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tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng4.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="http://www.stoa.org/epidoc/schema/8.19/tei-epidoc.rng"
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<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>The Odyssey</title>
<author>Homer</author>
<editor role="translator">Samuel Butler</editor>
<respStmt>
<resp>revised by</resp>
<name>Timothy Power</name>
<name>Gregory Nagy</name>
</respStmt>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<publisher>Trustees of Tufts University</publisher>
<pubPlace>Medford, MA</pubPlace>
<authority>Perseus Project</authority>
</publicationStmt>
<notesStmt>
<note anchored="true">Based on public domain edition of Samuel Butler, revised by
Timothy Power and Gregory Nagy.</note>
</notesStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<biblStruct>
<monogr>
<author>Homer</author>
<title>The Odyssey</title>
<title type="sub">rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot
read the original</title>
<title type="sub">revised by Timothy Power
and Gregory Nagy</title>
<editor role="translator">Samuel Butler</editor>
<imprint>
<pubPlace>London</pubPlace>
<publisher>A. C. Fifield</publisher>
<date>1900 (?)</date>
</imprint>
</monogr>
<ref target="https://archive.org/details/odysseyrenderedi00homerich">Internet Archive</ref>
</biblStruct>
<bibl>
<idno type="isbn">076071679X</idno>
</bibl>
</sourceDesc>
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replacementPattern="#xpath(/tei:TEI/tei:text/tei:body/tei:div/tei:div[@n='$1']/tei:div[@n='$2'])">
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<language ident="eng">English </language>
<language ident="grc">Greek </language>
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<text xml:lang="en">
<body>
<div xml:lang="eng" type="translation" n="urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng4">
<div type="textpart" n="1" subtype="book">
<head>Scroll 1</head>
<div type="textpart" n="1" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="1" unit="line"/>Tell me, O Muse, of that many-sided hero who
traveled far and wide after he had sacked the famous town of <placeName
key="tgn,7002329">Troy</placeName>. Many cities did he visit, and many were
the people with whose customs and thinking [<term xml:lang="grc">noos</term>]
he was acquainted; many things he suffered at sea while seeking to save his own
life [<term xml:lang="grc">psukhê</term>] and to achieve the safe homecoming
[<term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>] of his companions; but do what he might
he could not save his men, for they perished through their own sheer
recklessness in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Helios; so the god prevented
them from ever reaching home. Tell me, as you have told those who came before
me, about all these things, O daughter of Zeus, starting from whatsoever point
you choose.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="11" unit="line"/>So now all who escaped death in battle or by
shipwreck had got safely home except Odysseus, and he, though he was longing
for his return [<term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>] to his wife and country,
was detained by the goddess Calypso, who had got him into a large cave and
wanted to marry him. But as years went by, there came a time when the gods
settled that he should go back to <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>; even then, however, when he was among his own people,
his trials [<term xml:lang="grc">athloi</term>] were not yet over; nevertheless
all the gods had now begun to pity him except Poseidon, who still persecuted
him without ceasing and would not let him get home.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="22" unit="line"/>Now Poseidon had gone off to the Ethiopians, who
are at the world's end, and lie in two halves, the one looking West and the
other East. He had gone there to accept a hecatomb of sheep and oxen, and was
enjoying himself at his festival; but the other gods met in the house of
Olympian Zeus, and the sire of gods and men spoke first. At that moment he was
thinking of Aigisthos, who had been killed by Agamemnon's son Orestes; so he
said to the other gods:</p>
<p>
<milestone n="32" unit="line"/>"See now, how men consider us gods responsible
[<term xml:lang="grc">aitioi</term>] for what is after all nothing but their
own folly. Look at Aigisthos; he must needs make love to Agamemnon's wife
unrighteously and then kill Agamemnon, though he knew it would be the death of
him; for I sent Hermes to warn him not to do either of these things, inasmuch
as Orestes would be sure to take his revenge when he grew up and wanted to
return home. Hermes told him this in all good will but he would not listen, and
now he has paid for everything in full."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="44" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="44" unit="line"/>Then Athena said, "Father, son of Kronos, King
of kings, it served Aigisthos right, and so it would any one else who does as
he did; but Aigisthos is neither here nor there; it is for Odysseus that my
heart bleeds, when I think of his sufferings in that lonely sea-girt island,
far away, poor man, from all his friends. It is an island covered with forest,
in the very middle of the sea, and a goddess lives there, daughter of the
magician Atlas, who looks after the bottom of the ocean, and carries the great
columns that keep heaven and earth asunder. This daughter of Atlas has got hold
of poor unhappy Odysseus, and keeps trying by every kind of blandishment to
make him forget his home, so that he is tired of life, and thinks of nothing
but how he may once more see the smoke of his own chimneys. You, sir, take no
heed of this, and yet when Odysseus was before <placeName key="perseus,Troy"
>Troy</placeName> did he not propitiate you with many a burnt sacrifice? Why
then should you keep on being so angry with him?"</p>
<p>
<milestone n="63" unit="line"/>And Zeus said, "My child, what are you talking
about? How can I forget Odysseus than whom there is no more capable man on
earth [in regard to <term xml:lang="grc">noos</term>], nor more liberal in his
offerings to the immortal gods that live in heaven? Bear in mind, however, that
Poseidon is still furious with Odysseus for having blinded an eye of Polyphemus
king of the Cyclopes. Polyphemus is son to Poseidon by the nymph Thoosa,
daughter to the sea-king Phorkys; therefore though he will not kill Odysseus
outright, he torments him by preventing him from his homecoming [<term
xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>]. Still, let us lay our heads together and see
how we can help him to return; Poseidon will then be pacified, for if we are
all of a mind he can hardly stand out against us."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="80" unit="line"/>And Athena said, "Father, son of Kronos, King of
kings, if, then, the gods now mean that Odysseus should get home, we should
first send Hermes to the Ogygian island to tell Calypso that we have made up
our minds and that he is to have his homecoming [<term xml:lang="grc"
>nostos</term>]. In the meantime I will go to <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>, to put heart into Odysseus' son Telemakhos; I will
embolden him to call the Achaeans in assembly, and speak out to the suitors of
his mother Penelope, who persist in eating up any number of his sheep and oxen;
I will also conduct him to <placeName key="perseus,Sparta">Sparta</placeName>
and to <placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName>, to see if he can hear
anything about the return [<term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>] of his dear
father - for this will give him genuine fame [<term xml:lang="grc"
>kleos</term>] throughout humankind."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="96" unit="line"/>So saying she bound on her glittering golden
sandals, imperishable, with which she can fly like the wind over land or sea;
she grasped the redoubtable bronze-shod spear, so stout and sturdy and strong,
wherewith she quells the ranks of heroes who have displeased her, and down she
darted from the topmost summits of <placeName key="tgn,7011019"
>Olympus</placeName>, whereon forthwith she was in the <term xml:lang="grc"
>dêmos</term> of <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName>, at the
gateway of Odysseus' house, disguised as a visitor, Mentes, chief of the
Taphians, and she held a bronze spear in her hand. There she found the lordly
suitors seated on hides of the oxen which they had killed and eaten, and
playing draughts in front of the house. Men-servants and pages were bustling
about to wait upon them, some mixing wine with water in the mixing-bowls, some
cleaning down the tables with wet sponges and laying them out again, and some
cutting up great quantities of meat.</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="113" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="113" unit="line"/>Telemakhos saw her long before any one else
did. He was sitting moodily among the suitors thinking about his brave father,
and how he would send them fleeing out of the house, if he were to come to his
own again and be honored as in days gone by. Thus brooding as he sat among
them, he caught sight of Athena and went straight to the gate, for he was vexed
that a stranger should be kept waiting for admittance. He took her right hand
in his own, and bade her give him her spear. "Welcome," said he, "to our house,
and when you have partaken of food you shall tell us what you have come
for."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="125" unit="line"/>He led the way as he spoke, and Athena followed
him. When they were within he took her spear and set it in the spear - stand
against a strong bearing-post along with the many other spears of his unhappy
father, and he conducted her to a richly decorated seat under which he threw a
cloth of damask. There was a footstool also for her feet, and he set another
seat near her for himself, away from the suitors, that she might not be annoyed
while eating by their noise and insolence, and that he might ask her more
freely about his father.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="136" unit="line"/>A maid servant then brought them water in a
beautiful golden ewer and poured it into a silver basin for them to wash their
hands, and she drew a clean table beside them. An upper servant brought them
bread, and offered them many good things of what there was in the house, the
carver fetched them plates of all manner of meats and set cups of gold by their
side, and a man-servant brought them wine and poured it out for them.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="144" unit="line"/>Then the suitors came in and took their places
on the benches and seats. Forthwith men servants poured water over their hands,
maids went round with the bread-baskets, pages filled the mixing-bowls with
wine and water, and they laid their hands upon the good things that were before
them. As soon as they had had enough to eat and drink they wanted music and
dancing, which are the crowning embellishments of a banquet, so a servant
brought a lyre to Phemios, whom they compelled perforce to sing to them. As
soon as he touched his lyre and began to sing Telemakhos spoke low to Athena,
with his head close to hers that no man might hear.</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="158" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="158" unit="line"/>"I hope, sir," said he, "that you will not be
offended with what I am going to say. Singing comes cheap to those who do not
pay for it, and all this is done at the cost of one whose bones lie rotting in
some wilderness or grinding to powder in the surf. If these men were to see my
father come back to <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> they would
pray for longer legs rather than a longer purse, for wealth would not serve
them; but he, alas, has fallen on an ill fate, and even when people do
sometimes say that he is coming, we no longer heed them; we shall never see him
again. And now, sir, tell me and tell me true, who you are and where you come
from. Tell me of your town and parents, what manner of ship you came in, how
your crew brought you to <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName>, and
of what nation they declared themselves to be - for you cannot have come by
land. Tell me also truly, for I want to know, are you a stranger to this house,
or have you been here in my father's time? In the old days we had many visitors
for my father went about much himself."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="178" unit="line"/>And Athena answered, "I will tell you truly and
particularly all about it. I am Mentes, son of Anchialos, and I am King of the
Taphians. I have come here with my ship and crew, on a voyage to men of a
foreign tongue being bound for Temesa with a cargo of iron, and I shall bring
back copper. As for my ship, it lies over yonder off the open country away from
the town, in the harbor Rheithron under the wooded mountain Neritum. Our
fathers were friends before us, as old <placeName key="perseus,Laertes"
>Laertes</placeName> will tell you, if you will go and ask him. They say,
however, that he never comes to town now, and lives by himself in the country,
faring hardly, with an old woman to look after him and get his dinner for him,
when he comes in tired from pottering about his vineyard. They told me your
father was at home again, and that was why I came, but it seems the gods are
still keeping him back, for he is not dead yet not on the mainland. It is more
likely he is on some sea-girt island in mid ocean, or a prisoner among savages
who are detaining him against his will. I am no seer [<term xml:lang="grc"
>mantis</term>], and know very little about omens, but I speak as it is
borne in upon me from heaven, and assure you that he will not be away much
longer; for he is a man of such resource that even though he were in chains of
iron he would find some means of getting home again. But tell me, and tell me
true, can Odysseus really have such a fine looking young man for a son? You are
indeed wonderfully like him about the head and eyes, for we were close friends
before he set sail for <placeName key="perseus,Troy">Troy</placeName> where the
flower of all the Argives went also. Since that time we have never either of us
seen the other."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="214" unit="line"/>"My mother," answered Telemakhos, "tells me I
am son to Odysseus, but it is a wise child that knows his own father. Would
that I were son to one who had grown old upon his own estates, for, since you
ask me, there is no more ill-starred man under heaven than he who they tell me
is my father."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="223" unit="line"/>And Athena said, "There is no fear of your race
dying out yet, while Penelope has such a fine son as you are. But tell me, and
tell me true, what is the meaning of all this feasting, and who are these
people? What is it all about? Have you some banquet, or is there a wedding in
the family - for no one seems to be bringing any provisions of his own? And the
guests - how atrociously they are behaving; what riot they make over the whole
house; it is enough to disgust any respectable person who comes near them."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="230" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="230" unit="line"/>"Sir," said Telemakhos, "as regards your
question, so long as my father was here it was well with us and with the house,
but the gods in their displeasure have willed it otherwise, and have hidden him
away more closely than mortal man was ever yet hidden. I could have borne it
better even though he were dead, if he had fallen with his men in the <term
xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term> of <placeName key="perseus,Troy"
>Troy</placeName>, or had died with friends around him when the days of his
fighting were done; for then the Achaeans would have built a mound over his
ashes, and I should myself have been heir to his renown [<term xml:lang="grc"
>kleos</term>]; but now the storm-winds have spirited him away we know not
wither; he is gone without leaving so much as a trace behind him, and I inherit
nothing but dismay. Nor does the matter end simply with grief for the loss of
my father; heaven has laid sorrows upon me of yet another kind; for the chiefs
from all our islands, Dulichium, Same, and the woodland island of <placeName
key="tgn,7011374">Zacynthus</placeName>, as also all the principal men of
<placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> itself, are eating up my
house under the pretext of paying their court to my mother, who will neither
point blank say that she will not marry, nor yet bring matters to an end; so
they are making havoc of my estate, and before long will do so also with
myself."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="252" unit="line"/>"Is that so?" exclaimed Athena, "then you do
indeed want Odysseus home again. Give him his helmet, shield, and a couple
lances, and if he is the man he was when I first knew him in our house,
drinking and making merry, he would soon lay his hands about these rascally
suitors, were he to stand once more upon his own threshold. He was then coming
from <placeName key="perseus,Ephyra">Ephyra</placeName>, where he had been to
beg poison for his arrows from Ilos, son of Mermerus. Ilos feared the
ever-living gods and would not give him any, but my father let him have some,
for he was very fond of him. If Odysseus is the man he then was these suitors
will have a swift doom and a sorry wedding.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="267" unit="line"/>"But there! It rests with heaven to determine
whether he is to return, and take his revenge in his own house or no; I would,
however, urge you to set about trying to get rid of these suitors at once. Take
my advice, call the Achaean heroes in assembly tomorrow -lay your case before
them, and call heaven to bear you witness. Bid the suitors take themselves off,
each to his own place, and if your mother's mind is set on marrying again, let
her go back to her father, who will find her a husband and provide her with all
the marriage gifts that so dear a daughter may expect. As for yourself, let me
prevail upon you to take the best ship you can get, with a crew of twenty men,
and go in quest of your father who has so long been missing. Some one may tell
you something, or (and people often hear things in this way) some heaven-sent
message [<term xml:lang="grc">kleos</term>] may direct you. First go to
<placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> and ask Nestor; thence go
on to <placeName key="perseus,Sparta">Sparta</placeName> and visit Menelaos,
for he got home last of all the Achaeans; if you hear that your father is alive
and about to achieve his homecoming [<term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>], you
can put up with the waste these suitors will make for yet another twelve
months. If on the other hand you hear of his death, come home at once,
celebrate his funeral rites with all due pomp, build a grave marker [<term
xml:lang="grc">sêma</term>] to his memory, and make your mother marry again.
Then, having done all this, think it well over in your mind how, by fair means
or foul, you may kill these suitors in your own house. You are too old to plead
infancy any longer; have you not heard how people are singing Orestes' praises
[<term xml:lang="grc">kleos</term>] for having killed his father's murderer
Aigisthos? You are a fine, smart looking young man; show your mettle, then, and
make yourself a name in story. Now, however, I must go back to my ship and to
my crew, who will be impatient if I keep them waiting longer; think the matter
over for yourself, and remember what I have said to you."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="306" unit="line"/>"Sir," answered Telemakhos, "it has been very
kind of you to talk to me in this way, as though I were your own son, and I
will do all you tell me; I know you want to be getting on with your voyage, but
stay a little longer till you have taken a bath and refreshed yourself. I will
then give you a present, and you shall go on your way rejoicing; I will give
you one of great beauty and value - a keepsake such as only dear friends give
to one another."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="314" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="314" unit="line"/>Athena answered, "Do not try to keep me, for I
would be on my way at once. As for any present you may be disposed to make me,
keep it till I come again, and I will take it home with me. You shall give me a
very good one, and I will give you one of no less value in return."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="319" unit="line"/>With these words she flew away like a bird into
the air, but she had given Telemakhos courage, and had made him think more than
ever about his father. He felt the change, wondered at it, and knew that the
stranger had been a god, so he went straight to where the suitors were
sitting.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="325" unit="line"/>Phemios was still singing, and his hearers sat
rapt in silence as he told the baneful tale of the homecoming [<term
xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>] from <placeName key="perseus,Troy"
>Troy</placeName>, and the ills Athena had laid upon the Achaeans. Penelope,
daughter of Ikarios, heard his song from her room upstairs, and came down by
the great staircase, not alone, but attended by two of her handmaids. When she
reached the suitors she stood by one of the bearing posts that supported the
roof of the cloisters with a staid maiden on either side of her. She held a
veil, moreover, before her face, and was weeping bitterly.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="337" unit="line"/>"Phemios," she cried, "you know many another
feat of gods and heroes, such as poets love to celebrate. Sing the suitors some
one of these, and let them drink their wine in silence, but cease this sad
tale, for it breaks my sorrowful heart, and reminds me of my lost husband for
whom I have grief [<term xml:lang="grc">penthos</term>] ever without ceasing,
and whose name [<term xml:lang="grc">kleos</term>] was great over all
<placeName key="tgn,1000074">Hellas</placeName> and middle <placeName
key="perseus,Argos">Argos</placeName>."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="345" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="345" unit="line"/>"Mother," answered Telemakhos, "let the bard
sing what he has a mind [<term xml:lang="grc">noos</term>] to; bards are not
responsible [<term xml:lang="grc">aitios</term>] for the ills they sing of; it
is Zeus, not they, who is responsible [<term xml:lang="grc">aitios</term>], and
who sends weal or woe upon humankind according to his own good pleasure. There
should be no feeling of <term xml:lang="grc">nemesis</term> against this one
for singing the ill-fated return of the Danaans, for people always favor most
warmly the <term xml:lang="grc">kleos</term> of the latest songs. Make up your
mind to it and bear it; Odysseus is not the only man who never came back from
<placeName key="perseus,Troy">Troy</placeName>, but many another went down
as well as he. Go, then, within the house and busy yourself with your daily
duties, your loom, your distaff, and the ordering of your servants; for speech
is man's matter, and mine above all others - for it is I who am master
here."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="360" unit="line"/>She went wondering back into the house, and
laid her son's saying in her heart. Then, going upstairs with her handmaids
into her room, she mourned her dear husband till Athena shed sweet sleep over
her eyes. But the suitors were clamorous throughout the covered cloisters, and
prayed each one that he might be her bed fellow.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="368" unit="line"/>Then Telemakhos spoke, "You suitors of my
mother," he cried, "you with your overweening <term xml:lang="grc"
>hubris</term>, let us feast at our pleasure now, and let there be no
brawling, for it is a rare thing to hear a man with such a divine voice as
Phemios has; but in the morning meet me in full assembly that I may give you
formal notice to depart, and feast at one another's houses, turn and turn
about, at your own cost. If on the other hand you choose to persist in sponging
upon one man, heaven help me, but Zeus shall reckon with you in full, and when
you fall in my father's house there shall be no man to avenge you."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="381" unit="line"/>The suitors bit their lips as they heard him,
and marveled at the boldness of his speech. Then, Antinoos, son of Eupeithes,
said, "The gods seem to have given you lessons in bluster and tall talking; may
Zeus never grant you to be chief in <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName> as your father was before you."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="388" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="388" unit="line"/>Telemakhos answered, "Antinoos, do not chide
with me, but, god willing, I will be chief too if I can. Is this the worst fate
you can think of for me? It is no bad thing to be a chief, for it brings both
riches and honor. Still, now that Odysseus is dead there are many great men in
<placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> both old and young, and some
other may take the lead among them; nevertheless I will be chief in my own
house, and will rule those whom Odysseus has won for me."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="399" unit="line"/>Then Eurymakhos, son of Polybos, answered, "It
rests with heaven to decide who shall be chief among us, but you shall be
master in your own house and over your own possessions; no one while there is a
man in <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> shall do you violence
[<term xml:lang="grc">biê</term>] nor rob you. And now, my good man, I want
to know about this stranger. What country does he come from? Of what family is
he, and where is his estate? Has he brought you news about the return of your
father, or was he on business of his own? He seemed a well-to-do man, but he
hurried off so suddenly that he was gone in a moment before we could get to
know him."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="412" unit="line"/>"The <term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term> of my
father is dead and gone," answered Telemakhos, "and even if some rumor reaches
me I put no more faith in it now. My mother does indeed sometimes send for a
soothsayer and question him, but I give his prophesying no heed. As for the
stranger, he was Mentes, son of Anchialos, chief of the Taphians, an old friend
of my father's." But in his heart he knew that it had been the goddess.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="421" unit="line"/>The suitors then returned to their singing and
dancing until the evening; but when night fell upon their pleasuring they went
home to bed each in his own abode. Telemakhos' room was high up in a tower that
looked on to the outer court; there, then, he went, brooding and full of
thought. A good old woman, Eurykleia, daughter of Ops, the son of Pisenor, went
before him with a couple of blazing torches. <placeName key="perseus,Laertes"
>Laertes</placeName> had bought her with his own wealth when she was quite
young; he gave the worth of twenty oxen for her, and showed as much respect to
her in his household as he did to his own wedded wife, but he did not take her
to his bed for he feared his wife's resentment. She it was who now lighted
Telemakhos to his room, and she loved him better than any of the other women in
the house did, for she had nursed him when he was a baby. He opened the door of
his bed room and sat down upon the bed; as he took off his shirt he gave it to
the good old woman, who folded it tidily up, and hung it for him over a peg by
his bed side, after which she went out, pulled the door to by a silver catch,
and drew the bolt home by means of the strap. But Telemakhos as he lay covered
with a woolen fleece kept thinking all night through of his intended voyage and
of the counsel that Athena had given him <milestone n="444" unit="line"/>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="2" subtype="book">
<head>Scroll 2</head>
<div type="textpart" n="1" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="1" unit="line"/>Now when the child of morning, rosy-fingered
Dawn, appeared, Telemakhos rose and dressed himself. He bound his sandals on to
his comely feet, girded his sword about his shoulder, and left his room looking
like an immortal god. He at once sent the criers round to call the people in
assembly, so they called them and the people gathered thereon; then, when they
were got together, he went to the place of assembly spear in hand - not alone,
for his two hounds went with him. Athena endowed him with a presence of such
divine comeliness [<term xml:lang="grc">kharis</term>] that all marveled at him
as he went by, and when he took his place in his father's seat even the oldest
councilors made way for him.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="15" unit="line"/>Aigyptios, a man bent double with age, and of
infinite experience, was the first to speak His son Antiphos had gone with
Odysseus to <placeName key="tgn,7002329">Ilion</placeName>, land of noble
steeds, but the savage <placeName key="tgn,2236678">Cyclops</placeName> had
killed him when they were all shut up in the cave, and had cooked his last
dinner for him. He had three sons left, of whom two still worked on their
father's land, while the third, Eurynomos, was one of the suitors; nevertheless
their father could not get over the loss of Antiphos, and was still weeping for
him when he began his speech.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="25" unit="line"/>"Men of <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>," he said, "hear my words. From the day Odysseus left us
there has been no meeting of our councilors until now; who then can it be,
whether old or young, that finds it so necessary to convene us? Has he got wind
of some host approaching, and does he wish to warn us, or would he speak upon
some other matter of public moment? I am sure he is an excellent person, and I
hope Zeus will grant him his heart's desire."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="35" unit="line"/>Telemakhos took this speech as of good omen and
rose at once, for he was bursting with what he had to say. He stood in the
middle of the assembly and the good herald Pisenor brought him his staff. Then,
turning to Aigyptios, "Sir," said he, "it is I, as you will shortly learn, who
have convened you, for it is I who am the most aggrieved. I have not got wind
of any host approaching about which I would warn you, nor is there any matter
of public moment on which I would speak. My grievance is purely personal, and
turns on two great misfortunes which have fallen upon my house. The first of
these is the loss of my excellent father, who was chief among all you here
present, and was like a father to every one of you; the second is much more
serious, and ere long will be the utter ruin of my estate. The sons of all the
chief men among you are pestering my mother to marry them against her will.
They are afraid to go to her father Ikarios, asking him to choose the one he
likes best, and to provide marriage gifts for his daughter, but day by day they
keep hanging about my father's house, sacrificing our oxen, sheep, and fat
goats for their banquets, and never giving so much as a thought to the quantity
of wine they drink. No estate can stand such recklessness; we have now no
Odysseus to ward off harm from our doors, and I cannot hold my own against
them. I shall never all my days be as good a man as he was, still I would
indeed defend myself if I had power to do so, for I cannot stand such treatment
any longer; my house is being disgraced and ruined. Have respect, therefore, to
your own consciences and to public opinion. Fear, too, the wrath [<term
xml:lang="grc">mênis</term>] of the gods, lest they should be displeased and
turn upon you. I pray you by Zeus and Themis, who is the beginning and the end
of councils, [do not] hold back, my friends, and leave me singlehanded - unless
it be that my brave father Odysseus did some wrong to the Achaeans which you
would now avenge on me, by aiding and abetting these suitors. Moreover, if I am
to be eaten out of house and home at all, I had rather you did the eating
yourselves, for I could then take action against you to some purpose, and serve
you with notices from house to house till I got paid in full, whereas now I
have no remedy."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="80" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="80" unit="line"/>With this Telemakhos dashed his staff to the
ground and burst into tears. Every one was very sorry for him, but they all sat
still and no one ventured to make him an angry answer, save only Antinoos, who
spoke thus:</p>
<p>
<milestone n="85" unit="line"/>"Telemakhos, insolent braggart that you are, how
dare you try to throw the blame upon us suitors? We are not the ones who are
responsible [<term xml:lang="grc">aitioi</term>] but your mother is, for she
knows many kinds of <term xml:lang="grc">kerdos</term>. This three years past,
and close on four, she has been driving us out of our minds, by encouraging
each one of us, and sending him messages that say one thing but her <term
xml:lang="grc">noos</term> means other things. And then there was that other
trick she played us. She set up a great tambour frame in her room, and began to
work on an enormous piece of fine fabric. ‘Sweet hearts,’ said she, ‘Odysseus
is indeed dead, still do not press me to marry again immediately, wait - for I
would not have skill in weaving perish unrecorded - till I have completed a
shroud for the hero <placeName key="perseus,Laertes">Laertes</placeName>, to be
in readiness against the time when death shall take him. He is very rich, and
the women of the <term xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term> will talk if he is laid out
without a shroud.’</p>
<p>
<milestone n="103" unit="line"/>"This was what she said, and we assented;
whereon we could see her working on her great web all day long, but at night
she would unpick the stitches again by torchlight. She fooled us in this way
for three years and we never found her out, but as time [<term xml:lang="grc"
>hôra</term>] wore on and she was now in her fourth year, one of her maids
who knew what she was doing told us, and we caught her in the act of undoing
her work, so she had to finish it whether she would or no. The suitors,
therefore, make you this answer, that both you and the Achaeans may understand
- ‘Send your mother away, and bid her marry the man of her own and of her
father's choice’; for I do not know what will happen if she goes on plaguing us
much longer with the airs she gives herself on the score of the accomplishments
Athena has taught her, and because she knows so many kinds of <term
xml:lang="grc">kerdos</term>. We never yet heard of such a woman; we know
all about Tyro, Alkmene, Mycene, and the famous women of old, but they were
nothing to your mother, any one of them. It was not fair of her to treat us in
that way, and as long as she continues in the mind [<term xml:lang="grc"
>noos</term>] with which heaven has now endowed her, so long shall we go on
eating up your estate; and I do not see why she should change, for she gets all
the honor and glory [<term xml:lang="grc">kleos</term>], and it is you who pay
for it, not she. Understand, then, that we will not go back to our lands,
neither here nor elsewhere, till she has made her choice and married some one
or other of us."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="129" unit="line"/>Telemakhos answered, "Antinoos, how can I drive
the mother who bore me from my father's house? My father is abroad and we do
not know whether he is alive or dead. It will be hard on me if I have to pay
Ikarios the large sum which I must give him if I insist on sending his daughter
back to him. Not only will he deal rigorously with me, but some <term
xml:lang="grc">daimôn</term> will also punish me; for my mother when she
leaves the house will call on the Erinyes to avenge her; besides, it will
result in <term xml:lang="grc">nemesis</term> for me among men, and I will have
nothing to say to it. If you choose to take offense at this, leave the house
and feast elsewhere at one another's houses at your own cost turn and turn
about. If, on the other hand, you elect to persist in sponging upon one man,
heaven help me, but Zeus shall reckon with you in full, and when you fall in my
father's house there shall be no man to avenge you."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="146" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="146" unit="line"/>As he spoke Zeus sent two eagles from the top
of the mountain, and they flew on and on with the wind, sailing side by side in
their own lordly flight. When they were right over the middle of the assembly
they wheeled and circled about, beating the air with their wings and glaring
death into the eyes of them that were below; then, fighting fiercely and
tearing at one another, they flew off towards the right over the town. The
people wondered as they saw them, and asked each other what an this might be;
whereon Halitherses, who was the best seer and reader of omens among them,
spoke to them plainly and in all honesty, saying:</p>
<p>
<milestone n="161" unit="line"/>"Hear me, men of <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>, and I speak more particularly to the suitors, for I see
mischief brewing for them. Odysseus is not going to be away much longer; indeed
he is close at hand to deal out death and destruction, not on them alone, but
on many another of us who live in <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>. Let us then be wise in time, and put a stop to this
wickedness before he comes. Let the suitors do so of their own accord; it will
be better for them, for I am not prophesying without due knowledge; everything
has happened to Odysseus as I foretold when the Argives set out for <placeName
key="perseus,Troy">Troy</placeName>, and he with them. I said that after
going through much hardship and losing all his men he should come home again in
the twentieth year and that no one would know him; and now all this is coming
true."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="177" unit="line"/>Eurymakhos son of Polybos then said, "Go home,
old man, and prophesy to your own children, or it may be worse for them. I can
read these omens myself much better than you can; birds are always flying about
in the sunshine somewhere or other, but they seldom mean anything. Odysseus has
died in a far country, and it is a pity you are not dead along with him,
instead of prating here about omens and adding fuel to the anger of Telemakhos
which is fierce enough as it is. I suppose you think he will give you something
for your family, but I tell you - and it shall surely be - when an old man like
you, who should know better, talks a young one over till he becomes
troublesome, in the first place his young friend will only fare so much the
worse - he will take nothing by it, for the suitors will prevent this - and in
the next, we will lay a heavier fine, sir, upon yourself than you will at all
like paying, for it will bear hardly upon you. As for Telemakhos, I warn him in
the presence of you all to send his mother back to her father, who will find
her a husband and provide her with all the marriage gifts so dear a daughter
may expect. Till then we shall go on harassing him with our suit; for we fear
no man, and care neither for him, with all his fine speeches, nor for any
fortune-telling of yours. You may preach as much as you please, but we shall
only hate you the more. We shall go back and continue to eat up Telemakhos'
estate without paying him, till such time as his mother leaves off tormenting
us by keeping us day after day on the tiptoe of expectation, each vying with
the other in his suit for a prize of such rare perfection [<term xml:lang="grc"
>aretê</term>]. Besides we cannot go after the other women whom we should
marry in due course, but for the way in which she treats us."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="208" unit="line"/>Then Telemakhos said, "Eurymakhos, and you
other suitors, I shall say no more, and entreat you no further, for the gods
and the people of <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> now know my
story. Give me, then, a ship and a crew of twenty men to take me hither and
thither, and I will go to <placeName key="perseus,Sparta">Sparta</placeName>
and to <placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> to inquire about the
<term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term> of my father who has so long been
missing. Some one may tell me something, or (and people often hear <term
xml:lang="grc">kleos</term> in this way) some heaven-sent message may direct
me. If I can hear of him as alive and achieving his homecoming [<term
xml:lang="grc">nostos</term>] I will put up with the waste you suitors will
make for yet another twelve months. If on the other hand I hear of his death, I
will return at once, celebrate his funeral rites with all due pomp, build a
grave marker [<term xml:lang="grc">sêma</term>] to his memory, and make my
mother marry again."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="224" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="224" unit="line"/>With these words he sat down, and Mentor who
had been a friend of Odysseus, and had been left in charge of everything with
full authority over the servants, rose to speak. He, then, plainly and in all
honesty addressed them thus:</p>
<p>
<milestone n="229" unit="line"/>"Hear me, men of <placeName key="tgn,1007519"
>Ithaca</placeName>, I hope that you may never have a kind and well-disposed
ruler any more, nor one who will govern you equitably; I hope that all your
chiefs henceforward may be cruel and unjust, for there is not one of you but
has forgotten Odysseus, who ruled you as though he were your father. I am not
half so angry with the suitors, for if they choose to do violence in the
naughtiness of their minds [<term xml:lang="grc">noos</term>], and wager their
heads that Odysseus will not return, they can take the high hand and eat up his
estate, but as for you others I am shocked at the way in which you the rest of
the population [<term xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term>] all sit still without even
trying to stop such scandalous goings on - which you could do if you chose, for
you are many and they are few."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="242" unit="line"/>Leiokritos, son of Euenor, answered him saying,
"Mentor, what folly is all this, that you should set the people to stay us? It
is a hard thing for one man to fight with many about his victuals. Even though
Odysseus himself were to set upon us while we are feasting in his house, and do
his best to oust us, his wife, who wants him back so very badly, would have
small cause for rejoicing, and his blood would be upon his own head if he
fought against such great odds. There is no sense in what you have been saying.
Now, therefore, do you people go about your business, and let his father's old
friends, Mentor and Halitherses, speed this boy on his journey, if he goes at
all - which I do not think he will, for he is more likely to stay where he is
till some one comes and tells him something."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="257" unit="line"/>On this he broke up the assembly, and every man
went back to his own abode, while the suitors returned to the house of
Odysseus.</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="260" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="260" unit="line"/>Then Telemakhos went all alone by the sea side,
washed his hands in the gray waves, and prayed to Athena.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="262" unit="line"/>"Hear me," he cried, "you god who visited me
yesterday, and bade me sail the seas in search of the <term xml:lang="grc"
>nostos</term> of my father who has so long been missing. I would obey you,
but the Achaeans, and more particularly the wicked suitors, are hindering me
that I cannot do so."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="267" unit="line"/>As he thus prayed, Athena came close up to him
in the likeness and with the voice of Mentor. "Telemakhos," said she, "if you
are made of the same stuff as your father you will be neither fool nor coward
henceforward, for Odysseus never broke his word nor left his work half done.
If, then, you take after him, your voyage will not be fruitless, but unless you
have the blood of Odysseus and of Penelope in your veins I see no likelihood of
your succeeding. Sons are seldom as good men as their fathers; they are
generally worse, not better; still, as you are not going to be either fool or
coward henceforward, and are not entirely without some share of your father's
wise discernment, I look with hope upon your undertaking. But mind you never
make common cause [<term xml:lang="grc">noos</term>] with any of those foolish
suitors, for they are neither sensible nor just [<term xml:lang="grc"
>dikaioi</term>], and give no thought to death and to the doom that will
shortly fall on one and all of them, so that they shall perish on the same day.
As for your voyage, it shall not be long delayed; your father was such an old
friend of mine that I will find you a ship, and will come with you myself. Now,
however, return home, and go about among the suitors; begin getting provisions
ready for your voyage; see everything well stowed, the wine in jars, and the
barley meal, which is the staff of life, in leathern bags, while I go round the
<term xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term> and round up volunteers at once. There are
many ships in <placeName key="tgn,1007519">Ithaca</placeName> both old and new;
I will run my eye over them for you and will choose the best; we will get her
ready and will put out to sea without delay."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="296" unit="line"/>Thus spoke Athena daughter of Zeus, and
Telemakhos lost no time in doing as the goddess told him. He went moodily and
found the suitors flaying goats and singeing pigs in the outer court. Antinoos
came up to him at once and laughed as he took his hand in his own, saying,
"Telemakhos, my fine fire-eater, bear no more ill blood neither in word nor
deed, but eat and drink with us as you used to do. The Achaeans will find you
in everything - a ship and a picked crew to boot - so that you can set sail for
<placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> at once and get news of
your noble father."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="309" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="309" unit="line"/>"Antinoos," answered Telemakhos, "I cannot eat
in peace, nor take pleasure of any kind with such men as you are. Was it not
enough that you should waste so much good property of mine while I was yet a
boy? Now that I am older and know more about it, I am also stronger, and
whether here among this people [<term xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term>], or by going
to <placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName>, I will do you all the harm
I can. I shall go, and my going will not be in vain though, thanks to you
suitors, I have neither ship nor crew of my own, and must be passenger not
leader."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="321" unit="line"/>As he spoke he snatched his hand from that of
Antinoos. Meanwhile the others went on getting dinner ready about the
buildings, jeering at him tauntingly as they did so.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="325" unit="line"/>"Telemakhos," said one youngster, "means to be
the death of us; I suppose he thinks he can bring friends to help him from
<placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName>, or again from <placeName
key="perseus,Sparta">Sparta</placeName>, where he seems bent on going. Or
will he go to <placeName key="perseus,Ephyra">Ephyra</placeName> as well, for
poison to put in our wine and kill us?"</p>
<p>
<milestone n="331" unit="line"/>Another said, "Perhaps if Telemakhos goes on
board ship, he will be like his father and perish far from his friends. In this
case we should have plenty to do, for we could then divide up his property
amongst us: as for the house we can let his mother and the man who marries her
have that."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="337" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="337" unit="line"/>This was how they talked. But Telemakhos went
down into the lofty and spacious store-room where his father's treasure of gold
and bronze lay heaped up upon the floor, and where the linen and spare clothes
were kept in open chests. Here, too, there was a store of fragrant olive oil,
while casks of old, well-ripened wine, unblended and fit for a god to drink,
were ranged against the wall in case Odysseus should come home again after all.
The room was closed with well-made doors opening in the middle; moreover the
faithful old house-keeper Eurykleia, daughter of Ops the son of Pisenor, was in
charge of everything both night and day. Telemakhos called her to the
store-room and said:</p>
<p>
<milestone n="349" unit="line"/>"Nurse, draw me off some of the best wine you
have, after what you are keeping for my father's own drinking, in case, poor
man, he should escape death, and find his way home again after all. Let me have
twelve jars, and see that they all have lids; also fill me some well-sewn
leathern bags with barley meal - about twenty measures in all. Get these things
put together at once, and say nothing about it. I will take everything away
this evening as soon as my mother has gone upstairs for the night. I am going
to <placeName key="perseus,Sparta">Sparta</placeName> and to <placeName
key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> to see if I can hear anything about
the <term xml:lang="grc">nostos</term> of my dear father.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="361" unit="line"/>When Eurykleia heard this she began to cry, and
spoke fondly to him, saying, "My dear child, what ever can have put such notion
as that into your head? Where in the world do you want to go to - you, who are
the one hope of the house? Your poor father is dead and gone in some foreign
country [<term xml:lang="grc">dêmos</term>] nobody knows where, and as soon as
your back is turned these wicked ones here will be scheming to get you put out
of the way, and will share all your possessions among themselves; stay where
you are among your own people, and do not go wandering and worrying your life
out on the barren ocean."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="371" unit="line"/>"Fear not, nurse," answered Telemakhos, "my
scheme is not without heaven's sanction; but swear that you will say nothing
about all this to my mother, till I have been away some ten or twelve days,
unless she hears of my having gone, and asks you; for I do not want her to
spoil her beauty by crying."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="377" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="377" unit="line"/>The old woman swore most solemnly that she
would not, and when she had completed her oath, she began drawing off the wine
into jars, and getting the barley meal into the bags, while Telemakhos went
back to the suitors.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="382" unit="line"/>Then Athena bethought her of another matter.
She took his shape, and went round the town to each one of the crew, telling
them to meet at the ship by sundown. She went also to Noemon son of Phronios,
and asked him to let her have a ship - which he was very ready to do. When the
sun had set and darkness was over all the land, she got the ship into the
water, put all the tackle on board her that ships generally carry, and
stationed her at the end of the harbor. Presently the crew came up, and the
goddess spoke encouragingly to each of them.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="393" unit="line"/>Furthermore she went to the house of Odysseus,
and threw the suitors into a deep slumber. She caused their drink to fuddle
them, and made them drop their cups from their hands, so that instead of
sitting over their wine, they went back into the town to sleep, with their eyes
heavy and full of drowsiness. Then she took the form and voice of Mentor, and
called Telemakhos to come outside.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="402" unit="line"/>"Telemakhos," said she, "the men are on board
and at their oars, waiting for you to give your orders, so make haste and let
us be off."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="405" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="405" unit="line"/>On this she led the way, while Telemakhos
followed in her steps. When they got to the ship they found the crew waiting by
the water side, and Telemakhos said, "Now my men, help me to get the stores on
board; they are all put together in the room, and my mother does not know
anything about it, nor any of the maid servants except one."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="413" unit="line"/>With these words he led the way and the others
followed after. When they had brought the things as he told them, Telemakhos
went on board, Athena going before him and taking her seat in the stern of the
vessel, while Telemakhos sat beside her. Then the men loosed the hawsers and
took their places on the benches. Athena sent them a fair wind from the West,
that whistled over the seething deep waves whereon Telemakhos told them to
catch hold of the ropes and hoist sail, and they did as he told them. They set
the mast in its socket in the cross plank, raised it, and made it fast with the
forestays; then they hoisted their white sails aloft with ropes of twisted ox
hide. As the sail bellied out with the wind, the ship flew through the seething
deep water, and the foam hissed against her bows as she sped onward. Then they
made all fast throughout the ship, filled the mixing-bowls to the brim, and
made drink offerings to the immortal gods that are from everlasting, but more
particularly to the gray-eyed daughter of Zeus.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="434" unit="line"/>Thus, then, the ship sped on her way through
the watches of the night from dark till dawn.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="3" subtype="book">
<head>Scroll 3</head>
<div type="textpart" n="1" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="1" unit="line"/>But as the sun was rising from the fair sea into
the firmament of heaven to shed light on mortals and immortals, they reached
<placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> the city of Neleus. Now the
people of <placeName key="perseus,Pylos">Pylos</placeName> were gathered on the
sea shore to offer sacrifice of black bulls to Poseidon lord of the Earthquake.
There were nine guilds with five hundred men in each, and there were nine bulls
to each guild. As they were eating the inward meats and burning the thigh bones
[on the embers] in the name of Poseidon, Telemakhos and his crew arrived,
furled their sails, brought their ship to anchor, and went ashore.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="12" unit="line"/>Athena led the way and Telemakhos followed her.
Presently she said, "Telemakhos, you must not at all feel <term xml:lang="grc"
>aidôs</term> or be nervous; you have taken this voyage to try and find out
where your father is buried and how he came by his end; so go straight up to
Nestor that we may see what he has got to tell us. Beg of him to speak the
truth, and he will tell no lies, for he is an excellent person."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="21" unit="line"/>"But how, Mentor," replied Telemakhos, "dare I
go up to Nestor, and how am I to address him? I have never yet been used to
holding long conversations with people, and feel <term xml:lang="grc"
>aidôs</term> about questioning one who is so much older than myself."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="25" unit="line"/>"Some things, Telemakhos," answered Athena,
"will be suggested to you by your own instinct, and some <term xml:lang="grc"
>daimôn</term> will prompt you further; for I am assured that the gods have
been with you from the time of your birth until now."</p>
</div>
<div type="textpart" n="29" subtype="card">
<p>
<milestone n="29" unit="line"/>She then went quickly on, and Telemakhos
followed in her steps till they reached the place where the guilds of the
Pylian people were assembled. There they found Nestor sitting with his sons,
while his company round him were busy getting dinner ready, and putting pieces
of meat on to the spits while other pieces were cooking. When they saw the
strangers they crowded round them, took them by the hand and bade them take
their places. Nestor's son Peisistratos at once offered his hand to each of
them, and seated them on some soft sheepskins that were lying on the sands near
his father and his brother Thrasymedes. Then he gave them their portions of the
inward meats and poured wine for them into a golden cup, handing it to Athena
first, and saluting her at the same time.</p>
<p>
<milestone n="43" unit="line"/>"Offer a prayer, sir," said he, "to lord
Poseidon, for it is his feast that you are joining; when you have duly prayed
and made your drink-offering, pass the cup to your friend that he may do so
also. I doubt not that he too lifts his hands in prayer, for man cannot live
without gods in the world. Still, he is younger than you are, and is much of an
age with myself, so I will give you the precedence."</p>
<p>
<milestone n="51" unit="line"/>As he spoke he handed her the cup. Athena