Note
Before reading this, you may want to take a look at :ref:`validation-factors` for some background on the validation process.
!DANGER!
In addition to the caveats outlined in :doc:`../cli-guide/validation`, you should be aware that the validation API is still very much in flux, and likely to change by the time pyHanko reaches its beta stage.
PyHanko's validation functionality resides in the :mod:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation` module. Its most important components are
- the |EmbeddedPdfSignature| class (responsible for modelling existing signatures in PDF documents);
- the various subclasses of |SignatureStatus| (encoding the validity status of signatures and timestamps);
- :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature` and :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature`, for running the actual validation logic.
- the |DocumentSecurityStore| class and surrounding auxiliary classes (responsible for handling DSS updates in documents).
While you probably won't need to interface with |DocumentSecurityStore| directly, knowing a little about |EmbeddedPdfSignature| and |SignatureStatus| is useful.
There is a convenience property on :class:`~.pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader.PdfFileReader`, aptly named :attr:`~.pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader.PdfFileReader.embedded_signatures`. This property produces an array of |EmbeddedPdfSignature| objects, in the order that they were applied to the document. The result is cached on the reader object.
These objects can be used to inspect the signature manually, if necessary, but they are mainly intended to be used as input for :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature` and :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature`.
All validation in pyHanko is done with respect to a certain validation context (an object of type :class:`.pyhanko_certvalidator.ValidationContext`). This object tells pyHanko what the trusted certificates are, and transparently provides mechanisms to request and keep track of revocation data. For LTV validation purposes, a |ValidationContext| can also specify a point in time at which the validation should be carried out.
Warning
PyHanko currently uses a forked version of the certvalidator library,
registered as pyhanko-certvalidator on PyPI. The changes in the forked
version are minor, and the API is intended to be backwards-compatible with
the "mainline" version.
The principal purpose of the |ValidationContext| is to let the user explicitly specify their own trust settings. However, it may be necessary to juggle several different validation contexts over the course of a validation operation. For example, when performing LTV validation, pyHanko will first validate the signature's timestamp against the user-specified validation context, and then build a new validation context relative to the signing time specified in the timestamp.
Here's a simple example to illustrate the process of validating a PDF signature w.r.t. a specific trust root.
from pyhanko.keys import load_cert_from_pemder
from pyhanko_certvalidator import ValidationContext
from pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader import PdfFileReader
from pyhanko.sign.validation import validate_pdf_signature
root_cert = load_cert_from_pemder('path/to/certfile')
vc = ValidationContext(trust_roots=[root_cert])
with open('document.pdf', 'rb') as doc:
r = PdfFileReader(doc)
sig = r.embedded_signatures[0]
status = validate_pdf_signature(sig, vc)
print(status.pretty_print_details())As explained :ref:`here <pdf-signing-background>` and :ref:`here <ltv-signing>` in the CLI documentation, making sure that PDF signatures remain verifiable over long time scales requires special care. Signatures that have this property are often called "LTV enabled", where LTV is short for long-term verifiable.
To verify a LTV-enabled signature, you should use
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` instead of
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature`.
The API is essentially the same, but
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` takes
a required validation_type parameter. The validation_type is an instance
of the enum :class:`.pyhanko.sign.validation.RevocationInfoValidationType` that
tells pyHanko where to find and how to process the revocation data for the
signature(s) involved[1].
See the documentation for :class:`.pyhanko.sign.validation.RevocationInfoValidationType`
for more information on the available profiles.
In the initial |ValidationContext| passed to
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` via
bootstrap_validation_context, you typically want to leave moment
unset (i.e. verify the signature at the current time).
This is the validation context that will be used to establish the time of
signing. When this step is done, pyHanko will construct a new validation
context pointed towards that point in time.
You can specify keyword arguments to the |ValidationContext| constructor using
the validation_context_kwargs parameter of
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature`.
In typical situations, you can leave the bootstrap_validation_context
parameter off entirely, and let pyHanko construct an initial validation context
using validation_context_kwargs as input.
The PAdES B-LTA validation example below should clarify that.
from pyhanko.keys import load_cert_from_pemder
from pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader import PdfFileReader
from pyhanko.sign.validation import (
validate_pdf_ltv_signature, RevocationInfoValidationType
)
root_cert = load_cert_from_pemder('path/to/certfile')
with open('document.pdf', 'rb') as doc:
r = PdfFileReader(doc)
sig = r.embedded_signatures[0]
status = validate_pdf_ltv_signature(
sig, RevocationInfoValidationType.PADES_LTA,
validation_context_kwargs={'trust_roots': [root_cert]}
)
print(status.pretty_print_details())Notice how, rather than passing a |ValidationContext| object directly, the
example code only supplies validation_context_kwargs. These keyword arguments
will be used both to construct an initial validation context (at the current time),
and to construct any subsequent validation contexts for point-of-time validation
once the signing time is known.
In the example, the validation_context_kwargs parameter
ensures that all validation will happen w.r.t. one specific
trust root.
If all this sounds confusing, that's because it is. You may want to take a look at the source of :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` and its tests, and/or play around a little.
Warning
Even outside the LTV context, pyHanko always distinguishes between validation of the signing time and validation of the signature itself. In fact, :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature` reports both (see the docs for :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.status.StandardCMSSignatureStatus.timestamp_validity`).
However, since the LTV adjudication process is entirely moot without a trusted record of the signing time, :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` will raise a :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.errors.SignatureValidationError` if the timestamp token (or timestamp chain) fails to validate. Otherwise, :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` returns a |PdfSignatureStatus| as usual.
.. versionchanged:: 0.2.0
The initial ad-hoc approach was replaced by a more extensible and
maintainable rule-based validation system. See
:mod:`pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis`.
As explained in :ref:`the CLI documentation <validation-general-incremental-updates>`, the PDF standard has provisions that allow files to be updated by appending so-called "incremental updates". This also works for signed documents, since appending data does not destroy the cryptographic integrity of the signed data.
That being said, since incremental updates can change essentially any aspect of the resulting document, validators need to be careful to evaluate whether these updates were added for a legitimate reason. Examples of such legitimate reasons could include the following:
- adding a second signature,
- adding comments,
- filling in (part of) a form,
- updating document metadata,
- performing cryptographic "bookkeeping work" such as appending fresh document timestamps and/or revocation information to ensure the long-term verifiability of a signature.
Not all of these reasons are necessarily always valid: the signer can tell the validator which modifications they allow to go ahead without invalidating their signature. This can either be done through the "DocMDP" setting (see :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.fields.MDPPerm`), or for form fields, more granularly using FieldMDP settings (see :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.fields.FieldMDPSpec`).
That being said, the standard does not specify a concrete procedure for validating any of this. PyHanko takes a reject-by-default approach: the difference analysis tool uses rules to compare document revisions, and judge which object updating operations are legitimate (at a given :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.fields.MDPPerm` level). Any modifications for which there is no justification invalidate the signature.
The default diff policy is defined in :const:`~pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis.DEFAULT_DIFF_POLICY`, but you can define your own, either by implementing your own subclass of :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis.DiffPolicy`, or by defining your own rules and passing those to an instance of :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis.StandardDiffPolicy`. :class:`~.pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis.StandardDiffPolicy` takes care of some boilerplate for you, and is the mechanism backing :const:`~pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis.DEFAULT_DIFF_POLICY`. Explaining precisely how to implement custom diff rules is beyond the scope of this guide, but you can take a look at the source of the :mod:`~pyhanko.sign.diff_analysis` module for more information.
To actually use a custom diff policy, you can proceed as follows.
from pyhanko.keys import load_cert_from_pemder
from pyhanko_certvalidator import ValidationContext
from pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader import PdfFileReader
from pyhanko.sign.validation import validate_pdf_signature
from my_awesome_module import CustomDiffPolicy
root_cert = load_cert_from_pemder('path/to/certfile')
vc = ValidationContext(trust_roots=[root_cert])
with open('document.pdf', 'rb') as doc:
r = PdfFileReader(doc)
sig = r.embedded_signatures[0]
status = validate_pdf_signature(sig, vc, diff_policy=CustomDiffPolicy())
print(status.pretty_print_details())The :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.status.PdfSignatureStatus.modification_level` and :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.status.PdfSignatureStatus.docmdp_ok` attributes on |PdfSignatureStatus| will tell you to what degree the signed file has been modified after signing (according to the diff policy used).
Warning
The most lenient MDP level, :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.fields.MDPPerm.ANNOTATE`, is currently not supported by the default diff policy.
!DANGER!
Due to the lack of standardisation when it comes to signature validation, correctly adjudicating incremental updates is inherently somewhat risky and ill-defined, so until pyHanko matures, you probably shouldn't rely on its judgments too heavily.
Should you run into unexpected results, by all means file an issue. All information helps!
If necessary, you can opt to turn off difference analysis altogether. This is sometimes a very reasonable thing to do, e.g. in the following cases:
- you don't trust pyHanko to correctly evaluate the changes;
- the (sometimes rather large) performance cost of doing the diff analysis is not worth the benefits;
- you need validate only one signature, after which the document shouldn't change at all.
In these cases, you might want to rely on the :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.ModificationInfo.coverage` property of |PdfSignatureStatus| instead. This property describes the degree to which a given signature covers a file, and is much cheaper/easier to compute.
Anyhow, to disable diff analysis completely, it suffices to pass the
skip_diff parameter to
:func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature`.
from pyhanko.keys import load_cert_from_pemder
from pyhanko_certvalidator import ValidationContext
from pyhanko.pdf_utils.reader import PdfFileReader
from pyhanko.sign.validation import validate_pdf_signature
root_cert = load_cert_from_pemder('path/to/certfile')
vc = ValidationContext(trust_roots=[root_cert])
with open('document.pdf', 'rb') as doc:
r = PdfFileReader(doc)
sig = r.embedded_signatures[0]
status = validate_pdf_signature(sig, vc, skip_diff=True)
print(status.pretty_print_details())The |PdfSignatureStatus| objects returned by :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_signature` and :func:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.validate_pdf_ltv_signature` provide a fairly granular account of the validity of the signature.
You can print a human-readable validity report by calling :meth:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.status.StandardCMSSignatureStatus.pretty_print_details`, and if all you're interested in is a yes/no judgment, use the the :attr:`~.pyhanko.sign.validation.status.PdfSignatureStatus.bottom_line` property.
Should you ever need to know more, a |PdfSignatureStatus| object also includes information on things like
- the certificates making up the chain of trust,
- the validity of the embedded timestamp token (if present),
- the invasiveness of incremental updates applied after signing,
- seed value constraint compliance.
For more information, take a look at |PdfSignatureStatus| in the API reference.
Footnotes
| [1] | Currently, pyHanko can't figure out by itself which LTV strategy is being used, so the caller has to specify it explicitly. |