meep.hpp

/* Copyright (C) 2005-2015 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
%
%  This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
%  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
%  the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
%  any later version.
%
%  This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
%  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
%  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
%  GNU General Public License for more details.
%
%  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
%  along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
%  Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
*/
#ifndef MEEP_H
#define MEEP_H

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "meep/vec.hpp"
#include "meep/mympi.hpp"

#include <vector>

namespace meep {

/* We use the type realnum for large arrays, e.g. the fields.
   For local variables and small arrays, we use double precision,
   but for things like the fields we can often get away with
   single precision (since the errors are not dominated by roundoff).
   However, we will default to using double-precision for large
   arrays, as the factor of two in memory and the moderate increase
   in speed currently don't seem worth the loss of precision. */
#define MEEP_SINGLE 0 // 1 for single precision, 0 for double
#if MEEP_SINGLE
typedef float realnum;
#else
typedef double realnum;
#endif

extern bool quiet; // if true, suppress all non-error messages from Meep

const double pi = 3.141592653589793238462643383276;

const double infinity = HUGE_VAL;

#ifdef NAN
const double nan = NAN;
#else
const double nan = -7.0415659787563146e103; // ideally, a value never encountered in practice
#endif

/* generic base class, only used by subclassing: represents susceptibility
   polarizability vector P = chi(omega) W  (where W = E or H). */
class susceptibility {
public:
  susceptibility() { id = cur_id++; ntot = 0; next = NULL;
    FOR_COMPONENTS(c) FOR_DIRECTIONS(d) {
      sigma[c][d] = NULL; trivial_sigma[c][d] = true; } }
  susceptibility(const susceptibility &s) { id = s.id; ntot = s.ntot;
    next = NULL; FOR_COMPONENTS(c) FOR_DIRECTIONS(d) {
      sigma[c][d] = NULL; trivial_sigma[c][d] = true; } }
  virtual susceptibility *clone() const;
  virtual ~susceptibility() {
    FOR_COMPONENTS(c) FOR_DIRECTIONS(d) delete[] sigma[c][d];
    delete next; }

  int get_id() const { return id; }
  bool operator==(const susceptibility &s) const { return id == s.id; };

  // update all of the internal polarization state given the W field
  // at the current time step, possibly the previous field W_prev, etc.
  virtual void update_P(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			realnum *W_prev[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			double dt, const grid_volume &gv,
			void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) P; (void) W; (void) W_prev; (void) dt; (void) gv;
    (void) P_internal_data; // avoid warnings for unused params
  }

  // subtract all of the internal polarizations from the given f_minus_p
  // field.  Also given the fields array if it is needed for some reason.
  // Only update for ft fields.
  virtual void subtract_P(field_type ft,
			  realnum *f_minus_p[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			  void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) ft; (void) f_minus_p; (void) P_internal_data;
  }

  // whether, for the given field W, Meep needs to allocate P[c]
  virtual bool needs_P(component c, int cmp,
		       realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]) const;

  // whether update_P will need the notowned part of W for this c
  // (which means that Meep will need to communicate it between chunks)
  virtual bool needs_W_notowned(component c,
				realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]) const;

  // whether update_P needs the W_prev field (from the previous timestep)
  virtual bool needs_W_prev() const { return false; }

  /* A susceptibility may be associated with any amount of internal
     data need to update the polarization field.  This includes the
     polarization field(s) itself.  It may also, for example, store
     the polarization field from previous timesteps, atomic-level
     populations, or other data.  These routines return the size of
     this internal-data array and initialize it. */
  virtual void* new_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
				  const grid_volume &gv) const {
    (void) W; (void) gv; return 0;
  }
  virtual void delete_internal_data(void *data) const;
  virtual void init_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			 double dt, const grid_volume &gv, void *data) const {
    (void) W; (void) dt; (void) gv; (void) data; }
  virtual void *copy_internal_data(void *data) const { (void)data; return 0; }

  /* The following methods are used in boundaries.cpp to set up any
     extra communications that may be necessary at chunk boundaries
     for the internal data of a susceptibility's polarization
     state. */

  /* the number of notowned fields/data in the internal data that
     are needed by update_P for the c Yee grid (note: we assume that we only
     have internal data for c's where we have external polarizations) */
  virtual int num_internal_notowned_needed(component c,
					   void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) c; (void) P_internal_data; return 0; }
  /* the offset into the internal data of the n'th Yee-grid point in
     the c Yee grid for the inotowned internal field, where
     0 <= inotowned < size_internal_notowned_needed. */
  virtual realnum *internal_notowned_ptr(int inotowned, component c, int n,
					 void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) inotowned; (void) n; (void) c; (void) P_internal_data; return 0; }

  /* same thing as above, except this gives (possibly complex)
     internal fields that need to be multiplied by the same phase
     factor as the fields at boundaries.  Note: we assume internal fields
     are complex if and only if !is_real (i.e. if EM fields are complex) */
  virtual int num_cinternal_notowned_needed(component c,
					   void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) c; (void) P_internal_data; return 0; }
  // real/imaginary parts offsets for cmp = 0/1
  virtual realnum *cinternal_notowned_ptr(int inotowned, component c, int cmp,
					  int n,
					  void *P_internal_data) const {
    (void) inotowned; (void) n; (void) c; (void) cmp; (void) P_internal_data;
    return 0; }

  susceptibility *next;
  int ntot;
  realnum *sigma[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5];

  /* trivial_sigma[c][d] is true only if *none* of the processes has a
     nontrivial sigma (c,d) component.  This differs, from sigma,
     which is non-NULL only if *this* process needs a nontrivial sigma
     (c,d).  Coordinated between processes at add_susceptibility, no
     communication elsewhere.  (We need this for boundary
     communcations between chunks, where one chunk might have sigma ==
     0 and the other != 0.) */
  bool trivial_sigma[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5];

private:
  static int cur_id; // unique id to assign to next susceptibility object
  int id; // id for this object and its clones, for comparison purposes
};

/* a Lorentzian susceptibility
   \chi(\omega) = sigma * omega_0^2 / (\omega_0^2 - \omega^2 - i\gamma \omega)
  If no_omega_0_denominator is true, then we omit the omega_0^2 factor in the
  denominator to obtain a Drude model. */
class lorentzian_susceptibility : public susceptibility {
public:
  lorentzian_susceptibility(double omega_0, double gamma, bool no_omega_0_denominator = false) : omega_0(omega_0), gamma(gamma), no_omega_0_denominator(no_omega_0_denominator) {}
  virtual susceptibility *clone() const { return new lorentzian_susceptibility(*this); }
  virtual ~lorentzian_susceptibility() {}

  virtual void update_P(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			realnum *W_prev[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			double dt, const grid_volume &gv,
			void *P_internal_data) const;

  virtual void subtract_P(field_type ft,
			  realnum *f_minus_p[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			  void *P_internal_data) const;

  virtual void *new_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
				  const grid_volume &gv) const;
  virtual void init_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			  double dt, const grid_volume &gv, void *data) const;
  virtual void *copy_internal_data(void *data) const;

  virtual int num_cinternal_notowned_needed(component c,
					    void *P_internal_data) const;
  virtual realnum *cinternal_notowned_ptr(int inotowned, component c, int cmp,
					  int n,
					  void *P_internal_data) const;
protected:
  double omega_0, gamma;
  bool no_omega_0_denominator;
};

/* like a Lorentzian susceptibility, but the polarization equation
   includes white noise with a specified amplitude */
class noisy_lorentzian_susceptibility : public lorentzian_susceptibility {
public:
  noisy_lorentzian_susceptibility(double noise_amp, double omega_0, double gamma, bool no_omega_0_denominator = false) : lorentzian_susceptibility(omega_0, gamma, no_omega_0_denominator), noise_amp(noise_amp) {}

  virtual susceptibility *clone() const { return new noisy_lorentzian_susceptibility(*this); }

  virtual void update_P(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			realnum *W_prev[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			double dt, const grid_volume &gv,
			void *P_internal_data) const;

protected:
  double noise_amp;
};

class multilevel_susceptibility : public susceptibility {
public:
  multilevel_susceptibility() : L(0), T(0), Gamma(0), N0(0), alpha(0), omega(0), gamma(0) {}
  multilevel_susceptibility(int L, int T,
			    const realnum *Gamma,
			    const realnum *N0,
			    const realnum *alpha,
			    const realnum *omega,
			    const realnum *gamma,
			    const realnum *sigmat);
  multilevel_susceptibility(const multilevel_susceptibility &from);
  virtual susceptibility *clone() const { return new multilevel_susceptibility(*this); }
  virtual ~multilevel_susceptibility();

  virtual void update_P(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			realnum *W_prev[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			double dt, const grid_volume &gv,
			void *P_internal_data) const;

  virtual void subtract_P(field_type ft,
			  realnum *f_minus_p[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
			  void *P_internal_data) const;

  virtual void *new_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
				  const grid_volume &gv) const;
  virtual void init_internal_data(realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2],
				  double dt, const grid_volume &gv,
				  void *data) const;
  virtual void *copy_internal_data(void *data) const;
  virtual void delete_internal_data(void *data) const;

  virtual int num_cinternal_notowned_needed(component c,
					    void *P_internal_data) const;
  virtual realnum *cinternal_notowned_ptr(int inotowned, component c, int cmp,
					  int n,
					  void *P_internal_data) const;

  // always need notowned W and W_prev for E dot dP/dt terms
  virtual bool needs_W_notowned(component c,
				realnum *W[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]) const {
    (void) c; (void) W;
    return true;
  }
  virtual bool needs_W_prev() const { return true; }

protected:
  int L; // number of atom levels
  int T; // number of optical transitions
  realnum *Gamma; // LxL matrix of relaxation rates Gamma[i*L+j] from i -> j
  realnum *N0; // L initial populations
  realnum *alpha; // LxT matrix of transition coefficients 1/omega
  realnum *omega; // T transition frequencies
  realnum *gamma; // T optical loss rates
  realnum *sigmat; // 5*T transition-specific sigma-diagonal factors
};

class grace;

// h5file.cpp: HDF5 file I/O.  Most users, if they use this
// class at all, will only use the constructor to open the file, and
// will otherwise use the fields::output_hdf5 functions.
class h5file {
public:
  typedef enum {
    READONLY, READWRITE, WRITE
  } access_mode;

  h5file(const char *filename_, access_mode m=READWRITE, bool parallel_=true);
  ~h5file(); // closes the files (and any open dataset)

  bool ok();

  realnum *read(const char *dataname, int *rank, int *dims, int maxrank);
  void write(const char *dataname, int rank, const int *dims, realnum *data,
	     bool single_precision = true);

  char *read(const char *dataname);
  void write(const char *dataname, const char *data);

  void create_data(const char *dataname, int rank, const int *dims,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = true);
  void extend_data(const char *dataname, int rank, const int *dims);
  void create_or_extend_data(const char *dataname, int rank,
			     const int *dims,
			     bool append_data, bool single_precision);
  void write_chunk(int rank, const int *chunk_start, const int *chunk_dims,
		   realnum *data);
  void done_writing_chunks();

  void read_size(const char *dataname, int *rank, int *dims, int maxrank);
  void read_chunk(int rank, const int *chunk_start, const int *chunk_dims,
		  realnum *data);

  void remove();
  void remove_data(const char *dataname);

  const char *file_name() const { return filename; }

  void prevent_deadlock(); // hackery for exclusive mode
private:
  access_mode mode;
  char *filename;
  bool parallel;

  bool is_cur(const char *dataname);
  void unset_cur();
  void set_cur(const char *dataname, void *data_id);
  char *cur_dataname;

  /* linked list to keep track of which datasets we are extending...
     this is necessary so that create_or_extend_data can know whether
     to create (overwrite) a dataset or extend it. */
  struct extending_s {
    int dindex;
    char *dataname;
    struct extending_s *next;
  } *extending;
  extending_s *get_extending(const char *dataname) const;

  /* store hid_t values as hid_t* cast to void*, so that
     files including meep.h don't need hdf5.h */
  void *id; /* file */
  void *cur_id; /* dataset, if any */

  void *get_id(); // get current (file) id, opening/creating file if needed
  void close_id();
};

typedef double (*pml_profile_func)(double u, void *func_data);

#define DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL 1e-4
#define DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL 100000

/* This class is used to compute position-dependent material properties
   like the dielectric function, permeability (mu), polarizability sigma,
   nonlinearities, et cetera.  Simple cases of stateless functions are
   handled by canned subclasses below, but more complicated cases
   can be handled by creating a user-defined subclass of material_function.
   It is useful to group different properties into one class because
   it is likely that complicated implementations will share state between
   properties. */
class material_function {
  material_function(const material_function &ef) {(void)ef;} // prevent copying
public:
  material_function() {}
  virtual ~material_function() {}

  /* Specify a restricted grid_volume: all subsequent eps/sigma/etc
     calls will be for points inside v, until the next set_volume. */
  virtual void set_volume(const volume &v) {(void)v;}
  virtual void unset_volume(void) {} // unrestrict the grid_volume

  virtual double chi1p1(field_type ft, const vec &r) { (void)ft; (void)r; return 1.0; }

  /* scalar dielectric function */
  virtual double eps(const vec &r) { return chi1p1(E_stuff, r);  }

  /* scalar permeability function */
  virtual bool has_mu() { return false; } /* true if mu != 1 */
  virtual double mu(const vec &r) { return chi1p1(H_stuff, r);  }

  /* scalar conductivity function */
  virtual bool has_conductivity(component c) { (void)c; return false; }
  virtual double conductivity(component c, const vec &r) {
    (void) c; (void)r; return 0.0; }

  // fallback routine based on spherical quadrature
  vec normal_vector(field_type ft, const volume &v);

  /* Return c'th row of effective 1/(1+chi1) tensor in the given grid_volume v
     ... virtual so that e.g. libctl can override with more-efficient
     libctlgeom-based routines.  maxeval == 0 if no averaging desired. */
  virtual void eff_chi1inv_row(component c, double chi1inv_row[3],
			       const volume &v,
			       double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
			       int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);

  /* polarizability sigma function: return c'th row of tensor */
  virtual void sigma_row(component c, double sigrow[3], const vec &r) {
    (void) c; (void) r; sigrow[0] = sigrow[1] = sigrow[2] = 0.0;
  }

  // Nonlinear susceptibilities
  virtual bool has_chi3(component c) { (void)c; return false; }
  virtual double chi3(component c, const vec &r) { (void)c; (void)r; return 0.0; }
  virtual bool has_chi2(component c) { (void)c; return false; }
  virtual double chi2(component c, const vec &r) { (void)c; (void)r; return 0.0; }
};

class simple_material_function : public material_function {
  double (*f)(const vec &);

public:
  simple_material_function(double (*func)(const vec &)) { f = func; }

  virtual ~simple_material_function() {}

  virtual double chi1p1(field_type ft, const vec &r) { (void)ft; return f(r); }
  virtual double eps(const vec &r) { return f(r); }
  virtual double mu(const vec &r) { return f(r); }
  virtual double conductivity(component c, const vec &r) {
    (void)c; return f(r); }
  virtual void sigma_row(component c, double sigrow[3], const vec &r) {
    sigrow[0] = sigrow[1] = sigrow[2] = 0.0;
    sigrow[component_index(c)] = f(r);
  }
  virtual double chi3(component c, const vec &r) { (void)c; return f(r); }
  virtual double chi2(component c, const vec &r) { (void)c; return f(r); }
};

class structure;

class structure_chunk {
 public:
  double a, Courant, dt; // res. a, Courant num., and timestep dt=Courant/a
  realnum *chi3[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS], *chi2[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS];
  realnum *chi1inv[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5];
  bool trivial_chi1inv[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5];
  realnum *conductivity[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5];
  realnum *condinv[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][5]; // cache of 1/(1+conduct*dt/2)
  bool condinv_stale; // true if condinv needs to be recomputed
  double *sig[5], *kap[5], *siginv[5]; // conductivity array for uPML
  int sigsize[5]; // conductivity array size
  grid_volume gv;  // integer grid_volume that could be bigger than non-overlapping v below
  volume v;
  susceptibility *chiP[NUM_FIELD_TYPES]; // only E_stuff and H_stuff are used

  int refcount; // reference count of objects using this structure_chunk

  ~structure_chunk();
  structure_chunk(const grid_volume &gv,
            const volume &vol_limit, double Courant, int proc_num);
  structure_chunk(const structure_chunk *);
  void set_chi1inv(component c, material_function &eps,
                   bool use_anisotropic_averaging,
		   double tol, int maxeval);
  bool has_chi(component c, direction d) const;
  bool has_chisigma(component c, direction d) const;
  bool has_chi1inv(component c, direction d) const;
  void set_conductivity(component c, material_function &eps);
  void update_condinv();
  void set_chi3(component c, material_function &eps);
  void set_chi2(component c, material_function &eps);
  void use_pml(direction, double dx, double boundary_loc,
	       double Rasymptotic, double mean_stretch,
	       pml_profile_func pml_profile, void *pml_profile_data,
	       double pml_profile_integral, double pml_profile_integral_u);

  void add_susceptibility(material_function &sigma, field_type ft,
			  const susceptibility &sus);

  void mix_with(const structure_chunk *, double);

  int n_proc() const { return the_proc; } // Says which proc owns me!
  int is_mine() const { return the_is_mine; }

  void remove_susceptibilities();

  // monitor.cpp
  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const ivec &iloc) const;
  double get_inveps(component c, direction d, const ivec &iloc) const {
    return get_chi1inv(c, d, iloc); }
  double max_eps() const;
 private:
  double pml_fmin;
  int the_proc;
  int the_is_mine;
};

double pml_quadratic_profile(double, void*);

// linked list of descriptors for boundary regions (currently just for PML)
class boundary_region {
public:
  typedef enum { NOTHING_SPECIAL, PML } boundary_region_kind;

  boundary_region() :
    kind(NOTHING_SPECIAL), thickness(0.0), Rasymptotic(1e-16), mean_stretch(1.0), pml_profile(NULL), pml_profile_data(NULL), pml_profile_integral(1.0), pml_profile_integral_u(1.0), d(NO_DIRECTION), side(Low), next(0) {}
  boundary_region(boundary_region_kind kind, double thickness, double Rasymptotic, double mean_stretch, pml_profile_func pml_profile, void* pml_profile_data, double pml_profile_integral, double pml_profile_integral_u, direction d, boundary_side side, boundary_region *next = 0) : kind(kind), thickness(thickness), Rasymptotic(Rasymptotic), mean_stretch(mean_stretch), pml_profile(pml_profile), pml_profile_data(pml_profile_data), pml_profile_integral(pml_profile_integral), pml_profile_integral_u(pml_profile_integral_u), d(d), side(side), next(next) {}

  boundary_region(const boundary_region &r) : kind(r.kind), thickness(r.thickness), Rasymptotic(r.Rasymptotic), mean_stretch(r.mean_stretch), pml_profile(r.pml_profile), pml_profile_data(r.pml_profile_data), pml_profile_integral(r.pml_profile_integral), pml_profile_integral_u(r.pml_profile_integral_u), d(r.d), side(r.side) {
    next = r.next ? new boundary_region(*r.next) : 0;
  }

  ~boundary_region() { if (next) delete next; }

  void operator=(const boundary_region &r) {
    kind = r.kind; thickness = r.thickness; Rasymptotic = r.Rasymptotic; mean_stretch = r.mean_stretch;
    pml_profile = r.pml_profile; pml_profile_data = r.pml_profile_data;
    pml_profile_integral = r.pml_profile_integral;
    pml_profile_integral_u = r.pml_profile_integral_u;
    d = r.d; side = r.side;
    if (next) delete next;
    next = r.next ? new boundary_region(*r.next) : 0;
  }
  boundary_region operator+(const boundary_region &r0) const {
    boundary_region r(*this), *cur = &r;
    while (cur->next) cur = cur->next;
    cur->next = new boundary_region(r0);
    return r;
  }

  boundary_region operator*(double strength_mult) const {
    boundary_region r(*this), *cur = &r;
    while (cur) {
      cur->Rasymptotic = pow(cur->Rasymptotic, strength_mult);
      cur = cur->next;
    }
    return r;
  }

  void apply(structure *s) const;
  void apply(const structure *s, structure_chunk *sc) const;
  bool check_ok(const grid_volume &gv) const;

private:
  boundary_region_kind kind;
  double thickness, Rasymptotic, mean_stretch;
  pml_profile_func pml_profile;
  void *pml_profile_data;
  double pml_profile_integral, pml_profile_integral_u;
  direction d;
  boundary_side side;
  boundary_region *next;
};

boundary_region pml(double thickness, direction d, boundary_side side,
		    double Rasymptotic = 1e-15, double mean_stretch = 1.0);
boundary_region pml(double thickness, direction d,
		    double Rasymptotic = 1e-15, double mean_stretch = 1.0);
boundary_region pml(double thickness,
		    double Rasymptotic = 1e-15, double mean_stretch = 1.0);
#define no_pml() boundary_region()

class structure {
 public:
  structure_chunk **chunks;
  int num_chunks;
  grid_volume gv, user_volume;
  double a, Courant, dt; // res. a, Courant num., and timestep dt=Courant/a
  volume v;
  symmetry S;
  const char *outdir;
  grid_volume *effort_volumes;
  double *effort;
  int num_effort_volumes;

  ~structure();
  structure();
  structure(const grid_volume &gv, material_function &eps,
	    const boundary_region &br = boundary_region(),
	    const symmetry &s = meep::identity(),
	    int num_chunks = 0, double Courant = 0.5,
	    bool use_anisotropic_averaging=false,
	    double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
	    int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  structure(const grid_volume &gv, double eps(const vec &),
	    const boundary_region &br = boundary_region(),
	    const symmetry &s = meep::identity(),
	    int num_chunks = 0, double Courant = 0.5,
	    bool use_anisotropic_averaging=false,
	    double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
	    int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  structure(const structure *);
  structure(const structure &);

  void set_materials(material_function &mat,
		     bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
		     double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
		     int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  void set_chi1inv(component c, material_function &eps,
                   bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
		   double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
		   int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  bool has_chi(component c, direction d) const;
  void set_epsilon(material_function &eps,
                   bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
		   double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
		   int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  void set_epsilon(double eps(const vec &),
                   bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
		   double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
		   int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  void set_mu(material_function &eps,
	      bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
	      double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
	      int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  void set_mu(double mu(const vec &),
	      bool use_anisotropic_averaging=true,
	      double tol=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_TOL,
	      int maxeval=DEFAULT_SUBPIXEL_MAXEVAL);
  void set_conductivity(component c, material_function &conductivity);
  void set_conductivity(component C, double conductivity(const vec &));
  void set_chi3(component c, material_function &eps);
  void set_chi3(material_function &eps);
  void set_chi3(double eps(const vec &));
  void set_chi2(component c, material_function &eps);
  void set_chi2(material_function &eps);
  void set_chi2(double eps(const vec &));

  void add_susceptibility(double sigma(const vec &), field_type c, const susceptibility &sus);
  void add_susceptibility(material_function &sigma, field_type c, const susceptibility &sus);
  void remove_susceptibilities();

  void set_output_directory(const char *name);
  void mix_with(const structure *, double);

  bool equal_layout(const structure &) const;
  void print_layout(void) const;

  // monitor.cpp
  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const ivec &origloc) const;
  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const vec &loc) const;
  double get_inveps(component c, direction d, const ivec &origloc) const {
    return get_chi1inv(c, d, origloc); }
  double get_inveps(component c, direction d, const vec &loc) const {
    return get_chi1inv(c, d, loc); }
  double get_eps(const vec &loc) const;
  double get_mu(const vec &loc) const;
  double max_eps() const;

  friend class boundary_region;

 private:
  void use_pml(direction d, boundary_side b, double dx);
  void add_to_effort_volumes(const grid_volume &new_effort_volume,
			     double extra_effort);
  void choose_chunkdivision(const grid_volume &gv, int num_chunks,
			    const boundary_region &br, const symmetry &s);
  void check_chunks();
  void changing_chunks();
};

class src_vol;
class fields;
class fields_chunk;
class flux_vol;

// Time-dependence of a current source, intended to be overridden by
// subclasses.  current() and dipole() are be related by
// current = d(dipole)/dt (or rather, the finite-difference equivalent).
class src_time {
 public:
  // the following variable specifies whether the current
  // source is specified as a current or as an integrated
  // current (a dipole moment), if possible.  In the original Meep,
  // by default electric sources are integrated and magnetic
  // sources are not, but this may change.
  bool is_integrated;

  src_time() { is_integrated = true; current_time = nan; current_current = 0.0; next = NULL; }
  virtual ~src_time() { delete next; }
  src_time(const src_time &t) {
       is_integrated = t.is_integrated;
       current_time = t.current_time;
       current_current = t.current_current;
       current_dipole = t.current_dipole;
       if (t.next) next = t.next->clone(); else next = NULL;
  }

  std::complex<double> dipole() const { return current_dipole; }
  std::complex<double> current() const { return current_current; }
  void update(double time, double dt) {
    if (time != current_time) {
      current_dipole = dipole(time);
      current_current = current(time, dt);
      current_time = time;
    }
  }

  // subclasses *can* override this method in order to specify the
  // current directly rather than as the derivative of dipole.
  // in that case you would probably ignore the dt argument.
  virtual std::complex<double> current(double time, double dt) const {
    return ((dipole(time + dt) - dipole(time)) / dt);
  }

  double last_time_max() { return last_time_max(0.0); }
  double last_time_max(double after);

  src_time *add_to(src_time *others, src_time **added) const;
  src_time *next;

  // subclasses should override these methods:
  virtual std::complex<double> dipole(double time) const { (void)time; return 0; }
  virtual double last_time() const { return 0.0; }
  virtual src_time *clone() const { return new src_time(*this); }
  virtual bool is_equal(const src_time &t) const { (void)t; return 1; }
  virtual std::complex<double> frequency() const { return 0.0; }
  virtual void set_frequency(std::complex<double> f) { (void) f; }

 private:
  double current_time;
  std::complex<double> current_dipole, current_current;
};

bool src_times_equal(const src_time &t1, const src_time &t2);

// Gaussian-envelope source with given frequency, width, peak-time, cutoff
class gaussian_src_time : public src_time {
 public:
  gaussian_src_time(double f, double fwidth, double s = 5.0);
  gaussian_src_time(double f, double w, double start_time, double end_time);
  virtual ~gaussian_src_time() {}

  virtual std::complex<double> dipole(double time) const;
  virtual double last_time() const { return float(peak_time + cutoff); };
  virtual src_time *clone() const { return new gaussian_src_time(*this); }
  virtual bool is_equal(const src_time &t) const;
  virtual std::complex<double> frequency() const { return freq; }
  virtual void set_frequency(std::complex<double> f) { freq = real(f); }

 private:
  double freq, width, peak_time, cutoff;
};

// Continuous (CW) source with (optional) slow turn-on and/or turn-off.
class continuous_src_time : public src_time {
 public:
  continuous_src_time(std::complex<double> f, double w = 0.0,
		      double st = 0.0, double et = infinity,
		      double s = 3.0) : freq(f), width(w), start_time(float(st)),
					end_time(float(et)), slowness(s) {}
  virtual ~continuous_src_time() {}

  virtual std::complex<double> dipole(double time) const;
  virtual double last_time() const { return end_time; };
  virtual src_time *clone() const { return new continuous_src_time(*this); }
  virtual bool is_equal(const src_time &t) const;
  virtual std::complex<double> frequency() const { return freq; }
  virtual void set_frequency(std::complex<double> f) { freq = f; }

 private:
  std::complex<double> freq;
  double width, start_time, end_time, slowness;
};

// user-specified source function with start and end times
class custom_src_time : public src_time {
 public:
  custom_src_time(std::complex<double> (*func)(double t, void *), void *data,
		  double st = -infinity, double et = infinity)
    : func(func), data(data), start_time(float(st)), end_time(float(et)) {}
  virtual ~custom_src_time() {}

  virtual std::complex<double> current(double time, double dt) const {
    if (is_integrated) return src_time::current(time,dt);
    else return dipole(time);
  }
  virtual std::complex<double> dipole(double time) const { float rtime = float(time);
    if (rtime >= start_time && rtime <= end_time) return func(time,data); else return 0.0; }
  virtual double last_time() const { return end_time; };
  virtual src_time *clone() const { return new custom_src_time(*this); }
  virtual bool is_equal(const src_time &t) const;

 private:
  std::complex<double> (*func)(double t, void *);
  void *data;
  double start_time, end_time;
};

class monitor_point {
 public:
  monitor_point();
  ~monitor_point();
  vec loc;
  double t;
  std::complex<double> f[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS];
  monitor_point *next;

  std::complex<double> get_component(component);
  double poynting_in_direction(direction d);
  double poynting_in_direction(vec direction_v);

  // When called with only its first four arguments, fourier_transform
  // performs an FFT on its monitor points, putting the frequencies in f
  // and the amplitudes in a.  Yes, the frequencies are trivial and
  // redundant, but this saves you the risk of making a mistake in
  // converting your units.  Note also, that in this case f is always a
  // real number, although it's stored in a complex.
  //
  // Note that in either case, fourier_transform assumes that the monitor
  // points are all equally spaced in time.
  void fourier_transform(component w,
                         std::complex<double> **a, std::complex<double> **f, int *numout,
                         double fmin=0.0, double fmax=0.0, int maxbands=100);
  // harminv works much like fourier_transform, except that it is not yet
  // implemented.
  void harminv(component w,
               std::complex<double> **a, std::complex<double> **f,
               int *numout, double fmin, double fmax,
               int maxbands);
};

// dft.cpp
// this should normally only be created with fields::add_dft
class dft_chunk {
public:
  dft_chunk(fields_chunk *fc_,
	    ivec is_, ivec ie_,
	    vec s0_, vec s1_, vec e0_, vec e1_,
	    double dV0_, double dV1_,
	    std::complex<double> scale_,
	    std::complex<double> extra_weight_,
	    component c_,
	    bool use_centered_grid,
            ivec shift_, const symmetry &S_, int sn_, int vc,
	    const void *data_);
  ~dft_chunk();

  void update_dft(double time);

  void scale_dft(std::complex<double> scale);

  void operator-=(const dft_chunk &chunk);

  // the frequencies to loop_in_chunks
  double omega_min, domega;
  int Nomega;

  component c; // component to DFT (possibly transformed by symmetry)

  int N; // number of spatial points (on epsilon grid)
  std::complex<realnum> *dft; // N x Nomega array of DFT values.

  class dft_chunk *next_in_chunk; // per-fields_chunk list of DFT chunks
  class dft_chunk *next_in_dft; // next for this particular DFT vol./component

  /* When computing things like -0.5*|E|^2 for the stress tensor,
     we cannot incorporate the minus sign into the scale factor
     because we only ever compute |scale|^2.  Thus, it is necessary
     to store an additional weight factor with the dft_chunk to record
     any additional negative or complex weight factor to be used
     in computations involving the fourier-transformed fields.  Because
     it is used in computations involving dft[...], it needs to be public. */
  std::complex<double> extra_weight;

  // parameters passed from field_integrate:
  fields_chunk *fc;
  ivec is, ie;
  vec s0, s1, e0, e1;
  double dV0, dV1;
  bool include_dV_and_interp_weights;
  bool sqrt_dV_and_interp_weights;
  std::complex<double> scale; // scale factor * phase from shift and symmetry
  ivec shift;
  symmetry S; int sn;

  // cache of exp(iwt) * scale, of length Nomega
  std::complex<realnum> *dft_phase;

  int avg1, avg2; // index offsets for average to get epsilon grid

  int vc; // component descriptor from the original volume
};

void save_dft_hdf5(dft_chunk *dft_chunks, component c, h5file *file,
		   const char *dprefix = 0);
void load_dft_hdf5(dft_chunk *dft_chunks, component c, h5file *file,
		   const char *dprefix = 0);
void save_dft_hdf5(dft_chunk *dft_chunks, const char *name, h5file *file,
		   const char *dprefix = 0);
void load_dft_hdf5(dft_chunk *dft_chunks, const char *name, h5file *file,
		   const char *dprefix = 0);

// dft.cpp (normally created with fields::add_dft_flux)
class dft_flux {
public:
  dft_flux(const component cE_, const component cH_,
	   dft_chunk *E_, dft_chunk *H_,
	   double fmin, double fmax, int Nf);
  dft_flux(const dft_flux &f);

  double *flux();

  void save_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);

  void operator-=(const dft_flux &fl) { if (E && fl.E) *E -= *fl.E; if (H && fl.H) *H -= *fl.H; }

  void save_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);

  void scale_dfts(std::complex<double> scale);

  void remove();

  double freq_min, dfreq;
  int Nfreq;
  dft_chunk *E, *H;
  component cE, cH;
};

// stress.cpp (normally created with fields::add_dft_force)
class dft_force {
public:
  dft_force(dft_chunk *offdiag1_, dft_chunk *offdiag2_, dft_chunk *diag_,
	    double fmin, double fmax, int Nf);
  dft_force(const dft_force &f);

  double *force();

  void save_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);

  void operator-=(const dft_force &fl);

  void save_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);

  void scale_dfts(std::complex<double> scale);

  void remove();

  double freq_min, dfreq;
  int Nfreq;
  dft_chunk *offdiag1, *offdiag2, *diag;
};

// near2far.cpp (normally created with fields::add_dft_near2far)
class dft_near2far {
public:
  /* fourier tranforms of tangential E and H field components in a
     medium with the given scalar eps and mu */
  dft_near2far(dft_chunk *F,
               double fmin, double fmax, int Nf, double eps, double mu);
  dft_near2far(const dft_near2far &f);

  /* return an array (Ex,Ey,Ez,Hx,Hy,Hz) x Nfreq of the far fields at x */
  std::complex<double> *farfield(const vec &x);

  /* like farfield, but requires F to be Nfreq*6 preallocated array, and
     does *not* perform the reduction over processes...an MPI allreduce
     summation by the caller is required to get the final result ... used
     by other output routine to efficiently get far field on a grid of pts */
  void farfield_lowlevel(std::complex<double> *F, const vec &x);

  /* output far fields on a grid to an HDF5 file */
  void save_farfields(const char *fname, const char *prefix,
                      const volume &where, double resolution);

  void save_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dprefix = 0);

  void operator-=(const dft_near2far &fl);

  void save_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);
  void load_hdf5(fields &f, const char *fname, const char *dprefix = 0,
		 const char *prefix = 0);

  void scale_dfts(std::complex<double> scale);

  void remove();

  double freq_min, dfreq;
  int Nfreq;
  dft_chunk *F;
  double eps, mu;
};

/* Class to compute local-density-of-states spectra: the power spectrum
   P(omega) of the work done by the sources.  Specialized to handle only
   the case where all sources have the same time dependence, which greatly
   simplifies things because then we can do the spatial integral of E*J
   *first* and then do the Fourier transform, eliminating the need to
   store the Fourier transform per point or per current. */
class dft_ldos {
public:
  dft_ldos(double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  ~dft_ldos() { delete[] Fdft; delete[] Jdft; }

  void update(fields &f); // to be called after each timestep
  double *ldos() const; // returns array of Nomega values (after last timestep)
  std::complex<double> *F() const; // returns Fdft
  std::complex<double> *J() const; // returns Jdft

private:
  std::complex<realnum> *Fdft; // Nomega array of field * J*(x) DFT values
  std::complex<realnum> *Jdft; // Nomega array of J(t) DFT values
  double Jsum; // sum of |J| over all points
public:
  double omega_min, domega;
  int Nomega;
};

enum in_or_out { Incoming=0, Outgoing };
enum connect_phase { CONNECT_PHASE = 0, CONNECT_NEGATE=1, CONNECT_COPY=2 };

// data for each susceptibility
typedef struct polarization_state_s {
  void *data; // internal polarization data for the susceptibility
  const susceptibility *s;
  struct polarization_state_s *next; // linked list
} polarization_state;

class fields_chunk {
 public:
  realnum *f[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]; // fields at current time

  // auxiliary fields needed for PML (at least in some components)
  realnum *f_u[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]; // integrated from D/B
  realnum *f_w[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]; // E/H integrated from these
  realnum *f_cond[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2]; // aux field for PML+conductivity

  /* sometimes, to synchronize the E and H fields, e.g. for computing
     flux at a given time, we need to timestep H by 1/2; in this case
     we save backup copies of (some of) the fields to resume timestepping */
  realnum *f_backup[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];
  realnum *f_u_backup[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];
  realnum *f_w_backup[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];
  realnum *f_cond_backup[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];

  // W (or E/H) field from prev. timestep, only stored if needed by update_pols
  realnum *f_w_prev[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];

  // used to store D-P and B-P, e.g. when P implements dispersive media
  realnum *f_minus_p[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS][2];

  realnum *f_rderiv_int; // cache of helper field for 1/r d(rf)/dr derivative

  dft_chunk *dft_chunks;

  realnum **zeroes[NUM_FIELD_TYPES]; // Holds pointers to metal points.
  int num_zeroes[NUM_FIELD_TYPES];
  realnum **connections[NUM_FIELD_TYPES][CONNECT_COPY+1][Outgoing+1];
  int num_connections[NUM_FIELD_TYPES][CONNECT_COPY+1][Outgoing+1];
  std::complex<realnum> *connection_phases[NUM_FIELD_TYPES];

  int npol[NUM_FIELD_TYPES]; // only E_stuff and H_stuff are used
  polarization_state *pol[NUM_FIELD_TYPES]; // array of npol[i] polarization_state structures

  double a, Courant, dt; // res. a, Courant num., and timestep dt=Courant/a
  grid_volume gv;
  volume v;
  double m; // angular dependence in cyl. coords
  bool zero_fields_near_cylorigin; // fields=0 m pixels near r=0 for stability
  double beta;
  int is_real;
  src_vol *sources[NUM_FIELD_TYPES];
  structure_chunk *new_s;
  structure_chunk *s;
  const char *outdir;

  fields_chunk(structure_chunk *, const char *outdir, double m,
	       double beta, bool zero_fields_near_cylorigin);

  fields_chunk(const fields_chunk &);
  ~fields_chunk();

  // step.cpp
  double peek_field(component, const vec &);

  void use_real_fields();
  bool have_component(component c, bool is_complex = false) {
    switch (c) {
    case Dielectric: case Permeability:
      return !is_complex;
    default:
      return (f[c][0] && f[c][is_complex]);
    }
  }

  double last_source_time();
  // monitor.cpp
  std::complex<double> get_field(component, const ivec &) const;

  // for non-collective interpolation:
  volume get_field_gv(component) const;
  std::complex<double> get_field(component, const vec &) const;

  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const ivec &iloc) const;

  void backup_component(component c);
  void average_with_backup(component c);
  void restore_component(component c);

  void set_output_directory(const char *name);
  void verbose(int gv=1) { verbosity = gv; }

  double count_volume(component);
  friend class fields;

  int n_proc() const { return s->n_proc(); };
  int is_mine() const { return s->is_mine(); };
  // boundaries.cpp
  void zero_metal(field_type);
  bool needs_W_notowned(component c);
  // fields.cpp
  void remove_sources();
  void remove_susceptibilities();
  void zero_fields();

  // update_eh.cpp
  bool needs_W_prev(component c) const;
  bool update_eh(field_type ft, bool skip_w_components = false);

  bool alloc_f(component c);
  void figure_out_step_plan();

  void set_solve_cw_omega(std::complex<double> omega) {
    doing_solve_cw = true;
    solve_cw_omega = omega;
  }
  void unset_solve_cw_omega() {
    doing_solve_cw = false;
    solve_cw_omega = 0.0;
  }

 private:
  // we set a flag during cw_solve to replace some
  // time-dependent stuff with the analogous frequency-domain operation
  bool doing_solve_cw; // true when inside solve_cw
  std::complex<double> solve_cw_omega; // current omega for solve_cw

  int verbosity; // Turn on verbosity for debugging purposes...
  // fields.cpp
  bool have_plus_deriv[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS], have_minus_deriv[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS];
  component plus_component[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS], minus_component[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS];
  direction plus_deriv_direction[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS],
            minus_deriv_direction[NUM_FIELD_COMPONENTS];
  // step.cpp
  void phase_in_material(structure_chunk *s);
  void phase_material(int phasein_time);
  bool step_db(field_type ft);
  void step_source(field_type ft, bool including_integrated);
  bool update_pols(field_type ft);
  void calc_sources(double time);

  // initialize.cpp
  void initialize_field(component, std::complex<double> f(const vec &));
  void initialize_with_nth_te(int n, double kz);
  void initialize_with_nth_tm(int n, double kz);
  // boundaries.cpp
  void alloc_extra_connections(field_type, connect_phase, in_or_out, int);
  // dft.cpp
  void update_dfts(double timeE, double timeH);

  void changing_structure();
};

enum boundary_condition { Periodic=0, Metallic, Magnetic, None };
enum time_sink { Connecting, Stepping, Boundaries, MpiTime,
                 FieldOutput, FourierTransforming, Other };

typedef void (*field_chunkloop)(fields_chunk *fc, int ichunk, component cgrid,
				ivec is, ivec ie,
				vec s0, vec s1, vec e0, vec e1,
				double dV0, double dV1,
				ivec shift, std::complex<double> shift_phase,
				const symmetry &S, int sn,
				void *chunkloop_data);
typedef std::complex<double> (*field_function)(const std::complex<double> *fields,
					   const vec &loc,
					   void *integrand_data_);
typedef double (*field_rfunction)(const std::complex<double> *fields,
				   const vec &loc,
				   void *integrand_data_);

field_rfunction derived_component_func(derived_component c, const grid_volume &gv,
				       int &nfields, component cs[12]);

class fields {
 public:
  int num_chunks;
  fields_chunk **chunks;
  src_time *sources;
  flux_vol *fluxes;
  symmetry S;

  // The following is an array that is num_chunks by num_chunks.  Actually
  // it is two arrays, one for the imaginary and one for the real part.
  realnum **comm_blocks[NUM_FIELD_TYPES];
  // This is the same size as each comm_blocks array, and store the sizes
  // of the comm blocks themselves for each connection-phase type
  int *comm_sizes[NUM_FIELD_TYPES][CONNECT_COPY+1];
  int comm_size_tot(int f, int pair) const {
    int sum = 0; for (int ip=0; ip<3; ++ip) sum+=comm_sizes[f][ip][pair];
    return sum;
  }

  double a, dt; // The resolution a and timestep dt=Courant/a
  grid_volume gv, user_volume;
  volume v;
  double m;
  double beta;
  int t, phasein_time, is_real;
  std::complex<double> k[5], eikna[5];
  double coskna[5], sinkna[5];
  boundary_condition boundaries[2][5];
  char *outdir;
  bool components_allocated;

  // fields.cpp methods:
  fields(structure *, double m=0, double beta=0,
	 bool zero_fields_near_cylorigin=true);
  fields(const fields &);
  ~fields();
  bool equal_layout(const fields &f) const;
  void use_real_fields();
  void zero_fields();
  void remove_sources();
  void remove_susceptibilities();
  void remove_fluxes();
  void reset();

  // time.cpp
  double time_spent_on(time_sink);
  void print_times();
  // boundaries.cpp
  void set_boundary(boundary_side,direction,boundary_condition);
  void use_bloch(direction d, double k) { use_bloch(d, (std::complex<double>) k); }
  void use_bloch(direction, std::complex<double> kz);
  void use_bloch(const vec &k);
  vec lattice_vector(direction) const;
  // update_eh.cpp
  void update_eh(field_type ft, bool skip_w_components = false);

  volume total_volume(void) const;

  // h5fields.cpp:
  // low-level function:
  void output_hdf5(h5file *file, const char *dataname,
		   int num_fields, const component *components,
		   field_function fun, void *fun_data_, int reim,
		   const volume &where,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = false);
  // higher-level functions
  void output_hdf5(const char *dataname,  // OUTPUT COMPLEX-VALUED FUNCTION
		   int num_fields, const component *components,
		   field_function fun, void *fun_data_,
		   const volume &where,
		   h5file *file = 0,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = false,
		   const char *prefix = 0,
		   bool real_part_only = false);
  void output_hdf5(const char *dataname,  // OUTPUT REAL-VALUED FUNCTION
		   int num_fields, const component *components,
		   field_rfunction fun, void *fun_data_,
		   const volume &where,
		   h5file *file = 0,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = false,
		   const char *prefix = 0);
  void output_hdf5(component c,   // OUTPUT FIELD COMPONENT (or Dielectric)
		   const volume &where,
		   h5file *file = 0,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = false,
		   const char *prefix = 0);
  void output_hdf5(derived_component c,   // OUTPUT DERIVED FIELD COMPONENT
		   const volume &where,
		   h5file *file = 0,
		   bool append_data = false,
		   bool single_precision = false,
		   const char *prefix = 0);
  h5file *open_h5file(const char *name,
		      h5file::access_mode mode = h5file::WRITE,
		      const char *prefix = NULL, bool timestamp = false);
  const char *h5file_name(const char *name,
			  const char *prefix = NULL, bool timestamp = false);

  // array_slice.cpp methods

  // given a subvolume, compute the dimensions of the array slice
  // needed to store field data for that subvolume.
  // the data parameter is used internally in get_array_slice
  // and should be ignored by external callers.
  int get_array_slice_dimensions(const volume &where, int dims[3], void *data=0);

  // given a subvolume, return a column-major array containing
  // the given function of the field components in that subvolume
  // if slice is non-null, it must be a user-allocated buffer
  // of the correct size.
  // otherwise, a new buffer is allocated and returned; it
  // must eventually be caller-deallocated via delete[].
  double *get_array_slice(const volume &where,
                          std::vector<component> components,
                          field_rfunction rfun, void *fun_data,
                          double *slice=0);

  std::complex<double> *get_complex_array_slice(const volume &where,
                                   std::vector<component> components,
                                   field_function fun,
                                   void *fun_data,
                                   std::complex<double> *slice=0);

  // alternative entry points for when you have no field
  // function, i.e. you want just a single component or
  // derived component.)
  double *get_array_slice(const volume &where, component c, double *slice=0);
  double *get_array_slice(const volume &where, derived_component c, double *slice=0);
  std::complex<double> *get_complex_array_slice(const volume &where,
                                                component c,
                                                std::complex<double> *slice=0);

  // master routine for all above entry points
  void *do_get_array_slice(const volume &where,
                           std::vector<component> components,
                           field_function fun,
                           field_rfunction rfun,
                           void *fun_data,
                           void *vslice);

  // step.cpp methods:
  double last_step_output_wall_time;
  int last_step_output_t;
  void step();

  // when comparing times, e.g. for source cutoffs, it
  // is useful to round to float to avoid gratuitous sensitivity
  // to floating-point roundoff error
  inline double round_time() const { return float(t*dt); };
  inline double time() const { return t*dt; };

  // cw_fields.cpp:
  bool solve_cw(double tol, int maxiters, std::complex<double> frequency, int L=2);
  bool solve_cw(double tol = 1e-8, int maxiters = 10000, int L=2);

  // sources.cpp:
  double last_source_time();
  void add_point_source(component c, double freq, double width, double peaktime,
                        double cutoff, const vec &, std::complex<double> amp = 1.0,
                        int is_continuous = 0);
  void add_point_source(component c, const src_time &src,
                        const vec &, std::complex<double> amp = 1.0);
  void add_volume_source(component c, const src_time &src,
			 const volume &,
			 std::complex<double> A(const vec &),
			 std::complex<double> amp = 1.0);
  void add_volume_source(component c, const src_time &src,
			 const volume &,
			 std::complex<double> amp = 1.0);
  void require_component(component c);

  // mpb.cpp
  void add_eigenmode_source(component c, const src_time &src,
			    direction d, const volume &where,
			    const volume &eig_vol,
			    int band_num,
			    const vec &kpoint, bool match_frequency,
			    int parity,
			    double eig_resolution, double eigensolver_tol,
			    std::complex<double> amp,
			    std::complex<double> A(const vec &) = 0);

  // initialize.cpp:
  void initialize_field(component, std::complex<double> f(const vec &));
  void initialize_with_nth_te(int n);
  void initialize_with_nth_tm(int n);
  void initialize_with_n_te(int n);
  void initialize_with_n_tm(int n);
  int phase_in_material(const structure *s, double time);
  int is_phasing();

  // loop_in_chunks.cpp
  void loop_in_chunks(field_chunkloop chunkloop, void *chunkloop_data,
		      const volume &where,
		      component cgrid = Centered,
		      bool use_symmetry = true,
		      bool snap_unit_dims = false);

  // integrate.cpp
  std::complex<double> integrate(int num_fields, const component *components,
			    field_function fun, void *fun_data_,
			    const volume &where,
			    double *maxabs = 0);
  double integrate(int num_fields, const component *components,
		   field_rfunction fun, void *fun_data_,
		   const volume &where,
		   double *maxabs = 0);
  std::complex<double> integrate2(const fields &fields2,
			     int num_fields1,
			     const component *components1,
			     int num_fields2,
			     const component *components2,
			     field_function integrand,
			     void *integrand_data_,
			     const volume &where,
			     double *maxabs = 0);
  double integrate2(const fields &fields2,
		    int num_fields1, const component *components1,
		    int num_fields2, const component *components2,
		    field_rfunction integrand,
		    void *integrand_data_,
		    const volume &where,
		    double *maxabs = 0);


  double max_abs(int num_fields, const component *components,
		 field_function fun, void *fun_data_,
		 const volume &where);
  double max_abs(int num_fields, const component *components,
		 field_rfunction fun, void *fun_data_,
		 const volume &where);

  double max_abs(int c, const volume &where);
  double max_abs(component c, const volume &where);
  double max_abs(derived_component c, const volume &where);

  // dft.cpp
  dft_chunk *add_dft(component c, const volume &where,
		     double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq,
		     bool include_dV_and_interp_weights = true,
		     std::complex<double> weight = 1.0, dft_chunk *chunk_next = 0,
		     bool sqrt_dV_and_interp_weights = false,
		     std::complex<double> extra_weight = 1.0,
		     bool use_centered_grid = true, int vc = 0);
  dft_chunk *add_dft_pt(component c, const vec &where,
			double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  dft_chunk *add_dft(const volume_list *where,
		     double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq,
		     bool include_dV = true);
  void update_dfts();
  dft_flux add_dft_flux(direction d, const volume &where,
			double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  dft_flux add_dft_flux_box(const volume &where,
			    double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  dft_flux add_dft_flux_plane(const volume &where,
			      double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  dft_flux add_dft_flux(const volume_list *where,
			double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);

  // stress.cpp
  dft_force add_dft_force(const volume_list *where,
			  double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);

  // near2far.cpp
  dft_near2far add_dft_near2far(const volume_list *where,
                                double freq_min, double freq_max, int Nfreq);
  // monitor.cpp
  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const vec &loc) const;
  double get_inveps(component c, direction d, const vec &loc) const {
    return get_chi1inv(c, d, loc);
  }
  double get_eps(const vec &loc) const;
  double get_mu(const vec &loc) const;
  void get_point(monitor_point *p, const vec &) const;
  monitor_point *get_new_point(const vec &, monitor_point *p=NULL) const;

  std::complex<double> get_field(int c, const vec &loc) const;
  std::complex<double> get_field(component c, const vec &loc) const;
  double get_field(derived_component c, const vec &loc) const;

  // energy_and_flux.cpp
  void synchronize_magnetic_fields();
  void restore_magnetic_fields();
  double energy_in_box(const volume &);
  double electric_energy_in_box(const volume &);
  double magnetic_energy_in_box(const volume &);
  double thermo_energy_in_box(const volume &);
  double total_energy();
  double field_energy_in_box(const volume &);
  double field_energy_in_box(component c, const volume &);
  double field_energy();
  double flux_in_box_wrongH(direction d, const volume &);
  double flux_in_box(direction d, const volume &);
  flux_vol *add_flux_vol(direction d, const volume &where);
  flux_vol *add_flux_plane(const volume &where);
  flux_vol *add_flux_plane(const vec &p1, const vec &p2);
  double electric_energy_max_in_box(const volume &where);
  double modal_volume_in_box(const volume &where);
  double electric_sqr_weighted_integral(double (*deps)(const vec &),
				       const volume &where);
  double electric_energy_weighted_integral(double (*f)(const vec &),
					   const volume &where);

  void set_output_directory(const char *name);
  void verbose(int gv=1);
  double count_volume(component);
  // fields.cpp
  bool have_component(component);
  // material.cpp
  double max_eps() const;
  // step.cpp
  void step_boundaries(field_type);

  bool nosize_direction(direction d) const;
  direction normal_direction(const volume &where) const;

  // casimir.cpp
  std::complex<double> casimir_stress_dct_integral(direction dforce,
					      direction dsource,
					      double mx, double my, double mz,
					      field_type ft,
					      volume where,
					      bool is_bloch = false);

  void set_solve_cw_omega(std::complex<double> omega);
  void unset_solve_cw_omega();

 private:
  int verbosity; // Turn on verbosity for debugging purposes...
  int synchronized_magnetic_fields; // count number of nested synchs
  double last_wall_time;
#define MEEP_TIMING_STACK_SZ 10
  time_sink working_on, was_working_on[MEEP_TIMING_STACK_SZ];
  double times_spent[Other+1];
  // fields.cpp
  void figure_out_step_plan();
  // time.cpp
  void am_now_working_on(time_sink);
  void finished_working();
  // boundaries.cpp
  bool chunk_connections_valid;
  void find_metals();
  void disconnect_chunks();
  void connect_chunks();
  void connect_the_chunks(); // Intended to be ultra-private...
  bool on_metal_boundary(const ivec &);
  ivec ilattice_vector(direction) const;
  bool locate_point_in_user_volume(ivec *, std::complex<double> *phase) const;
  void locate_volume_source_in_user_volume(const vec p1, const vec p2, vec newp1[8], vec newp2[8],
                                           std::complex<double> kphase[8], int &ncopies) const;
  // mympi.cpp
  void boundary_communications(field_type);
  // step.cpp
  void phase_material();
  void step_db(field_type ft);
  void step_source(field_type ft, bool including_integrated = false);
  void update_pols(field_type ft);
  void calc_sources(double tim);
public:
  // monitor.cpp
  std::complex<double> get_field(component c, const ivec &iloc) const;
  double get_chi1inv(component, direction, const ivec &iloc) const;
  // boundaries.cpp
  bool locate_component_point(component *, ivec *, std::complex<double> *) const;
};

class flux_vol {
 public:
  flux_vol(fields *f_, direction d_, const volume &where_) : where(where_) {
    f = f_; d = d_; cur_flux = cur_flux_half = 0;
    next = f->fluxes; f->fluxes = this;
  }
  ~flux_vol() { delete next; }

  void update_half() { cur_flux_half = flux_wrongE();
                       if (next) next->update_half(); }
  void update() { cur_flux = (flux_wrongE() + cur_flux_half) * 0.5;
                  if (next) next->update(); }

  double flux() { return cur_flux; }

  flux_vol *next;
 private:
  double flux_wrongE() { return f->flux_in_box_wrongH(d, where); }
  fields *f;
  direction d;
  volume where;
  double cur_flux, cur_flux_half;
};

// The following is a utility function to parse the executable name use it
// to come up with a directory name, avoiding overwriting any existing
// directory, unless the source file hasn't changed.

const char *make_output_directory(const char *exename, const char *jobname = NULL);
void trash_output_directory(const char *dirname);
FILE *create_output_file(const char *dirname, const char *fname);

// The following allows you to hit ctrl-C to tell your calculation to stop
// and clean up.
void deal_with_ctrl_c(int stop_now = 2);
// When a ctrl_c is called, the following variable (which starts with a
// zero value) is incremented.
extern int interrupt;

int do_harminv(std::complex<double> *data, int n, double dt,
	       double fmin, double fmax, int maxbands,
	       std::complex<double> *amps, double *freq_re, double *freq_im,
	       double *errors = NULL,
	       double spectral_density = 1.1, double Q_thresh = 50,
	       double rel_err_thresh = 1e20, double err_thresh = 0.01,
	       double rel_amp_thresh = -1, double amp_thresh = -1);

std::complex<double> *make_casimir_gfunc(double T, double dt, double sigma, field_type ft,
				std::complex<double> (*eps_func)(std::complex<double> omega) = 0,
				double Tfft = 0);

std::complex<double> *make_casimir_gfunc_kz(double T, double dt, double sigma, field_type ft);

#if MEEP_SINGLE
// in mympi.cpp ... must be here in order to use realnum type
void broadcast(int from, realnum *data, int size);
#endif

// random number generation: random.cpp
void set_random_seed(unsigned long seed);
double uniform_random(double a, double b); // uniform random in [a,b]
double gaussian_random(double mean, double stddev); // normal random with given mean and stddev
int random_int(int a, int b); // uniform random in [a,b)

// Bessel function (in initialize.cpp)
double BesselJ(int m, double kr);

// analytical Green's functions (in near2far.cpp); upon return,
// EH[0..5] are set to the Ex,Ey,Ez,Hx,Hy,Hz field components at x
// from a c0 source of amplitude f0 at x0.
void green2d(std::complex<double> *EH, const vec &x,
             double freq, double eps, double mu,
             const vec &x0, component c0, std::complex<double> f0);
void green3d(std::complex<double> *EH, const vec &x,
             double freq, double eps, double mu,
             const vec &x0, component c0, std::complex<double> f0);

} /* namespace meep */

#endif /* MEEP_H */