rsa.go

// Copyright 2009 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Package rsa implements RSA encryption as specified in PKCS#1.
//
// RSA is a single, fundamental operation that is used in this package to
// implement either public-key encryption or public-key signatures.
//
// The original specification for encryption and signatures with RSA is PKCS#1
// and the terms "RSA encryption" and "RSA signatures" by default refer to
// PKCS#1 version 1.5. However, that specification has flaws and new designs
// should use version two, usually called by just OAEP and PSS, where
// possible.
//
// Two sets of interfaces are included in this package. When a more abstract
// interface isn't necessary, there are functions for encrypting/decrypting
// with v1.5/OAEP and signing/verifying with v1.5/PSS. If one needs to abstract
// over the public-key primitive, the PrivateKey struct implements the
// Decrypter and Signer interfaces from the crypto package.
//
// The RSA operations in this package are not implemented using constant-time algorithms.
package rsa

import (
	"crypto"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/subtle"
	"errors"
	"hash"
	"io"
	"math"
	"math/big"
)

var bigZero = big.NewInt(0)
var bigOne = big.NewInt(1)

// A PublicKey represents the public part of an RSA key.
type PublicKey struct {
	N *big.Int // modulus
	E int      // public exponent
}

// OAEPOptions is an interface for passing options to OAEP decryption using the
// crypto.Decrypter interface.
type OAEPOptions struct {
	// Hash is the hash function that will be used when generating the mask.
	Hash crypto.Hash
	// Label is an arbitrary byte string that must be equal to the value
	// used when encrypting.
	Label []byte
}

var (
	errPublicModulus       = errors.New("crypto/rsa: missing public modulus")
	errPublicExponentSmall = errors.New("crypto/rsa: public exponent too small")
	errPublicExponentLarge = errors.New("crypto/rsa: public exponent too large")
)

// checkPub sanity checks the public key before we use it.
// We require pub.E to fit into a 32-bit integer so that we
// do not have different behavior depending on whether
// int is 32 or 64 bits. See also
// http://www.imperialviolet.org/2012/03/16/rsae.html.
func checkPub(pub *PublicKey) error {
	if pub.N == nil {
		return errPublicModulus
	}
	if pub.E < 2 {
		return errPublicExponentSmall
	}
	if pub.E > 1<<31-1 {
		return errPublicExponentLarge
	}
	return nil
}

// A PrivateKey represents an RSA key
type PrivateKey struct {
	PublicKey            // public part.
	D         *big.Int   // private exponent
	Primes    []*big.Int // prime factors of N, has >= 2 elements.

	// Precomputed contains precomputed values that speed up private
	// operations, if available.
	Precomputed PrecomputedValues
}

// Public returns the public key corresponding to priv.
func (priv *PrivateKey) Public() crypto.PublicKey {
	return &priv.PublicKey
}

// Sign signs msg with priv, reading randomness from rand. If opts is a
// *PSSOptions then the PSS algorithm will be used, otherwise PKCS#1 v1.5 will
// be used. This method is intended to support keys where the private part is
// kept in, for example, a hardware module. Common uses should use the Sign*
// functions in this package.
func (priv *PrivateKey) Sign(rand io.Reader, msg []byte, opts crypto.SignerOpts) ([]byte, error) {
	if pssOpts, ok := opts.(*PSSOptions); ok {
		return SignPSS(rand, priv, pssOpts.Hash, msg, pssOpts)
	}

	return SignPKCS1v15(rand, priv, opts.HashFunc(), msg)
}

// Decrypt decrypts ciphertext with priv. If opts is nil or of type
// *PKCS1v15DecryptOptions then PKCS#1 v1.5 decryption is performed. Otherwise
// opts must have type *OAEPOptions and OAEP decryption is done.
func (priv *PrivateKey) Decrypt(rand io.Reader, ciphertext []byte, opts crypto.DecrypterOpts) (plaintext []byte, err error) {
	if opts == nil {
		return DecryptPKCS1v15(rand, priv, ciphertext)
	}

	switch opts := opts.(type) {
	case *OAEPOptions:
		return DecryptOAEP(opts.Hash.New(), rand, priv, ciphertext, opts.Label)

	case *PKCS1v15DecryptOptions:
		if l := opts.SessionKeyLen; l > 0 {
			plaintext = make([]byte, l)
			if _, err := io.ReadFull(rand, plaintext); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			if err := DecryptPKCS1v15SessionKey(rand, priv, ciphertext, plaintext); err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			return plaintext, nil
		} else {
			return DecryptPKCS1v15(rand, priv, ciphertext)
		}

	default:
		return nil, errors.New("crypto/rsa: invalid options for Decrypt")
	}
}

type PrecomputedValues struct {
	Dp, Dq *big.Int // D mod (P-1) (or mod Q-1)
	Qinv   *big.Int // Q^-1 mod P

	// CRTValues is used for the 3rd and subsequent primes. Due to a
	// historical accident, the CRT for the first two primes is handled
	// differently in PKCS#1 and interoperability is sufficiently
	// important that we mirror this.
	CRTValues []CRTValue
}

// CRTValue contains the precomputed Chinese remainder theorem values.
type CRTValue struct {
	Exp   *big.Int // D mod (prime-1).
	Coeff *big.Int // R·Coeff ≡ 1 mod Prime.
	R     *big.Int // product of primes prior to this (inc p and q).
}

// Validate performs basic sanity checks on the key.
// It returns nil if the key is valid, or else an error describing a problem.
func (priv *PrivateKey) Validate() error {
	if err := checkPub(&priv.PublicKey); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Check that Πprimes == n.
	modulus := new(big.Int).Set(bigOne)
	for _, prime := range priv.Primes {
		// Any primes ≤ 1 will cause divide-by-zero panics later.
		if prime.Cmp(bigOne) <= 0 {
			return errors.New("crypto/rsa: invalid prime value")
		}
		modulus.Mul(modulus, prime)
	}
	if modulus.Cmp(priv.N) != 0 {
		return errors.New("crypto/rsa: invalid modulus")
	}

	// Check that de ≡ 1 mod p-1, for each prime.
	// This implies that e is coprime to each p-1 as e has a multiplicative
	// inverse. Therefore e is coprime to lcm(p-1,q-1,r-1,...) =
	// exponent(ℤ/nℤ). It also implies that a^de ≡ a mod p as a^(p-1) ≡ 1
	// mod p. Thus a^de ≡ a mod n for all a coprime to n, as required.
	congruence := new(big.Int)
	de := new(big.Int).SetInt64(int64(priv.E))
	de.Mul(de, priv.D)
	for _, prime := range priv.Primes {
		pminus1 := new(big.Int).Sub(prime, bigOne)
		congruence.Mod(de, pminus1)
		if congruence.Cmp(bigOne) != 0 {
			return errors.New("crypto/rsa: invalid exponents")
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// GenerateKey generates an RSA keypair of the given bit size using the
// random source random (for example, crypto/rand.Reader).
func GenerateKey(random io.Reader, bits int) (*PrivateKey, error) {
	return GenerateMultiPrimeKey(random, 2, bits)
}

// GenerateMultiPrimeKey generates a multi-prime RSA keypair of the given bit
// size and the given random source, as suggested in [1]. Although the public
// keys are compatible (actually, indistinguishable) from the 2-prime case,
// the private keys are not. Thus it may not be possible to export multi-prime
// private keys in certain formats or to subsequently import them into other
// code.
//
// Table 1 in [2] suggests maximum numbers of primes for a given size.
//
// [1] US patent 4405829 (1972, expired)
// [2] http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/techreports/2006/cacr2006-16.pdf
func GenerateMultiPrimeKey(random io.Reader, nprimes int, bits int) (*PrivateKey, error) {
	priv := new(PrivateKey)
	priv.E = 65537

	if nprimes < 2 {
		return nil, errors.New("crypto/rsa: GenerateMultiPrimeKey: nprimes must be >= 2")
	}

	if bits < 64 {
		primeLimit := float64(uint64(1) << uint(bits/nprimes))
		// pi approximates the number of primes less than primeLimit
		pi := primeLimit / (math.Log(primeLimit) - 1)
		// Generated primes start with 11 (in binary) so we can only
		// use a quarter of them.
		pi /= 4
		// Use a factor of two to ensure that key generation terminates
		// in a reasonable amount of time.
		pi /= 2
		if pi <= float64(nprimes) {
			return nil, errors.New("crypto/rsa: too few primes of given length to generate an RSA key")
		}
	}

	primes := make([]*big.Int, nprimes)

NextSetOfPrimes:
	for {
		todo := bits
		// crypto/rand should set the top two bits in each prime.
		// Thus each prime has the form
		//   p_i = 2^bitlen(p_i) × 0.11... (in base 2).
		// And the product is:
		//   P = 2^todo × α
		// where α is the product of nprimes numbers of the form 0.11...
		//
		// If α < 1/2 (which can happen for nprimes > 2), we need to
		// shift todo to compensate for lost bits: the mean value of 0.11...
		// is 7/8, so todo + shift - nprimes * log2(7/8) ~= bits - 1/2
		// will give good results.
		if nprimes >= 7 {
			todo += (nprimes - 2) / 5
		}
		for i := 0; i < nprimes; i++ {
			var err error
			primes[i], err = rand.Prime(random, todo/(nprimes-i))
			if err != nil {
				return nil, err
			}
			todo -= primes[i].BitLen()
		}

		// Make sure that primes is pairwise unequal.
		for i, prime := range primes {
			for j := 0; j < i; j++ {
				if prime.Cmp(primes[j]) == 0 {
					continue NextSetOfPrimes
				}
			}
		}

		n := new(big.Int).Set(bigOne)
		totient := new(big.Int).Set(bigOne)
		pminus1 := new(big.Int)
		for _, prime := range primes {
			n.Mul(n, prime)
			pminus1.Sub(prime, bigOne)
			totient.Mul(totient, pminus1)
		}
		if n.BitLen() != bits {
			// This should never happen for nprimes == 2 because
			// crypto/rand should set the top two bits in each prime.
			// For nprimes > 2 we hope it does not happen often.
			continue NextSetOfPrimes
		}

		g := new(big.Int)
		priv.D = new(big.Int)
		e := big.NewInt(int64(priv.E))
		g.GCD(priv.D, nil, e, totient)

		if g.Cmp(bigOne) == 0 {
			if priv.D.Sign() < 0 {
				priv.D.Add(priv.D, totient)
			}
			priv.Primes = primes
			priv.N = n

			break
		}
	}

	priv.Precompute()
	return priv, nil
}

// incCounter increments a four byte, big-endian counter.
func incCounter(c *[4]byte) {
	if c[3]++; c[3] != 0 {
		return
	}
	if c[2]++; c[2] != 0 {
		return
	}
	if c[1]++; c[1] != 0 {
		return
	}
	c[0]++
}

// mgf1XOR XORs the bytes in out with a mask generated using the MGF1 function
// specified in PKCS#1 v2.1.
func mgf1XOR(out []byte, hash hash.Hash, seed []byte) {
	var counter [4]byte
	var digest []byte

	done := 0
	for done < len(out) {
		hash.Write(seed)
		hash.Write(counter[0:4])
		digest = hash.Sum(digest[:0])
		hash.Reset()

		for i := 0; i < len(digest) && done < len(out); i++ {
			out[done] ^= digest[i]
			done++
		}
		incCounter(&counter)
	}
}

// ErrMessageTooLong is returned when attempting to encrypt a message which is
// too large for the size of the public key.
var ErrMessageTooLong = errors.New("crypto/rsa: message too long for RSA public key size")

func encrypt(c *big.Int, pub *PublicKey, m *big.Int) *big.Int {
	e := big.NewInt(int64(pub.E))
	c.Exp(m, e, pub.N)
	return c
}

// EncryptOAEP encrypts the given message with RSA-OAEP.
//
// OAEP is parameterised by a hash function that is used as a random oracle.
// Encryption and decryption of a given message must use the same hash function
// and sha256.New() is a reasonable choice.
//
// The random parameter is used as a source of entropy to ensure that
// encrypting the same message twice doesn't result in the same ciphertext.
//
// The label parameter may contain arbitrary data that will not be encrypted,
// but which gives important context to the message. For example, if a given
// public key is used to decrypt two types of messages then distinct label
// values could be used to ensure that a ciphertext for one purpose cannot be
// used for another by an attacker. If not required it can be empty.
//
// The message must be no longer than the length of the public modulus minus
// twice the hash length, minus a further 2.
func EncryptOAEP(hash hash.Hash, random io.Reader, pub *PublicKey, msg []byte, label []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if err := checkPub(pub); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	hash.Reset()
	k := (pub.N.BitLen() + 7) / 8
	if len(msg) > k-2*hash.Size()-2 {
		return nil, ErrMessageTooLong
	}

	hash.Write(label)
	lHash := hash.Sum(nil)
	hash.Reset()

	em := make([]byte, k)
	seed := em[1 : 1+hash.Size()]
	db := em[1+hash.Size():]

	copy(db[0:hash.Size()], lHash)
	db[len(db)-len(msg)-1] = 1
	copy(db[len(db)-len(msg):], msg)

	_, err := io.ReadFull(random, seed)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	mgf1XOR(db, hash, seed)
	mgf1XOR(seed, hash, db)

	m := new(big.Int)
	m.SetBytes(em)
	c := encrypt(new(big.Int), pub, m)
	out := c.Bytes()

	if len(out) < k {
		// If the output is too small, we need to left-pad with zeros.
		t := make([]byte, k)
		copy(t[k-len(out):], out)
		out = t
	}

	return out, nil
}

// ErrDecryption represents a failure to decrypt a message.
// It is deliberately vague to avoid adaptive attacks.
var ErrDecryption = errors.New("crypto/rsa: decryption error")

// ErrVerification represents a failure to verify a signature.
// It is deliberately vague to avoid adaptive attacks.
var ErrVerification = errors.New("crypto/rsa: verification error")

// modInverse returns ia, the inverse of a in the multiplicative group of prime
// order n. It requires that a be a member of the group (i.e. less than n).
func modInverse(a, n *big.Int) (ia *big.Int, ok bool) {
	g := new(big.Int)
	x := new(big.Int)
	y := new(big.Int)
	g.GCD(x, y, a, n)
	if g.Cmp(bigOne) != 0 {
		// In this case, a and n aren't coprime and we cannot calculate
		// the inverse. This happens because the values of n are nearly
		// prime (being the product of two primes) rather than truly
		// prime.
		return
	}

	if x.Cmp(bigOne) < 0 {
		// 0 is not the multiplicative inverse of any element so, if x
		// < 1, then x is negative.
		x.Add(x, n)
	}

	return x, true
}

// Precompute performs some calculations that speed up private key operations
// in the future.
func (priv *PrivateKey) Precompute() {
	if priv.Precomputed.Dp != nil {
		return
	}

	priv.Precomputed.Dp = new(big.Int).Sub(priv.Primes[0], bigOne)
	priv.Precomputed.Dp.Mod(priv.D, priv.Precomputed.Dp)

	priv.Precomputed.Dq = new(big.Int).Sub(priv.Primes[1], bigOne)
	priv.Precomputed.Dq.Mod(priv.D, priv.Precomputed.Dq)

	priv.Precomputed.Qinv = new(big.Int).ModInverse(priv.Primes[1], priv.Primes[0])

	r := new(big.Int).Mul(priv.Primes[0], priv.Primes[1])
	priv.Precomputed.CRTValues = make([]CRTValue, len(priv.Primes)-2)
	for i := 2; i < len(priv.Primes); i++ {
		prime := priv.Primes[i]
		values := &priv.Precomputed.CRTValues[i-2]

		values.Exp = new(big.Int).Sub(prime, bigOne)
		values.Exp.Mod(priv.D, values.Exp)

		values.R = new(big.Int).Set(r)
		values.Coeff = new(big.Int).ModInverse(r, prime)

		r.Mul(r, prime)
	}
}

// decrypt performs an RSA decryption, resulting in a plaintext integer. If a
// random source is given, RSA blinding is used.
func decrypt(random io.Reader, priv *PrivateKey, c *big.Int) (m *big.Int, err error) {
	// TODO(agl): can we get away with reusing blinds?
	if c.Cmp(priv.N) > 0 {
		err = ErrDecryption
		return
	}
	if priv.N.Sign() == 0 {
		return nil, ErrDecryption
	}

	var ir *big.Int
	if random != nil {
		// Blinding enabled. Blinding involves multiplying c by r^e.
		// Then the decryption operation performs (m^e * r^e)^d mod n
		// which equals mr mod n. The factor of r can then be removed
		// by multiplying by the multiplicative inverse of r.

		var r *big.Int

		for {
			r, err = rand.Int(random, priv.N)
			if err != nil {
				return
			}
			if r.Cmp(bigZero) == 0 {
				r = bigOne
			}
			var ok bool
			ir, ok = modInverse(r, priv.N)
			if ok {
				break
			}
		}
		bigE := big.NewInt(int64(priv.E))
		rpowe := new(big.Int).Exp(r, bigE, priv.N) // N != 0
		cCopy := new(big.Int).Set(c)
		cCopy.Mul(cCopy, rpowe)
		cCopy.Mod(cCopy, priv.N)
		c = cCopy
	}

	if priv.Precomputed.Dp == nil {
		m = new(big.Int).Exp(c, priv.D, priv.N)
	} else {
		// We have the precalculated values needed for the CRT.
		m = new(big.Int).Exp(c, priv.Precomputed.Dp, priv.Primes[0])
		m2 := new(big.Int).Exp(c, priv.Precomputed.Dq, priv.Primes[1])
		m.Sub(m, m2)
		if m.Sign() < 0 {
			m.Add(m, priv.Primes[0])
		}
		m.Mul(m, priv.Precomputed.Qinv)
		m.Mod(m, priv.Primes[0])
		m.Mul(m, priv.Primes[1])
		m.Add(m, m2)

		for i, values := range priv.Precomputed.CRTValues {
			prime := priv.Primes[2+i]
			m2.Exp(c, values.Exp, prime)
			m2.Sub(m2, m)
			m2.Mul(m2, values.Coeff)
			m2.Mod(m2, prime)
			if m2.Sign() < 0 {
				m2.Add(m2, prime)
			}
			m2.Mul(m2, values.R)
			m.Add(m, m2)
		}
	}

	if ir != nil {
		// Unblind.
		m.Mul(m, ir)
		m.Mod(m, priv.N)
	}

	return
}

func decryptAndCheck(random io.Reader, priv *PrivateKey, c *big.Int) (m *big.Int, err error) {
	m, err = decrypt(random, priv, c)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// In order to defend against errors in the CRT computation, m^e is
	// calculated, which should match the original ciphertext.
	check := encrypt(new(big.Int), &priv.PublicKey, m)
	if c.Cmp(check) != 0 {
		return nil, errors.New("rsa: internal error")
	}
	return m, nil
}

// DecryptOAEP decrypts ciphertext using RSA-OAEP.

// OAEP is parameterised by a hash function that is used as a random oracle.
// Encryption and decryption of a given message must use the same hash function
// and sha256.New() is a reasonable choice.
//
// The random parameter, if not nil, is used to blind the private-key operation
// and avoid timing side-channel attacks. Blinding is purely internal to this
// function – the random data need not match that used when encrypting.
//
// The label parameter must match the value given when encrypting. See
// EncryptOAEP for details.
func DecryptOAEP(hash hash.Hash, random io.Reader, priv *PrivateKey, ciphertext []byte, label []byte) ([]byte, error) {
	if err := checkPub(&priv.PublicKey); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	k := (priv.N.BitLen() + 7) / 8
	if len(ciphertext) > k ||
		k < hash.Size()*2+2 {
		return nil, ErrDecryption
	}

	c := new(big.Int).SetBytes(ciphertext)

	m, err := decrypt(random, priv, c)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	hash.Write(label)
	lHash := hash.Sum(nil)
	hash.Reset()

	// Converting the plaintext number to bytes will strip any
	// leading zeros so we may have to left pad. We do this unconditionally
	// to avoid leaking timing information. (Although we still probably
	// leak the number of leading zeros. It's not clear that we can do
	// anything about this.)
	em := leftPad(m.Bytes(), k)

	firstByteIsZero := subtle.ConstantTimeByteEq(em[0], 0)

	seed := em[1 : hash.Size()+1]
	db := em[hash.Size()+1:]

	mgf1XOR(seed, hash, db)
	mgf1XOR(db, hash, seed)

	lHash2 := db[0:hash.Size()]

	// We have to validate the plaintext in constant time in order to avoid
	// attacks like: J. Manger. A Chosen Ciphertext Attack on RSA Optimal
	// Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) as Standardized in PKCS #1
	// v2.0. In J. Kilian, editor, Advances in Cryptology.
	lHash2Good := subtle.ConstantTimeCompare(lHash, lHash2)

	// The remainder of the plaintext must be zero or more 0x00, followed
	// by 0x01, followed by the message.
	//   lookingForIndex: 1 iff we are still looking for the 0x01
	//   index: the offset of the first 0x01 byte
	//   invalid: 1 iff we saw a non-zero byte before the 0x01.
	var lookingForIndex, index, invalid int
	lookingForIndex = 1
	rest := db[hash.Size():]

	for i := 0; i < len(rest); i++ {
		equals0 := subtle.ConstantTimeByteEq(rest[i], 0)
		equals1 := subtle.ConstantTimeByteEq(rest[i], 1)
		index = subtle.ConstantTimeSelect(lookingForIndex&equals1, i, index)
		lookingForIndex = subtle.ConstantTimeSelect(equals1, 0, lookingForIndex)
		invalid = subtle.ConstantTimeSelect(lookingForIndex&^equals0, 1, invalid)
	}

	if firstByteIsZero&lHash2Good&^invalid&^lookingForIndex != 1 {
		return nil, ErrDecryption
	}

	return rest[index+1:], nil
}

// leftPad returns a new slice of length size. The contents of input are right
// aligned in the new slice.
func leftPad(input []byte, size int) (out []byte) {
	n := len(input)
	if n > size {
		n = size
	}
	out = make([]byte, size)
	copy(out[len(out)-n:], input)
	return
}