i < @subfields; $i += 2 ) {
my $code = $subfields[$i];
next unless length $code == 1;
my $value = $subfields[ $i + 1 ];
if ( $value =~ /^\$\.(\S+)$/ ) {
my $path = $1;
$value = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref $value) {
for (@$value) {
push @field, $code;
push @field, $_;
}
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref $value) {
for ( keys %$value ) {
push @field, $code;
push @field, $value->{$_};
}
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_value($value) && length($value) > 0 ) {
push @field, $code;
push @field, $value;
}
}
push @{$marc}, \@field if @field > 3;
}
$data->{'record'} = $marc;
$data;
}
sub marc_append {
my ( $self, $data, $marc_path, $value ) = @_;
my $record = $data->{'record'};
return $data unless defined $record;
if ( $value =~ /^\$\.(\S+)/ ) {
my $path = $1;
$value = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref $value) {
$value = $value->[-1];
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref $value) {
my $last;
for ( keys %$value ) {
$last = $value->{$_};
}
$value = $last;
}
my $context = $self->compile_marc_path($marc_path);
confess "invalid marc path" unless $context;
for my $field (@$record) {
my ( $tag, $ind1, $ind2, @subfields ) = @$field;
if ( $context->{is_regex_field} ) {
next unless $tag =~ $context->{field_regex};
}
else {
next unless $tag eq $context->{field};
}
if ( defined $context->{ind1} ) {
if ( !defined $ind1 || $ind1 ne $context->{ind1} ) {
next;
}
}
if ( defined $context->{ind2} ) {
if ( !defined $ind2 || $ind2 ne $context->{ind2} ) {
next;
}
}
if ( $context->{subfield} ) {
for ( my $i = 0; $i < @subfields; $i += 2 ) {
if ( $subfields[$i] =~ $context->{subfield} ) {
$field->[ $i + 4 ] .= $value;
}
}
}
else {
$field->[-1] .= $value;
}
}
$data;
}
sub marc_replace_all {
my ( $self, $data, $marc_path, $regex, $value ) = @_;
my $record = $data->{'record'};
return $data unless defined $record;
if ( $value =~ /^\$\.(\S+)/ ) {
my $path = $1;
$value = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref $value) {
$value = $value->[-1];
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref $value) {
my $last;
for ( keys %$value ) {
$last = $value->{$_};
}
$value = $last;
}
my $context
= $self->compile_marc_path( $marc_path, subfield_wildcard => 1 );
confess "invalid marc path" unless $context;
for my $field (@$record) {
my ( $tag, $ind1, $ind2, @subfields ) = @$field;
if ( $context->{is_regex_field} ) {
next unless $tag =~ $context->{field_regex};
}
else {
next unless $tag eq $context->{field};
}
if ( defined $context->{ind1} ) {
if ( !defined $ind1 || $ind1 ne $context->{ind1} ) {
next;
}
}
if ( defined $context->{ind2} ) {
if ( !defined $ind2 || $ind2 ne $context->{ind2} ) {
next;
}
}
for ( my $i = 0; $i < @subfields; $i += 2 ) {
if ( $subfields[$i] =~ $context->{subfield} ) {
# Trick to double eval the right hand side
$field->[ $i + 4 ] =~ s{$regex}{"\"$value\""}eeg;
}
}
}
$data;
}
sub marc_set {
my ( $self, $data, $marc_path, $value, %opts ) = @_;
my $record = $data->{'record'};
return $data unless defined $record;
if ( $value =~ /^\$\.(\S+)/ ) {
my $path = $1;
$value = Catmandu::Util::data_at( $path, $data );
}
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref $value) {
$value = $value->[-1];
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref $value) {
my $last;
for ( keys %$value ) {
$last = $value->{$_};
}
$value = $last;
}
my $context
= $self->compile_marc_path( $marc_path, subfield_default => 1 );
confess "invalid marc path" unless $context;
for my $field (@$record) {
my ( $tag, $ind1, $ind2, @subfields ) = @$field;
if ( $context->{is_regex_field} ) {
next unless $tag =~ $context->{field_regex};
}
else {
next unless $tag eq $context->{field};
}
if ( defined $context->{ind1} ) {
if ( !defined $ind1 || $ind1 ne $context->{ind1} ) {
next;
}
}
if ( defined $context->{ind2} ) {
if ( !defined $ind2 || $ind2 ne $context->{ind2} ) {
next;
}
}
my $found = 0;
for ( my $i = 0; $i < @subfields; $i += 2 ) {
if ( $subfields[$i] =~ $context->{subfield} ) {
if ( defined $context->{from} ) {
substr( $field->[ $i + 4 ],
$context->{from}, $context->{len} )
= $value;
}
else {
$field->[ $i + 4 ] = $value;
}
$found = 1;
}
}
if ( $found == 0 ) {
push( @$field, $context->{subfield}, $value );
}
}
$data;
}
sub marc_remove {
my ( $self, $data, $marc_path, %opts ) = @_;
my $record = $data->{'record'};
my $new_record;
my $context = $self->compile_marc_path($marc_path);
confess "invalid marc path" unless $context;
for my $field (@$record) {
my $field_size = int(@$field);
if (( $context->{is_regex_field} == 0
&& $field->[0] eq $context->{field}
)
|| ( $context->{is_regex_field} == 1
&& $field->[0] =~ $context->{field_regex} )
)
{
my $ind_match = undef;
if ( defined $context->{ind1} && defined $context->{ind2} ) {
$ind_match = 1
if ( defined $field->[1]
&& $field->[1] eq $context->{ind1}
&& defined $field->[2]
&& $field->[2] eq $context->{ind2} );
}
elsif ( defined $context->{ind1} ) {
$ind_match = 1
if ( defined $field->[1]
&& $field->[1] eq $context->{ind1} );
}
elsif ( defined $context->{ind2} ) {
$ind_match = 1
if ( defined $field->[2]
&& $field->[2] eq $context->{ind2} );
}
else {
$ind_match = 1;
}
if ( $ind_match && !defined $context->{subfield_regex} ) {
next;
}
if ( defined $context->{subfield_regex} ) {
my $subfield_regex = $context->{subfield_regex};
my $new_subf = [];
for ( my $i = $context->{start}; $i < $field_size; $i += 2 ) {
unless ( $field->[$i] =~ $subfield_regex ) {
push @$new_subf, $field->[$i];
push @$new_subf, $field->[ $i + 1 ];
}
}
splice @$field, $context->{start}, int(@$field), @$new_subf
if $ind_match;
}
}
push @$new_record, $field;
}
$data->{'record'} = $new_record;
return $data;
}
sub marc_spec {
my $self = $_[0];
# $_[1] : data record
my $data = $_[1];
my $record = $data->{'record'};
# $_[2] : spec
my ( $ms, $spec );
if ( ref $_[2] ) {
$ms = $_[2];
$spec = $ms->to_string();
}
else {
$ms = $self->parse_marc_spec( $_[2] ); # memoized
$spec = $_[2];
}
my $EMPTY = q{};
# $_[3] : opts
my $split = $_[3]->{'-split'} // 0;
my $join_char = $_[3]->{'-join'} // $EMPTY;
my $pluck = $_[3]->{'-pluck'} // 0;
my $value_set = $_[3]->{'-value'} // undef;
my $invert = $_[3]->{'-invert'} // 0;
my $nested_arrays = $_[3]->{'-nested_arrays'} // 0;
my $append = $_[3]->{'-force_array'} // 0;
if ($nested_arrays) {
$split = 1;
}
# filter by tag
my @fields = ();
my $field_spec = $ms->field;
my $tag_spec = $field_spec->tag;
@fields = grep { $_->[0] =~ /$tag_spec/ } @{$record};
return unless @fields;
# calculate char start
my $chst = sub {
my ($sp) = @_;
my $char_start;
if ( $sp->has_char_start ) {
$char_start
= ( '#' eq $sp->char_start )
? $sp->char_length * -1
: $sp->char_start;
}
return $char_start;
};
# vars we need only for subfields
my ( @sf_spec, $invert_level, $codes, $invert_chars );
if ( $ms->has_subfields ) {
# set the order of subfields
@sf_spec = map {$_} @{ $ms->subfields };
unless ($pluck) {
@sf_spec = sort { $a->code cmp $b->code } @sf_spec;
}
# set invert level default
$invert_level = 4;
if ($invert) {
$codes = '[^';
$codes .= join $EMPTY, map { $_->code } @sf_spec;
$codes .= ']';
}
$invert_chars = sub {
my ( $str, $start, $length ) = @_;
for ( substr $str, $start, $length ) {
$_ = $EMPTY;
}
return $str;
};
}
else {
# return $value_set ASAP
return $value_set if defined $value_set;
}
# vars we need for fields and subfields
my ( $referred, $char_start, $prev_tag, $index_range );
my $current_tag = $EMPTY;
my $tag_index = 0;
my $index_start = $field_spec->index_start;
my $index_end = $field_spec->index_end;
my $to_referred = sub {
my (@values) = @_;
if ($nested_arrays) {
push @{$referred}, \@values;
}
elsif ($split) {
push @{$referred}, @values;
}
else {
push @{$referred}, join $join_char, @values;
}
};
if ( defined $field_spec->index_start ) {
$index_range = _get_index_range( $field_spec->index_start,
$field_spec->index_end, $#fields );
}
# iterate over fields
for my $field (@fields) {
$prev_tag = $current_tag;
$current_tag = $field->[0];
$tag_index
= ( $prev_tag eq $current_tag and defined $tag_index )
? ++$tag_index
: 0; #: $field_spec->index_start;
# filter by index
if ( defined $index_range ) {
next
unless (
Catmandu::Util::array_includes( $index_range, $tag_index ) );
}
# filter field by subspec
if ( $field_spec->has_subspecs ) {
my $valid = $self->_it_subspecs( $data, $current_tag,
$field_spec->subspecs, $tag_index );
next unless $valid;
}
my @subfields = ();
if ( $ms->has_subfields ) { # now we dealing with subfields
for my $sf (@sf_spec) {
# set invert level
if ( $invert && !$sf->has_subspecs ) {
if ( -1 == $sf->index_length && !$sf->has_char_start ) {
next
if ( $invert_level == 3 )
; # skip subfield spec it's already covered
$invert_level = 3;
}
elsif ( $sf->has_char_start ) {
$invert_level = 1;
}
else {
$invert_level = 2;
}
}
my @subfield = ();
my $code = ( $invert_level == 3 ) ? $codes : $sf->code;
$code = qr/$code/;
for ( my $i = 3; $i < @{$field}; $i += 2 ) {
if ( $field->[$i] =~ /$code/ ) {
push @subfield, $field->[ $i + 1 ];
}
}
if ( $invert_level == 3 ) { # no index or charpos
if (@subfield) {
push @subfields, @subfield;
}
if ( $referred && $value_set ) { # return $value_set ASAP
return $value_set;
}
next;
}
next unless (@subfield);
# filter by index
if ( defined $sf->index_start ) {
my $sf_range
= _get_index_range( $sf->index_start, $sf->index_end,
$#subfield );
if ( $invert_level == 2 ) { # inverted
@subfield = map {
Catmandu::Util::array_includes( $sf_range, $_ )
? ()
: $subfield[$_];
} 0 .. $#subfield;
}
else { # without invert
@subfield = map {
defined $subfield[$_] ? $subfield[$_] : ();
} @{$sf_range};
}
next unless (@subfield);
}
# return $value_set ASAP
return $value_set if $value_set;
# filter subfield by subspec
if ( $sf->has_subspecs ) {
my $valid = $self->_it_subspecs( $data, $field_spec->tag,
$sf->subspecs, $tag_index );
next unless $valid;
}
# get substring
$char_start = $chst->($sf);
if ( defined $char_start ) {
if ( $invert_level == 1 ) { # inverted
@subfield = map {
$invert_chars->(
$_, $char_start, $sf->char_length
);
} @subfield;
}
else {
@subfield
= map { substr $_, $char_start, $sf->char_length; }
@subfield;
}
}
next unless @subfield;
push @subfields, @subfield;
} # end of subfield iteration
$to_referred->(@subfields) if @subfields;
} # end of subfield handling
elsif ( $ms->has_indicator ) {
# filter field by subspec
if ( $ms->indicator->has_subspecs ) {
my $valid = $self->_it_subspecs( $data, $current_tag,
$ms->indicator->subspecs, $tag_index );
next unless $valid;
}
my @indicators = ();
push @indicators, $field->[ $ms->indicator->position ]
if defined $field->[ $ms->indicator->position ];
$to_referred->(@indicators);
}
else { # no particular subfields requested
my @contents = ();
for ( my $i = 4; $i < @{$field}; $i += 2 ) {
# get substring
$char_start = $chst->($field_spec);
my $content = ( defined $char_start )
? substr $field->[$i], $char_start,
$field_spec->char_length
: $field->[$i];
push @contents, $content;
}
next unless (@contents);
$to_referred->(@contents);
} # end of field handling
} # end of field iteration
return unless ($referred);
if ($append) {
return [$referred] if $split;
return $referred;
}
elsif ($split) {
return [$referred];
}
return join $join_char, @{$referred};
}
sub _it_subspecs {
my ( $self, $data, $tag, $subspecs, $tag_index ) = @_;
my $set_index = sub {
my ($subspec) = @_;
foreach my $side ( ( 'left', 'right' ) ) {
next if ( ref $subspec->$side eq 'MARC::Spec::Comparisonstring' );
# only set new index if subspec field tag equals spec field tag!!
my $spec_tag = $subspec->$side->field->tag;
next unless ( $tag =~ /$spec_tag/ );
$subspec->$side->field->set_index_start_end($tag_index);
}
};
my $valid = 1;
foreach my $subspec ( @{$subspecs} ) {
if ( ref $subspec eq 'ARRAY' ) { # chained subSpecs (OR)
foreach my $or_subspec ( @{$subspec} ) {
$set_index->($or_subspec);
$valid = $self->_validate_subspec( $or_subspec, $data, $tag );
# at least one of them is true (OR)
last if $valid;
}
}
else { # repeated SubSpecs (AND)
$set_index->($subspec);
$valid = $self->_validate_subspec( $subspec, $data, $tag );
# all of them have to be true (AND)
last unless $valid;
}
}
return $valid;
}
sub _validate_subspec {
my ( $self, $subspec, $data, $tag ) = @_;
my ( $left_subterm, $right_subterm );
if ( '!' ne $subspec->operator && '?' ne $subspec->operator ) {
if ( ref $subspec->left ne 'MARC::Spec::Comparisonstring' ) {
my $new_spec = $subspec->left->to_string();
$new_spec =~ s/^\.\.\./$tag/;
$left_subterm
= $self->marc_spec( $data, $new_spec, { '-split' => 1 } )
; # split should result in an array ref
return 0 unless defined $left_subterm;
}
else {
push @{$left_subterm}, $subspec->left->comparable;
}
}
if ( ref $subspec->right ne 'MARC::Spec::Comparisonstring' ) {
my $new_spec = $subspec->right->to_string();
$new_spec =~ s/^\.\.\./$tag/;
$right_subterm
= $self->marc_spec( $data, $new_spec, { '-split' => 1 } )
; # split should result in an array ref
unless ( defined $right_subterm ) {
$right_subterm = [];
}
}
else {
push @{$right_subterm}, $subspec->right->comparable;
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '?' ) {
return ( @{$right_subterm} ) ? 1 : 0;
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '!' ) {
return ( @{$right_subterm} ) ? 0 : 1;
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '=' ) {
foreach my $v ( @{ $left_subterm->[0] } ) {
return 1 if List::Util::any { $v eq $_ } @{$right_subterm};
}
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '!=' ) {
foreach my $v ( @{ $left_subterm->[0] } ) {
return 0 if List::Util::any { $v eq $_ } @{$right_subterm};
}
return 1;
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '~' ) {
foreach my $v ( @{ $left_subterm->[0] } ) {
return 1 if List::Util::any { $v =~ /$_/ } @{$right_subterm};
}
}
if ( $subspec->operator eq '!~' ) {
foreach my $v ( @{ $left_subterm->[0] } ) {
return 0 if List::Util::any { $v =~ /$_/ } @{$right_subterm};
}
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
sub parse_marc_spec {
my ( $self, $marc_spec ) = @_;
return MARC::Spec::Parser->new($marc_spec)->marcspec;
}
sub _get_index_range {
my ( $index_start, $index_end, $last_index ) = @_;
if ( '#' eq $index_start ) {
if ( '#' eq $index_end or 0 == $index_end ) { return [$last_index]; }
$index_start = $last_index;
$index_end = $last_index - $index_end;
if ( 0 > $index_end ) { $index_end = 0; }
}
else {
if ( $last_index < $index_start ) {
return [$index_start];
} # this will result to no hits
}
if ( '#' eq $index_end or $index_end > $last_index ) {
$index_end = $last_index;
}
return ( $index_start <= $index_end )
? [ $index_start .. $index_end ]
: [ $index_end .. $index_start ];
}
sub marc_xml {
my ( $self, $data, %opts ) = @_;
if ( $opts{reverse} ) {
my $record
= Catmandu->import_from_string( $data, 'MARC', type => 'XML' );
return $record->[0]->{record} if $record;
return undef;
}
else {
my $xml;
my $exporter = Catmandu::Exporter::MARC::XML->new(
file => \$xml,
xml_declaration => 0,
collection => 0
);
$exporter->add( { record => $data } );
$exporter->commit;
return $xml;
}
}
sub marc_record_to_json {
my ( $self, $data, %opts ) = @_;
if ( my $marc = delete $data->{'record'} ) {
for my $field (@$marc) {
my ( $tag, $ind1, $ind2, @subfields ) = @$field;
if ( $tag eq 'LDR' ) {
shift @subfields;
$data->{leader} = join "", @subfields;
}
elsif ( $tag eq 'FMT' || substr( $tag, 0, 2 ) eq '00' ) {
shift @subfields;
push @{ $data->{fields} ||= [] },
{ $tag => join "", @subfields };
}
else {
my @sf;
my $start = !defined( $subfields[0] )
|| $subfields[0] eq '_' ? 2 : 0;
for ( my $i = $start; $i < @subfields; $i += 2 ) {
push @sf, { $subfields[$i] => $subfields[ $i + 1 ] };
}
push @{ $data->{fields} ||= [] },
{ $tag =>
{ subfields => \@sf, ind1 => $ind1, ind2 => $ind2 } };
}
}
}
$data;
}
sub marc_json_to_record {
my ( $self, $data, %opts ) = @_;
my $record = [];
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_string( $data->{leader} ) ) {
push @$record, [ 'LDR', undef, undef, '_', $data->{leader} ],;
}
if ( Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref( $data->{fields} ) ) {
for my $field ( @{ $data->{fields} } ) {
next unless Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref($field);
my ($tag) = keys %$field;
my $val = $field->{$tag};
if ( $tag eq 'FMT' || substr( $tag, 0, 2 ) eq '00' ) {
push @$record, [ $tag, undef, undef, '_', $val ],;
}
elsif ( Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref($val) ) {
my $ind1 = $val->{ind1};
my $ind2 = $val->{ind2};
next unless Catmandu::Util::is_array_ref( $val->{subfields} );
my $sfs = [ '_', '' ];
for my $sf ( @{ $val->{subfields} } ) {
next unless Catmandu::Util::is_hash_ref($sf);
my ($code) = keys %$sf;
my $sval = $sf->{$code};
push @$sfs, [ $code, $sval ];
}