Data_Cleaning_with_Python.ipynb

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        "Automobile data set consists of three types of entities:\n",
        "(a) the specification of an auto in terms of various characteristics,\n",
        "(b) its assigned insurance risk rating,\n",
        "(c) its normalized losses in use as compared to other cars. The second rating corresponds to the degree to which the auto is more risky than its price indicates. Cars are initially assigned a risk factor symbol associated with its price. Then, if it is more risky (or less), this symbol is adjusted by moving it up (or down) the scale. Actuarians call this process \"symboling\". A value of +3 indicates that the auto is risky, -3 that it is probably pretty safe. The third factor is the relative average loss payment per insured vehicle year. This value is normalized for all autos within a particular size classification (two-door small, station wagons, sports/specialty, etc…), and represents the average loss per car per year.\n",
        "\n",
        "Number of Instances: 205\n",
        "\n",
        "Number of Attributes: 26 total\n",
        "-- 15 continuous\n",
        "-- 1 integer\n",
        "-- 10 nominal."
      ],
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      "source": [
        "Overview:\n",
        "\n",
        ">>Importing the necessary libraries and the raw data.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>Finding the missing values.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>Filling the missing values.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>Summary and Conclusion.\n"
      ],
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    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#Importing the necessary libraries and the raw data\n",
        "import pandas as pd\n",
        "import numpy as np"
      ],
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        "id": "sebWXQsd2bsB"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
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        "from google.colab import files\n",
        "uploaded = files.upload()"
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              "//      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n",
              "//\n",
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              "// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n",
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          "text": [
            "Saving Automobile price data _Raw_.csv to Automobile price data _Raw_.csv\n"
          ]
        }
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    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "import io\n",
        "df = pd.read_csv(io.BytesIO(uploaded['Automobile price data _Raw_.csv']))\n",
        "# Dataset is now stored in a Pandas Dataframe"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "6wCfsse3241o"
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      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
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      "source": [
        "df.head"
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          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "<bound method NDFrame.head of      symboling normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
              "0            3                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "1            3                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "2            1                 ?  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "3            2               164         audi       gas        std   \n",
              "4            2               164         audi       gas        std   \n",
              "..         ...               ...          ...       ...        ...   \n",
              "200         -1                95        volvo       gas        std   \n",
              "201         -1                95        volvo       gas      turbo   \n",
              "202         -1                95        volvo       gas        std   \n",
              "203         -1                95        volvo    diesel      turbo   \n",
              "204         -1                95        volvo       gas      turbo   \n",
              "\n",
              "    num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
              "0            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "1            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "2            two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "3           four        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
              "4           four        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...   \n",
              "..           ...          ...          ...             ...         ...  ...   \n",
              "200         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "201         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "202         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "203         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "204         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "\n",
              "     engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
              "0            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "1            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "2            152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
              "3            109         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102   \n",
              "4            136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115   \n",
              "..           ...          ...   ...     ...               ...        ...   \n",
              "200          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               9.5        114   \n",
              "201          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               8.7        160   \n",
              "202          173         mpfi  3.58    2.87               8.8        134   \n",
              "203          145          idi  3.01    3.40              23.0        106   \n",
              "204          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               9.5        114   \n",
              "\n",
              "     peak-rpm city-mpg highway-mpg  price  \n",
              "0        5000       21          27  13495  \n",
              "1        5000       21          27  16500  \n",
              "2        5000       19          26  16500  \n",
              "3        5500       24          30  13950  \n",
              "4        5500       18          22  17450  \n",
              "..        ...      ...         ...    ...  \n",
              "200      5400       23          28  16845  \n",
              "201      5300       19          25  19045  \n",
              "202      5500       18          23  21485  \n",
              "203      4800       26          27  22470  \n",
              "204      5400       19          25  22625  \n",
              "\n",
              "[205 rows x 26 columns]>"
            ]
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          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 4
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      "source": [
        "df.info()"
      ],
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          "text": [
            "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
            "RangeIndex: 205 entries, 0 to 204\n",
            "Data columns (total 26 columns):\n",
            " #   Column             Non-Null Count  Dtype  \n",
            "---  ------             --------------  -----  \n",
            " 0   symboling          205 non-null    int64  \n",
            " 1   normalized-losses  205 non-null    object \n",
            " 2   make               205 non-null    object \n",
            " 3   fuel-type          205 non-null    object \n",
            " 4   aspiration         205 non-null    object \n",
            " 5   num-of-doors       205 non-null    object \n",
            " 6   body-style         205 non-null    object \n",
            " 7   drive-wheels       205 non-null    object \n",
            " 8   engine-location    205 non-null    object \n",
            " 9   wheel-base         205 non-null    float64\n",
            " 10  length             205 non-null    float64\n",
            " 11  width              205 non-null    float64\n",
            " 12  height             205 non-null    float64\n",
            " 13  curb-weight        205 non-null    int64  \n",
            " 14  engine-type        205 non-null    object \n",
            " 15  num-of-cylinders   205 non-null    object \n",
            " 16  engine-size        205 non-null    int64  \n",
            " 17  fuel-system        205 non-null    object \n",
            " 18  bore               205 non-null    object \n",
            " 19  stroke             205 non-null    object \n",
            " 20  compression-ratio  205 non-null    float64\n",
            " 21  horsepower         205 non-null    object \n",
            " 22  peak-rpm           205 non-null    object \n",
            " 23  city-mpg           205 non-null    int64  \n",
            " 24  highway-mpg        205 non-null    int64  \n",
            " 25  price              205 non-null    object \n",
            "dtypes: float64(5), int64(5), object(16)\n",
            "memory usage: 41.8+ KB\n"
          ]
        }
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      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "1) If we closely look at the data we will find that there are several '?' sign on the data points which indicates that there are some missing values in the dataset.\n",
        "2) As it is difficult to deal with '?' in tha dataset we will replacing it with 'NaN' value so that we can easily deal with the null values."
      ],
      "metadata": {
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    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#Finding the missing values\n",
        "df[df == '?'] #to find the location of all '?' in the dataset"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 522
        },
        "id": "X-R1RpVl3ZIu",
        "outputId": "35db4d59-4e7b-4fbb-8c61-239f7a0e5610"
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      "execution_count": null,
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            "text/plain": [
              "     symboling normalized-losses make fuel-type aspiration num-of-doors  \\\n",
              "0          NaN                 ?  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "1          NaN                 ?  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "2          NaN                 ?  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "3          NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "4          NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "..         ...               ...  ...       ...        ...          ...   \n",
              "200        NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "201        NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "202        NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "203        NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "204        NaN               NaN  NaN       NaN        NaN          NaN   \n",
              "\n",
              "    body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  engine-size  \\\n",
              "0          NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "1          NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "2          NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "3          NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "4          NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "..         ...          ...             ...         ...  ...          ...   \n",
              "200        NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "201        NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "202        NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "203        NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "204        NaN          NaN             NaN         NaN  ...          NaN   \n",
              "\n",
              "     fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  peak-rpm  \\\n",
              "0            NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "1            NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "2            NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "3            NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "4            NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "..           ...   ...     ...               ...        ...       ...   \n",
              "200          NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "201          NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "202          NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "203          NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "204          NaN   NaN     NaN               NaN        NaN       NaN   \n",
              "\n",
              "    city-mpg highway-mpg price  \n",
              "0        NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "1        NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "2        NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "3        NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "4        NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "..       ...         ...   ...  \n",
              "200      NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "201      NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "202      NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "203      NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "204      NaN         NaN   NaN  \n",
              "\n",
              "[205 rows x 26 columns]"
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              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
              "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
              "      <th>make</th>\n",
              "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
              "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
              "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
              "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
              "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
              "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
              "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
              "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
              "      <th>bore</th>\n",
              "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
              "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
              "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
              "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
              "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
              "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
              "      <th>price</th>\n",
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              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>?</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>?</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>200</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>201</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>202</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>203</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>204</th>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>205 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "      <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-58cb0ab1-64d5-4f9f-ae68-8955fcfa1795')\"\n",
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              "                                                     [key], {});\n",
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              "          const docLinkHtml = 'Like what you see? Visit the ' +\n",
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              "  </div>\n",
              "  "
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 5
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#Now we can replace '?' with Nan values\n",
        "df = df.replace('?', np.NaN)\n",
        "df"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 574
        },
        "id": "E282oWfj4FnY",
        "outputId": "6fc69338-4b15-46af-d6fc-b9111fd5491b"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "     symboling normalized-losses         make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
              "0            3               NaN  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "1            3               NaN  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "2            1               NaN  alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "3            2               164         audi       gas        std   \n",
              "4            2               164         audi       gas        std   \n",
              "..         ...               ...          ...       ...        ...   \n",
              "200         -1                95        volvo       gas        std   \n",
              "201         -1                95        volvo       gas      turbo   \n",
              "202         -1                95        volvo       gas        std   \n",
              "203         -1                95        volvo    diesel      turbo   \n",
              "204         -1                95        volvo       gas      turbo   \n",
              "\n",
              "    num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
              "0            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "1            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "2            two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "3           four        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
              "4           four        sedan          4wd           front        99.4  ...   \n",
              "..           ...          ...          ...             ...         ...  ...   \n",
              "200         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "201         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "202         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "203         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "204         four        sedan          rwd           front       109.1  ...   \n",
              "\n",
              "     engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
              "0            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "1            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "2            152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
              "3            109         mpfi  3.19    3.40              10.0        102   \n",
              "4            136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.0        115   \n",
              "..           ...          ...   ...     ...               ...        ...   \n",
              "200          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               9.5        114   \n",
              "201          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               8.7        160   \n",
              "202          173         mpfi  3.58    2.87               8.8        134   \n",
              "203          145          idi  3.01    3.40              23.0        106   \n",
              "204          141         mpfi  3.78    3.15               9.5        114   \n",
              "\n",
              "     peak-rpm city-mpg highway-mpg  price  \n",
              "0        5000       21          27  13495  \n",
              "1        5000       21          27  16500  \n",
              "2        5000       19          26  16500  \n",
              "3        5500       24          30  13950  \n",
              "4        5500       18          22  17450  \n",
              "..        ...      ...         ...    ...  \n",
              "200      5400       23          28  16845  \n",
              "201      5300       19          25  19045  \n",
              "202      5500       18          23  21485  \n",
              "203      4800       26          27  22470  \n",
              "204      5400       19          25  22625  \n",
              "\n",
              "[205 rows x 26 columns]"
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              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
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              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>26</td>\n",
              "      <td>16500</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>3</th>\n",
              "      <td>2</td>\n",
              "      <td>164</td>\n",
              "      <td>audi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>109</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>102</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>30</td>\n",
              "      <td>13950</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>4</th>\n",
              "      <td>2</td>\n",
              "      <td>164</td>\n",
              "      <td>audi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>136</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>115</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>18</td>\n",
              "      <td>22</td>\n",
              "      <td>17450</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>200</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>volvo</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>109.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>141</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.78</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.15</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>114</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>28</td>\n",
              "      <td>16845</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>201</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>volvo</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>109.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>141</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.78</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.15</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>160</td>\n",
              "      <td>5300</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>19045</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>202</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>volvo</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>109.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>173</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.58</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.87</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.8</td>\n",
              "      <td>134</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>18</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>21485</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>203</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>volvo</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>109.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>145</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.01</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>23.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>106</td>\n",
              "      <td>4800</td>\n",
              "      <td>26</td>\n",
              "      <td>27</td>\n",
              "      <td>22470</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>204</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>volvo</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>109.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>141</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.78</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.15</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>114</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>22625</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>205 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
              "      <button class=\"colab-df-convert\" onclick=\"convertToInteractive('df-5f21b405-3beb-4416-a7bd-18f159de622c')\"\n",
              "              title=\"Convert this dataframe to an interactive table.\"\n",
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              "      \n",
              "  <style>\n",
              "    .colab-df-container {\n",
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              "      gap: 12px;\n",
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              "    .colab-df-convert {\n",
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              "          const element = document.querySelector('#df-5f21b405-3beb-4416-a7bd-18f159de622c');\n",
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            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 7
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#Since now all the '?' is successfully replaced with Nan, we can find out the number of missing values"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "AM7xagx04bVs"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.isnull().sum()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "5wgfS-Ay4m00",
        "outputId": "eb7f8ffc-8224-409c-afb9-5b4c39da9553"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "symboling             0\n",
              "normalized-losses    41\n",
              "make                  0\n",
              "fuel-type             0\n",
              "aspiration            0\n",
              "num-of-doors          2\n",
              "body-style            0\n",
              "drive-wheels          0\n",
              "engine-location       0\n",
              "wheel-base            0\n",
              "length                0\n",
              "width                 0\n",
              "height                0\n",
              "curb-weight           0\n",
              "engine-type           0\n",
              "num-of-cylinders      0\n",
              "engine-size           0\n",
              "fuel-system           0\n",
              "bore                  4\n",
              "stroke                4\n",
              "compression-ratio     0\n",
              "horsepower            2\n",
              "peak-rpm              2\n",
              "city-mpg              0\n",
              "highway-mpg           0\n",
              "price                 4\n",
              "dtype: int64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 8
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "By observing the above results we have successfully counted the number missing values in different columns.\n",
        "\n",
        "According to the results,\n",
        "\n",
        "a) Normalized Losses has 40 missing values.\n",
        "b) No. of Doors has 2 missing values.\n",
        "c) Bore has 4 missing values.\n",
        "d) Stroke has 4 missing values.\n",
        "e) Horsepower and Peak RPM have 2 missing values each.\n",
        "f) Price has 4 missing values.\n",
        "\n",
        "We are now going to check for the number of rows having at least one missing values.\n",
        "For this process, we will first find the indexes of the datasets which contains at least one null values and then pass it on to the dataframe."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "VZsI7zfL9I17"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "d = df.isnull().any(axis = 1) #axis = 1 for rows\n",
        "index = d.index[d.values]\n",
        "index"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "4uSlygsz9we9",
        "outputId": "e359743e-3897-4943-9b8d-d44e6ca894f0"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "Int64Index([  0,   1,   2,   5,   7,   9,  14,  15,  16,  17,  27,  43,  44,\n",
              "             45,  46,  48,  49,  55,  56,  57,  58,  63,  66,  71,  73,  74,\n",
              "             75,  82,  83,  84, 109, 110, 113, 114, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129,\n",
              "            130, 131, 181, 189, 191, 192, 193],\n",
              "           dtype='int64')"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 11
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "These are the indexes of the dataset having at least one missing value throughout the datapoint.\n",
        "\n",
        "Now we are going to locate all these datapoints at once and counting it."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "euz5tlAo-Q_J"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "missing = df.iloc[index, :] #no of rows having atleast one missing value\n",
        "missing"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 1672
        },
        "id": "56FmgLdB-UXv",
        "outputId": "a745647f-6bab-4cf9-d5ac-c0137250f1fb"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "     symboling normalized-losses           make fuel-type aspiration  \\\n",
              "0            3               NaN    alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "1            3               NaN    alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "2            1               NaN    alfa-romero       gas        std   \n",
              "5            2               NaN           audi       gas        std   \n",
              "7            1               NaN           audi       gas        std   \n",
              "9            0               NaN           audi       gas      turbo   \n",
              "14           1               NaN            bmw       gas        std   \n",
              "15           0               NaN            bmw       gas        std   \n",
              "16           0               NaN            bmw       gas        std   \n",
              "17           0               NaN            bmw       gas        std   \n",
              "27           1               148          dodge       gas      turbo   \n",
              "43           0               NaN          isuzu       gas        std   \n",
              "44           1               NaN          isuzu       gas        std   \n",
              "45           0               NaN          isuzu       gas        std   \n",
              "46           2               NaN          isuzu       gas        std   \n",
              "48           0               NaN         jaguar       gas        std   \n",
              "49           0               NaN         jaguar       gas        std   \n",
              "55           3               150          mazda       gas        std   \n",
              "56           3               150          mazda       gas        std   \n",
              "57           3               150          mazda       gas        std   \n",
              "58           3               150          mazda       gas        std   \n",
              "63           0               NaN          mazda    diesel        std   \n",
              "66           0               NaN          mazda    diesel        std   \n",
              "71          -1               NaN  mercedes-benz       gas        std   \n",
              "73           0               NaN  mercedes-benz       gas        std   \n",
              "74           1               NaN  mercedes-benz       gas        std   \n",
              "75           1               NaN        mercury       gas      turbo   \n",
              "82           3               NaN     mitsubishi       gas      turbo   \n",
              "83           3               NaN     mitsubishi       gas      turbo   \n",
              "84           3               NaN     mitsubishi       gas      turbo   \n",
              "109          0               NaN         peugot       gas        std   \n",
              "110          0               NaN         peugot    diesel      turbo   \n",
              "113          0               NaN         peugot       gas        std   \n",
              "114          0               NaN         peugot    diesel      turbo   \n",
              "124          3               NaN       plymouth       gas      turbo   \n",
              "126          3               NaN        porsche       gas        std   \n",
              "127          3               NaN        porsche       gas        std   \n",
              "128          3               NaN        porsche       gas        std   \n",
              "129          1               NaN        porsche       gas        std   \n",
              "130          0               NaN        renault       gas        std   \n",
              "131          2               NaN        renault       gas        std   \n",
              "181         -1               NaN         toyota       gas        std   \n",
              "189          3               NaN     volkswagen       gas        std   \n",
              "191          0               NaN     volkswagen       gas        std   \n",
              "192          0               NaN     volkswagen    diesel      turbo   \n",
              "193          0               NaN     volkswagen       gas        std   \n",
              "\n",
              "    num-of-doors   body-style drive-wheels engine-location  wheel-base  ...  \\\n",
              "0            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "1            two  convertible          rwd           front        88.6  ...   \n",
              "2            two    hatchback          rwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "5            two        sedan          fwd           front        99.8  ...   \n",
              "7           four        wagon          fwd           front       105.8  ...   \n",
              "9            two    hatchback          4wd           front        99.5  ...   \n",
              "14          four        sedan          rwd           front       103.5  ...   \n",
              "15          four        sedan          rwd           front       103.5  ...   \n",
              "16           two        sedan          rwd           front       103.5  ...   \n",
              "17          four        sedan          rwd           front       110.0  ...   \n",
              "27           NaN        sedan          fwd           front        93.7  ...   \n",
              "43          four        sedan          rwd           front        94.3  ...   \n",
              "44           two        sedan          fwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "45          four        sedan          fwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "46           two    hatchback          rwd           front        96.0  ...   \n",
              "48          four        sedan          rwd           front       113.0  ...   \n",
              "49           two        sedan          rwd           front       102.0  ...   \n",
              "55           two    hatchback          rwd           front        95.3  ...   \n",
              "56           two    hatchback          rwd           front        95.3  ...   \n",
              "57           two    hatchback          rwd           front        95.3  ...   \n",
              "58           two    hatchback          rwd           front        95.3  ...   \n",
              "63           NaN        sedan          fwd           front        98.8  ...   \n",
              "66          four        sedan          rwd           front       104.9  ...   \n",
              "71          four        sedan          rwd           front       115.6  ...   \n",
              "73          four        sedan          rwd           front       120.9  ...   \n",
              "74           two      hardtop          rwd           front       112.0  ...   \n",
              "75           two    hatchback          rwd           front       102.7  ...   \n",
              "82           two    hatchback          fwd           front        95.9  ...   \n",
              "83           two    hatchback          fwd           front        95.9  ...   \n",
              "84           two    hatchback          fwd           front        95.9  ...   \n",
              "109         four        wagon          rwd           front       114.2  ...   \n",
              "110         four        wagon          rwd           front       114.2  ...   \n",
              "113         four        wagon          rwd           front       114.2  ...   \n",
              "114         four        wagon          rwd           front       114.2  ...   \n",
              "124          two    hatchback          rwd           front        95.9  ...   \n",
              "126          two      hardtop          rwd            rear        89.5  ...   \n",
              "127          two      hardtop          rwd            rear        89.5  ...   \n",
              "128          two  convertible          rwd            rear        89.5  ...   \n",
              "129          two    hatchback          rwd           front        98.4  ...   \n",
              "130         four        wagon          fwd           front        96.1  ...   \n",
              "131          two    hatchback          fwd           front        96.1  ...   \n",
              "181         four        wagon          rwd           front       104.5  ...   \n",
              "189          two  convertible          fwd           front        94.5  ...   \n",
              "191         four        sedan          fwd           front       100.4  ...   \n",
              "192         four        sedan          fwd           front       100.4  ...   \n",
              "193         four        wagon          fwd           front       100.4  ...   \n",
              "\n",
              "     engine-size  fuel-system  bore  stroke compression-ratio horsepower  \\\n",
              "0            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "1            130         mpfi  3.47    2.68               9.0        111   \n",
              "2            152         mpfi  2.68    3.47               9.0        154   \n",
              "5            136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.5        110   \n",
              "7            136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.5        110   \n",
              "9            131         mpfi  3.13    3.40               7.0        160   \n",
              "14           164         mpfi  3.31    3.19               9.0        121   \n",
              "15           209         mpfi  3.62    3.39               8.0        182   \n",
              "16           209         mpfi  3.62    3.39               8.0        182   \n",
              "17           209         mpfi  3.62    3.39               8.0        182   \n",
              "27            98         mpfi  3.03    3.39               7.6        102   \n",
              "43           111         2bbl  3.31    3.23               8.5         78   \n",
              "44            90         2bbl  3.03    3.11               9.6         70   \n",
              "45            90         2bbl  3.03    3.11               9.6         70   \n",
              "46           119         spfi  3.43    3.23               9.2         90   \n",
              "48           258         mpfi  3.63    4.17               8.1        176   \n",
              "49           326         mpfi  3.54    2.76              11.5        262   \n",
              "55            70         4bbl   NaN     NaN               9.4        101   \n",
              "56            70         4bbl   NaN     NaN               9.4        101   \n",
              "57            70         4bbl   NaN     NaN               9.4        101   \n",
              "58            80         mpfi   NaN     NaN               9.4        135   \n",
              "63           122          idi  3.39    3.39              22.7         64   \n",
              "66           134          idi  3.43    3.64              22.0         72   \n",
              "71           234         mpfi  3.46    3.10               8.3        155   \n",
              "73           308         mpfi  3.80    3.35               8.0        184   \n",
              "74           304         mpfi  3.80    3.35               8.0        184   \n",
              "75           140         mpfi  3.78    3.12               8.0        175   \n",
              "82           156         spdi  3.58    3.86               7.0        145   \n",
              "83           156         spdi  3.59    3.86               7.0        145   \n",
              "84           156         spdi  3.59    3.86               7.0        145   \n",
              "109          120         mpfi  3.46    3.19               8.4         97   \n",
              "110          152          idi  3.70    3.52              21.0         95   \n",
              "113          120         mpfi  3.46    2.19               8.4         95   \n",
              "114          152          idi  3.70    3.52              21.0         95   \n",
              "124          156         spdi  3.59    3.86               7.0        145   \n",
              "126          194         mpfi  3.74    2.90               9.5        207   \n",
              "127          194         mpfi  3.74    2.90               9.5        207   \n",
              "128          194         mpfi  3.74    2.90               9.5        207   \n",
              "129          203         mpfi  3.94    3.11              10.0        288   \n",
              "130          132         mpfi  3.46    3.90               8.7        NaN   \n",
              "131          132         mpfi  3.46    3.90               8.7        NaN   \n",
              "181          161         mpfi  3.27    3.35               9.2        156   \n",
              "189          109         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.5         90   \n",
              "191          136         mpfi  3.19    3.40               8.5        110   \n",
              "192           97          idi  3.01    3.40              23.0         68   \n",
              "193          109         mpfi  3.19    3.40               9.0         88   \n",
              "\n",
              "     peak-rpm city-mpg highway-mpg  price  \n",
              "0        5000       21          27  13495  \n",
              "1        5000       21          27  16500  \n",
              "2        5000       19          26  16500  \n",
              "5        5500       19          25  15250  \n",
              "7        5500       19          25  18920  \n",
              "9        5500       16          22    NaN  \n",
              "14       4250       20          25  24565  \n",
              "15       5400       16          22  30760  \n",
              "16       5400       16          22  41315  \n",
              "17       5400       15          20  36880  \n",
              "27       5500       24          30   8558  \n",
              "43       4800       24          29   6785  \n",
              "44       5400       38          43    NaN  \n",
              "45       5400       38          43    NaN  \n",
              "46       5000       24          29  11048  \n",
              "48       4750       15          19  35550  \n",
              "49       5000       13          17  36000  \n",
              "55       6000       17          23  10945  \n",
              "56       6000       17          23  11845  \n",
              "57       6000       17          23  13645  \n",
              "58       6000       16          23  15645  \n",
              "63       4650       36          42  10795  \n",
              "66       4200       31          39  18344  \n",
              "71       4750       16          18  34184  \n",
              "73       4500       14          16  40960  \n",
              "74       4500       14          16  45400  \n",
              "75       5000       19          24  16503  \n",
              "82       5000       19          24  12629  \n",
              "83       5000       19          24  14869  \n",
              "84       5000       19          24  14489  \n",
              "109      5000       19          24  12440  \n",
              "110      4150       25          25  13860  \n",
              "113      5000       19          24  16695  \n",
              "114      4150       25          25  17075  \n",
              "124      5000       19          24  12764  \n",
              "126      5900       17          25  32528  \n",
              "127      5900       17          25  34028  \n",
              "128      5900       17          25  37028  \n",
              "129      5750       17          28    NaN  \n",
              "130       NaN       23          31   9295  \n",
              "131       NaN       23          31   9895  \n",
              "181      5200       19          24  15750  \n",
              "189      5500       24          29  11595  \n",
              "191      5500       19          24  13295  \n",
              "192      4500       33          38  13845  \n",
              "193      5500       25          31  12290  \n",
              "\n",
              "[46 rows x 26 columns]"
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-73319b02-d1c6-4699-a0f5-7cb0c50ac8df\">\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "      <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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              "\n",
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              "        vertical-align: top;\n",
              "    }\n",
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              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>symboling</th>\n",
              "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
              "      <th>make</th>\n",
              "      <th>fuel-type</th>\n",
              "      <th>aspiration</th>\n",
              "      <th>num-of-doors</th>\n",
              "      <th>body-style</th>\n",
              "      <th>drive-wheels</th>\n",
              "      <th>engine-location</th>\n",
              "      <th>wheel-base</th>\n",
              "      <th>...</th>\n",
              "      <th>engine-size</th>\n",
              "      <th>fuel-system</th>\n",
              "      <th>bore</th>\n",
              "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
              "      <th>compression-ratio</th>\n",
              "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
              "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
              "      <th>city-mpg</th>\n",
              "      <th>highway-mpg</th>\n",
              "      <th>price</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>0</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>130</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>111</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>21</td>\n",
              "      <td>27</td>\n",
              "      <td>13495</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>1</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>88.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>130</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>111</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>21</td>\n",
              "      <td>27</td>\n",
              "      <td>16500</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>2</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>alfa-romero</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>152</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.68</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.47</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>154</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>26</td>\n",
              "      <td>16500</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>5</th>\n",
              "      <td>2</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>audi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.8</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>136</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>110</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>15250</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>7</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>audi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>105.8</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>136</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>110</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>18920</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>9</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>audi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>4wd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>99.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>131</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.13</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>160</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>22</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>14</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>bmw</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>103.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>164</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.31</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>121</td>\n",
              "      <td>4250</td>\n",
              "      <td>20</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>24565</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>15</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>bmw</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>103.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>209</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.62</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>182</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>22</td>\n",
              "      <td>30760</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>16</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>bmw</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>103.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>209</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.62</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>182</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>22</td>\n",
              "      <td>41315</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>17</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>bmw</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>110.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>209</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.62</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>182</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>15</td>\n",
              "      <td>20</td>\n",
              "      <td>36880</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>27</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>148</td>\n",
              "      <td>dodge</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>93.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>98</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.03</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>102</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>30</td>\n",
              "      <td>8558</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>43</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>isuzu</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>94.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>111</td>\n",
              "      <td>2bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.31</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.23</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>78</td>\n",
              "      <td>4800</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>29</td>\n",
              "      <td>6785</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>44</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>isuzu</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>90</td>\n",
              "      <td>2bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.03</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.11</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>70</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>38</td>\n",
              "      <td>43</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>45</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>isuzu</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>90</td>\n",
              "      <td>2bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.03</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.11</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>70</td>\n",
              "      <td>5400</td>\n",
              "      <td>38</td>\n",
              "      <td>43</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>46</th>\n",
              "      <td>2</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>isuzu</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>96.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>119</td>\n",
              "      <td>spfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.43</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.23</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>90</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>29</td>\n",
              "      <td>11048</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>48</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>jaguar</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>113.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>258</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.63</td>\n",
              "      <td>4.17</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>176</td>\n",
              "      <td>4750</td>\n",
              "      <td>15</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>35550</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>49</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>jaguar</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>102.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>326</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.54</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.76</td>\n",
              "      <td>11.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>262</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>13</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>36000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>55</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>150</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>70</td>\n",
              "      <td>4bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>101</td>\n",
              "      <td>6000</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>10945</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>56</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>150</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>70</td>\n",
              "      <td>4bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>101</td>\n",
              "      <td>6000</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>11845</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>57</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>150</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>70</td>\n",
              "      <td>4bbl</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>101</td>\n",
              "      <td>6000</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>13645</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>58</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>150</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>80</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>135</td>\n",
              "      <td>6000</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>15645</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>63</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>98.8</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>122</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.39</td>\n",
              "      <td>22.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>64</td>\n",
              "      <td>4650</td>\n",
              "      <td>36</td>\n",
              "      <td>42</td>\n",
              "      <td>10795</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>66</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mazda</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>104.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>134</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.43</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.64</td>\n",
              "      <td>22.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>72</td>\n",
              "      <td>4200</td>\n",
              "      <td>31</td>\n",
              "      <td>39</td>\n",
              "      <td>18344</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>71</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mercedes-benz</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>115.6</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>234</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.46</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.10</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.3</td>\n",
              "      <td>155</td>\n",
              "      <td>4750</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>18</td>\n",
              "      <td>34184</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>73</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mercedes-benz</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>120.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>308</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.80</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.35</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>184</td>\n",
              "      <td>4500</td>\n",
              "      <td>14</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>40960</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>74</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mercedes-benz</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hardtop</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>112.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>304</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.80</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.35</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>184</td>\n",
              "      <td>4500</td>\n",
              "      <td>14</td>\n",
              "      <td>16</td>\n",
              "      <td>45400</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>75</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mercury</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>102.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>140</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.78</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.12</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>175</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>16503</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>82</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mitsubishi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>156</td>\n",
              "      <td>spdi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.58</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.86</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>145</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>12629</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>83</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mitsubishi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>156</td>\n",
              "      <td>spdi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.86</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>145</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>14869</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>84</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>mitsubishi</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>156</td>\n",
              "      <td>spdi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.86</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>145</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>14489</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>109</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>peugot</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>114.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>120</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.46</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>97</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>12440</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>110</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>peugot</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>114.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>152</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.52</td>\n",
              "      <td>21.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>4150</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>13860</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>113</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>peugot</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>114.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>120</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.46</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>16695</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>114</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>peugot</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>114.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>152</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.52</td>\n",
              "      <td>21.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>95</td>\n",
              "      <td>4150</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>17075</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>124</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>plymouth</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.9</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>156</td>\n",
              "      <td>spdi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.86</td>\n",
              "      <td>7.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>145</td>\n",
              "      <td>5000</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>12764</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>126</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>porsche</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hardtop</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>rear</td>\n",
              "      <td>89.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>194</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.74</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.90</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>207</td>\n",
              "      <td>5900</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>32528</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>127</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>porsche</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hardtop</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>rear</td>\n",
              "      <td>89.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>194</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.74</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.90</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>207</td>\n",
              "      <td>5900</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>34028</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>128</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>porsche</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>rear</td>\n",
              "      <td>89.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>194</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.74</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.90</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>207</td>\n",
              "      <td>5900</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>37028</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>129</th>\n",
              "      <td>1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>porsche</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>98.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>203</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.94</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.11</td>\n",
              "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>288</td>\n",
              "      <td>5750</td>\n",
              "      <td>17</td>\n",
              "      <td>28</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>130</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>renault</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>96.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>132</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.46</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.90</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>31</td>\n",
              "      <td>9295</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>131</th>\n",
              "      <td>2</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>renault</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>hatchback</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>96.1</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>132</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.46</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.90</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.7</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>23</td>\n",
              "      <td>31</td>\n",
              "      <td>9895</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>181</th>\n",
              "      <td>-1</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>toyota</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>rwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>104.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>161</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.27</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.35</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.2</td>\n",
              "      <td>156</td>\n",
              "      <td>5200</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>15750</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>189</th>\n",
              "      <td>3</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>volkswagen</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>two</td>\n",
              "      <td>convertible</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>94.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>109</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>90</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>29</td>\n",
              "      <td>11595</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>191</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>volkswagen</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>100.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>136</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>8.5</td>\n",
              "      <td>110</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>19</td>\n",
              "      <td>24</td>\n",
              "      <td>13295</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>192</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>volkswagen</td>\n",
              "      <td>diesel</td>\n",
              "      <td>turbo</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>sedan</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>100.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>97</td>\n",
              "      <td>idi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.01</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>23.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>68</td>\n",
              "      <td>4500</td>\n",
              "      <td>33</td>\n",
              "      <td>38</td>\n",
              "      <td>13845</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>193</th>\n",
              "      <td>0</td>\n",
              "      <td>NaN</td>\n",
              "      <td>volkswagen</td>\n",
              "      <td>gas</td>\n",
              "      <td>std</td>\n",
              "      <td>four</td>\n",
              "      <td>wagon</td>\n",
              "      <td>fwd</td>\n",
              "      <td>front</td>\n",
              "      <td>100.4</td>\n",
              "      <td>...</td>\n",
              "      <td>109</td>\n",
              "      <td>mpfi</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.40</td>\n",
              "      <td>9.0</td>\n",
              "      <td>88</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500</td>\n",
              "      <td>25</td>\n",
              "      <td>31</td>\n",
              "      <td>12290</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </tbody>\n",
              "</table>\n",
              "<p>46 rows × 26 columns</p>\n",
              "</div>\n",
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              "      \n",
              "  <style>\n",
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              "  "
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 12
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "By this we can see that there are 46 rows having atleast 1 missing value"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "s6pcPRDR-tor"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Now we are going to check if there is any row or column having all null values.\n",
        "So that we can delete that entire row or column"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "1y71fihQ-5Km"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.isnull().all(axis=0).sum() #for columns having all missing value"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "xPdtQWNu-_g4",
        "outputId": "03d16c23-e133-461e-f87f-f734915bb6c1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 13
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.isnull().all(axis=1).sum() #for rows having all missing values"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "XSdnNBF2_NZo",
        "outputId": "b78fa96b-545f-4f8a-87a1-20403aaff82e"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 14
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "So from the above command we got to know that there is no column or row exist which has all the null values."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "rHQTU-v0_dhQ"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Now, let's find out the percentage of missing value each column holds"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "hVZRevk8_mYc"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "round(df.isnull().sum().sort_values(ascending = False)/len(df) * 100,2)\n",
        "#we got all the columns missing value percentage on the top using 'ascending = False'"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "aA8Q3OhF_wYy",
        "outputId": "d1bc0f6e-3983-4c78-ca3e-b61a1afeb303"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "normalized-losses    20.00\n",
              "price                 1.95\n",
              "stroke                1.95\n",
              "bore                  1.95\n",
              "peak-rpm              0.98\n",
              "num-of-doors          0.98\n",
              "horsepower            0.98\n",
              "engine-type           0.00\n",
              "highway-mpg           0.00\n",
              "city-mpg              0.00\n",
              "compression-ratio     0.00\n",
              "fuel-system           0.00\n",
              "engine-size           0.00\n",
              "num-of-cylinders      0.00\n",
              "symboling             0.00\n",
              "height                0.00\n",
              "width                 0.00\n",
              "length                0.00\n",
              "wheel-base            0.00\n",
              "engine-location       0.00\n",
              "drive-wheels          0.00\n",
              "body-style            0.00\n",
              "aspiration            0.00\n",
              "fuel-type             0.00\n",
              "make                  0.00\n",
              "curb-weight           0.00\n",
              "dtype: float64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 15
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "According to the results it has been found that:\n",
        "\n",
        "Normalized Losses is the column having the most null values of about 20.00 %.\n",
        "Price,Stroke and Bore are the columns containing 1.95% null values each.\n",
        "Peak RPM,Horsepower and No. of Doors are the columns containing 0.98 % null values each."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "fVQbiGblCOoG"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#Filling the missing values"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "IQ8jGGpqCbvn"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Now we know every detail of the missing values in the dataset and we will now fill the null values.\n",
        "\n",
        "We will replace the null values with the mean of the values of that particular column.\n",
        "\n",
        "In order to do that, the data type of the particular columns should be in floating types, otherwise we will not be able to find the mean of that particular column.\n",
        "\n",
        "Changing the data types of the target columns.\n",
        "\n",
        "**normalized-losses    **\n",
        "**price  **               \n",
        "**stroke  **              \n",
        "**bore     **             \n",
        "**peak-rpm   **     \n",
        "num-of-doors          \n",
        "**horsepower **\n",
        "\n",
        "As '**No. of Doors**' column is a categorical data it can't be change into float data type. We will deal with this column later.\n",
        "\n",
        "First we will change the data type of the target columns excluding 'No. of Doors'."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "dzq9yR-2CdzU"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df[['normalized-losses','price','stroke','bore','peak-rpm','horsepower']] = df[['normalized-losses','price','stroke','bore','peak-rpm','horsepower']].apply(pd.to_numeric)\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "yiYllyemDNS5"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "#now since we tried changing the dtype of these columns, so let's check if we can calculate their mean or not\n",
        "df[['normalized-losses','price','stroke','bore','peak-rpm','horsepower']].describe()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/",
          "height": 279
        },
        "id": "dz74XJzoE0bb",
        "outputId": "fe148457-f7b7-43fa-b22d-5914eee362c7"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "       normalized-losses         price      stroke        bore     peak-rpm  \\\n",
              "count         164.000000    201.000000  201.000000  201.000000   203.000000   \n",
              "mean          122.000000  13207.129353    3.255423    3.329751  5125.369458   \n",
              "std            35.442168   7947.066342    0.316717    0.273539   479.334560   \n",
              "min            65.000000   5118.000000    2.070000    2.540000  4150.000000   \n",
              "25%            94.000000   7775.000000    3.110000    3.150000  4800.000000   \n",
              "50%           115.000000  10295.000000    3.290000    3.310000  5200.000000   \n",
              "75%           150.000000  16500.000000    3.410000    3.590000  5500.000000   \n",
              "max           256.000000  45400.000000    4.170000    3.940000  6600.000000   \n",
              "\n",
              "       horsepower  \n",
              "count  203.000000  \n",
              "mean   104.256158  \n",
              "std     39.714369  \n",
              "min     48.000000  \n",
              "25%     70.000000  \n",
              "50%     95.000000  \n",
              "75%    116.000000  \n",
              "max    288.000000  "
            ],
            "text/html": [
              "\n",
              "  <div id=\"df-0cb44e65-5db6-4d28-a0ff-e56d2edb8b4a\">\n",
              "    <div class=\"colab-df-container\">\n",
              "      <div>\n",
              "<style scoped>\n",
              "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
              "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
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              "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
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              "\n",
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              "        text-align: right;\n",
              "    }\n",
              "</style>\n",
              "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
              "  <thead>\n",
              "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
              "      <th></th>\n",
              "      <th>normalized-losses</th>\n",
              "      <th>price</th>\n",
              "      <th>stroke</th>\n",
              "      <th>bore</th>\n",
              "      <th>peak-rpm</th>\n",
              "      <th>horsepower</th>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "  </thead>\n",
              "  <tbody>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>count</th>\n",
              "      <td>164.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>201.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>201.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>201.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>203.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>203.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>mean</th>\n",
              "      <td>122.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>13207.129353</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.255423</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.329751</td>\n",
              "      <td>5125.369458</td>\n",
              "      <td>104.256158</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>std</th>\n",
              "      <td>35.442168</td>\n",
              "      <td>7947.066342</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.316717</td>\n",
              "      <td>0.273539</td>\n",
              "      <td>479.334560</td>\n",
              "      <td>39.714369</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>min</th>\n",
              "      <td>65.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>5118.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.070000</td>\n",
              "      <td>2.540000</td>\n",
              "      <td>4150.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>48.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>25%</th>\n",
              "      <td>94.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>7775.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.110000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.150000</td>\n",
              "      <td>4800.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>70.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>50%</th>\n",
              "      <td>115.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>10295.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.290000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.310000</td>\n",
              "      <td>5200.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>95.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>75%</th>\n",
              "      <td>150.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>16500.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.410000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.590000</td>\n",
              "      <td>5500.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>116.000000</td>\n",
              "    </tr>\n",
              "    <tr>\n",
              "      <th>max</th>\n",
              "      <td>256.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>45400.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>4.170000</td>\n",
              "      <td>3.940000</td>\n",
              "      <td>6600.000000</td>\n",
              "      <td>288.000000</td>\n",
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            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 21
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "So it is clear that we can find out the mean of the each target columns.\n",
        "\n",
        "Replacing the null values in 'Normalized Losses' column with the mean of the column i.e. 122.\n",
        "\n",
        "Let us deal with the 'Normalized Losses' column first as it contains the most number of null values. We will replace the null values with its mean which is 122."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "aObSoWJaFmlQ"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.loc[:, 'normalized-losses'].fillna(df['normalized-losses'].mean(),inplace = False) #inplace=False (default) used to get the new copy of data"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "WCf_jgROFse9",
        "outputId": "a6cfa359-91c0-467a-8b0e-210bdb9e4f42"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "0      122.0\n",
              "1      122.0\n",
              "2      122.0\n",
              "3      164.0\n",
              "4      164.0\n",
              "       ...  \n",
              "200     95.0\n",
              "201     95.0\n",
              "202     95.0\n",
              "203     95.0\n",
              "204     95.0\n",
              "Name: normalized-losses, Length: 205, dtype: float64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 23
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "It looks like all the null values are replaced with the mean value of the column.\n",
        "\n",
        "Let's check whether actually all the null values are gone or not."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "8TRFiHgbG16E"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "round(df.isnull().sum().sort_values(ascending = False)/len(df) * 100,2)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "6W3mieB2G2yk",
        "outputId": "9a052297-b146-41c1-ec89-d32e0b5e77d3"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "price                1.95\n",
              "stroke               1.95\n",
              "bore                 1.95\n",
              "peak-rpm             0.98\n",
              "num-of-doors         0.98\n",
              "horsepower           0.98\n",
              "engine-type          0.00\n",
              "highway-mpg          0.00\n",
              "city-mpg             0.00\n",
              "compression-ratio    0.00\n",
              "fuel-system          0.00\n",
              "engine-size          0.00\n",
              "num-of-cylinders     0.00\n",
              "symboling            0.00\n",
              "normalized-losses    0.00\n",
              "height               0.00\n",
              "width                0.00\n",
              "length               0.00\n",
              "wheel-base           0.00\n",
              "engine-location      0.00\n",
              "drive-wheels         0.00\n",
              "body-style           0.00\n",
              "aspiration           0.00\n",
              "fuel-type            0.00\n",
              "make                 0.00\n",
              "curb-weight          0.00\n",
              "dtype: float64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 24
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "It is clear from the abpve results that there is no null value left in the 'Normalized Losses' column.\n",
        "\n",
        "Similarly performing the same procedure with the rest of the target columns.\n",
        "We will apply the same method for filling the null values as we did in the previous step."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "Zf_Zo-V8HH3a"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.loc[:, 'price'].fillna(df['price'].mean(),inplace = True)\n",
        "df.loc[:, 'stroke'].fillna(df['stroke'].mean(),inplace = True)\n",
        "df.loc[:, 'bore'].fillna(df['bore'].mean(),inplace = True)\n",
        "df.loc[:, 'peak-rpm'].fillna(df['peak-rpm'].mean(),inplace = True)\n",
        "df.loc[:, 'horsepower'].fillna(df['horsepower'].mean(),inplace = True)\n"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "MdZvu5QkHPd1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "Now, let's check again if all the null values are gone or not"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "vR34z-ArH8Oo"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "round(df.isnull().sum().sort_values(ascending = False)/len(df) * 100,2)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "Ts7LtVXAIKzn",
        "outputId": "7d3dcb55-0864-43c2-b8b9-b1aa284a3c7f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "num-of-doors         0.98\n",
              "symboling            0.00\n",
              "engine-type          0.00\n",
              "highway-mpg          0.00\n",
              "city-mpg             0.00\n",
              "peak-rpm             0.00\n",
              "horsepower           0.00\n",
              "compression-ratio    0.00\n",
              "stroke               0.00\n",
              "bore                 0.00\n",
              "fuel-system          0.00\n",
              "engine-size          0.00\n",
              "num-of-cylinders     0.00\n",
              "curb-weight          0.00\n",
              "normalized-losses    0.00\n",
              "height               0.00\n",
              "width                0.00\n",
              "length               0.00\n",
              "wheel-base           0.00\n",
              "engine-location      0.00\n",
              "drive-wheels         0.00\n",
              "body-style           0.00\n",
              "aspiration           0.00\n",
              "fuel-type            0.00\n",
              "make                 0.00\n",
              "price                0.00\n",
              "dtype: float64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 26
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "The null values have been filled successfully except in 'No. of Doors' column.\n",
        "\n",
        "Filling the null values in 'No. of Doors' columns.\n",
        "\n",
        "In this case the data the data is categorical so we first need to look at the data finding the unique values of it."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-qUTSDYmIU59"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df['num-of-doors'].unique()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "buZZ-LpLIYFG",
        "outputId": "88c6e751-f9cc-4e85-e3fc-589f11b47cb1"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "array(['two', 'four', nan], dtype=object)"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 33
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "So it is clear from the above results that there are two unique values under which the column is classified, that is 'two' and 'four'\n",
        "\n",
        "As it is a categorical data the 'mean' method won't work here. In this case we need to count the number of these categorical indicators. The indicator which has more number of counts will be used in filling the null value."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "oMhX0k-4JGjf"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df['num-of-doors'].astype('category').value_counts()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "nCyarVIqJORE",
        "outputId": "363e5dbe-8b92-4ecf-c52c-aa495f025b3f"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "four    114\n",
              "two      89\n",
              "Name: num-of-doors, dtype: int64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 32
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "The above result indicates that there are more number of cars having 'four' doors than 'two' doors. So, accordingly we will use the 'four' indicator to fill the null values."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "w5y6KoIhJtrO"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df.loc[:, 'num-of-doors'].fillna('four', inplace = True)"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "JnMjWNJ8Ju0o"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": []
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "code",
      "source": [
        "df['num-of-doors'].astype('category').value_counts()"
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "colab": {
          "base_uri": "https://localhost:8080/"
        },
        "id": "dNGw8DNXKDqT",
        "outputId": "37b75060-d950-430a-d400-65c0e2203078"
      },
      "execution_count": null,
      "outputs": [
        {
          "output_type": "execute_result",
          "data": {
            "text/plain": [
              "four    116\n",
              "two      89\n",
              "Name: num-of-doors, dtype: int64"
            ]
          },
          "metadata": {},
          "execution_count": 36
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "#We have successfully removed all the null values and hence we have cleaned our whole dataset in this way."
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "-zVQjPqOKQNB"
      }
    },
    {
      "cell_type": "markdown",
      "source": [
        "6. Summary and Conclusion:\n",
        "\n",
        ">>The raw data was imported.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>The null values was counted.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>All the null values was replaced by the columns's mean value.\n",
        "\n",
        ">>In the 'num-of-doors' column the null values are replaced by the most numbered categorical indicator.\n",
        "\n",
        "\n",
        "Hence the 'Automobile Dataset' is cleaned.\n",
        ""
      ],
      "metadata": {
        "id": "w03Z3M2aKfFS"
      }
    }
  ]
}