Exploratory data analysis of telecom_churn dataset using pandas .ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "be092001",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Analysing the Telecom_churn dataset using pandas "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "id": "0cd80be3",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Importing the the libraries \n",
    "import numpy as np \n",
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "id": "7fa76c98",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# setting the float value upto 2 decimal place \n",
    "pd.set_option('display.precision',2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "id": "c00a4184",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# Loading the dataset into the notebook\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv('telecom_churn.csv')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "id": "04d3291e",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415                 No              No   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                Yes              No   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2              110             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9               88              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3              122             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1  False  \n",
       "1                       1  False  \n",
       "2                       0  False  \n",
       "3                       2  False  \n",
       "4                       3  False  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Looking at the dataset \n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "id": "5a34e9d1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3333, 20)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# checking the number of rows and columns in the dataset \n",
    "df.shape"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "98eba505",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* The telecom_churn dataset contains 3333 rows and 20 columns "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "id": "72397cad",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Index(['State', 'Account length', 'Area code', 'International plan',\n",
       "       'Voice mail plan', 'Number vmail messages', 'Total day minutes',\n",
       "       'Total day calls', 'Total day charge', 'Total eve minutes',\n",
       "       'Total eve calls', 'Total eve charge', 'Total night minutes',\n",
       "       'Total night calls', 'Total night charge', 'Total intl minutes',\n",
       "       'Total intl calls', 'Total intl charge', 'Customer service calls',\n",
       "       'Churn'],\n",
       "      dtype='object')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# printing the name of columnames present in our dataset\n",
    "df.columns"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "id": "63c0ae44",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 3333 entries, 0 to 3332\n",
      "Data columns (total 20 columns):\n",
      " #   Column                  Non-Null Count  Dtype  \n",
      "---  ------                  --------------  -----  \n",
      " 0   State                   3333 non-null   object \n",
      " 1   Account length          3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 2   Area code               3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 3   International plan      3333 non-null   object \n",
      " 4   Voice mail plan         3333 non-null   object \n",
      " 5   Number vmail messages   3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 6   Total day minutes       3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 7   Total day calls         3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 8   Total day charge        3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 9   Total eve minutes       3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 10  Total eve calls         3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 11  Total eve charge        3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 12  Total night minutes     3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 13  Total night calls       3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 14  Total night charge      3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 15  Total intl minutes      3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 16  Total intl calls        3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 17  Total intl charge       3333 non-null   float64\n",
      " 18  Customer service calls  3333 non-null   int64  \n",
      " 19  Churn                   3333 non-null   bool   \n",
      "dtypes: bool(1), float64(8), int64(8), object(3)\n",
      "memory usage: 498.1+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# info() provides the overall information of the dataset like number of rows and columns, datatype, non-null counts etc.\n",
    "df.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "id": "1d8deb54",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "State                     0\n",
       "Account length            0\n",
       "Area code                 0\n",
       "International plan        0\n",
       "Voice mail plan           0\n",
       "Number vmail messages     0\n",
       "Total day minutes         0\n",
       "Total day calls           0\n",
       "Total day charge          0\n",
       "Total eve minutes         0\n",
       "Total eve calls           0\n",
       "Total eve charge          0\n",
       "Total night minutes       0\n",
       "Total night calls         0\n",
       "Total night charge        0\n",
       "Total intl minutes        0\n",
       "Total intl calls          0\n",
       "Total intl charge         0\n",
       "Customer service calls    0\n",
       "Churn                     0\n",
       "dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Cheking for the missing values  in the dataset \n",
    "df.isnull().sum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "e3ecf6ba",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* Dataset does not contains any missing values "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "id": "bdab6a14",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Empty DataFrame\n",
       "Columns: [State, Account length, Area code, International plan, Voice mail plan, Number vmail messages, Total day minutes, Total day calls, Total day charge, Total eve minutes, Total eve calls, Total eve charge, Total night minutes, Total night calls, Total night charge, Total intl minutes, Total intl calls, Total intl charge, Customer service calls, Churn]\n",
       "Index: []"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Checking for the duplicate values on the dataset \n",
    "df[df.duplicated()]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "757ae42a",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* dataset is also free from any dupicate value "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "id": "e675acf5",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>101.06</td>\n",
       "      <td>437.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>179.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.44</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.56</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.98</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.11</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.08</td>\n",
       "      <td>200.87</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.11</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.24</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.76</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.56</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>39.82</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.37</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.71</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.31</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.28</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.46</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.75</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.32</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>408.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>33.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>74.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>408.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>143.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>24.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.16</td>\n",
       "      <td>167.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>87.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.52</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>101.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>415.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>179.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>101.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>201.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>201.20</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>127.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>510.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>216.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>114.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>235.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>114.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>235.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>113.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>243.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>510.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>350.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>165.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>363.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>170.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.91</td>\n",
       "      <td>395.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>175.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.77</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>20.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.00</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       Account length  Area code  Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  \\\n",
       "count         3333.00    3333.00                3333.00            3333.00   \n",
       "mean           101.06     437.18                   8.10             179.78   \n",
       "std             39.82      42.37                  13.69              54.47   \n",
       "min              1.00     408.00                   0.00               0.00   \n",
       "25%             74.00     408.00                   0.00             143.70   \n",
       "50%            101.00     415.00                   0.00             179.40   \n",
       "75%            127.00     510.00                  20.00             216.40   \n",
       "max            243.00     510.00                  51.00             350.80   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total day calls  Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  \\\n",
       "count          3333.00           3333.00            3333.00          3333.00   \n",
       "mean            100.44             30.56             200.98           100.11   \n",
       "std              20.07              9.26              50.71            19.92   \n",
       "min               0.00              0.00               0.00             0.00   \n",
       "25%              87.00             24.43             166.60            87.00   \n",
       "50%             101.00             30.50             201.40           100.00   \n",
       "75%             114.00             36.79             235.30           114.00   \n",
       "max             165.00             59.64             363.70           170.00   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total eve charge  Total night minutes  Total night calls  \\\n",
       "count           3333.00              3333.00            3333.00   \n",
       "mean              17.08               200.87             100.11   \n",
       "std                4.31                50.57              19.57   \n",
       "min                0.00                23.20              33.00   \n",
       "25%               14.16               167.00              87.00   \n",
       "50%               17.12               201.20             100.00   \n",
       "75%               20.00               235.30             113.00   \n",
       "max               30.91               395.00             175.00   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total night charge  Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  \\\n",
       "count             3333.00             3333.00           3333.00   \n",
       "mean                 9.04               10.24              4.48   \n",
       "std                  2.28                2.79              2.46   \n",
       "min                  1.04                0.00              0.00   \n",
       "25%                  7.52                8.50              3.00   \n",
       "50%                  9.05               10.30              4.00   \n",
       "75%                 10.59               12.10              6.00   \n",
       "max                 17.77               20.00             20.00   \n",
       "\n",
       "       Total intl charge  Customer service calls  \n",
       "count            3333.00                 3333.00  \n",
       "mean                2.76                    1.56  \n",
       "std                 0.75                    1.32  \n",
       "min                 0.00                    0.00  \n",
       "25%                 2.30                    1.00  \n",
       "50%                 2.78                    1.00  \n",
       "75%                 3.27                    2.00  \n",
       "max                 5.40                    9.00  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# describemethod provides the statistical calculation of all the numerical columns preset in our dataset \n",
    "df.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "id": "f051e53d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "State                      object\n",
       "Account length              int64\n",
       "Area code                   int64\n",
       "International plan         object\n",
       "Voice mail plan            object\n",
       "Number vmail messages       int64\n",
       "Total day minutes         float64\n",
       "Total day calls             int64\n",
       "Total day charge          float64\n",
       "Total eve minutes         float64\n",
       "Total eve calls             int64\n",
       "Total eve charge          float64\n",
       "Total night minutes       float64\n",
       "Total night calls           int64\n",
       "Total night charge        float64\n",
       "Total intl minutes        float64\n",
       "Total intl calls            int64\n",
       "Total intl charge         float64\n",
       "Customer service calls      int64\n",
       "Churn                        bool\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Checking the datatypes of the columns preset in our dataset \n",
    "df.dtypes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "id": "f9ca46db",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# To convert the datatype of the column we use astype method \n",
    "df['Churn']  = df['Churn'].astype('int64')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9c05d275",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "* In order to see statistics on non-numerical features, one has to explicitly indicate data types of interest in the include parameter.\n",
    "\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "id": "1865a639",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "      <td>3333</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>unique</th>\n",
       "      <td>51</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>top</th>\n",
       "      <td>WV</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>freq</th>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>3010</td>\n",
       "      <td>2411</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       State International plan Voice mail plan\n",
       "count   3333               3333            3333\n",
       "unique    51                  2               2\n",
       "top       WV                 No              No\n",
       "freq     106               3010            2411"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.describe(include = ['object','bool'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "05c3e319",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* For categorical (type object) and boolean (type bool) features we can use the value_counts method. \n",
    "* Let's have a look at the distribution of Churn:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "id": "5bb6261f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    2850\n",
       "1     483\n",
       "Name: Churn, dtype: int64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Churn'].value_counts()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "0df8bafe",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* 2850 users out of 3333 are loyal; their Churn value is 0. \n",
    "* To calculate the fraction we can pass normalize = true in value_counts function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "id": "5bcc0842",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0    0.86\n",
       "1    0.14\n",
       "Name: Churn, dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Churn'].value_counts(normalize = True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6d976125",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    " * 86 % of the users are loyal "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "id": "25cd5a38",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3                2.7   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3                3.7   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "438e5ddb",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* Sorting the dataset \n",
    "* We can sort the data with one columns or with multiple columns "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "id": "45c215da",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>365</th>\n",
       "      <td>CO</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>350.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>216.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>253.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>985</th>\n",
       "      <td>NY</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>346.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>249.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>275.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2594</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>345.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>81</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>217.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>156</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>337.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.36</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>116</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>605</th>\n",
       "      <td>MO</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>335.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>212.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.06</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>132</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1986</th>\n",
       "      <td>WI</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>136.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>156.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2753</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>134</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>86</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>171.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2736</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>127</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.44</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>242.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>156</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1397</th>\n",
       "      <td>VT</td>\n",
       "      <td>101</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>192.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>119</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>168.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>95</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.94</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1345</th>\n",
       "      <td>SD</td>\n",
       "      <td>98</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>159.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>130</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>167.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.52</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.84</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>3333 rows × 20 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "365     CO             154        415                 No              No   \n",
       "985     NY              64        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "2594    OH             115        510                Yes              No   \n",
       "156     OH              83        415                 No              No   \n",
       "605     MO             112        415                 No              No   \n",
       "...    ...             ...        ...                ...             ...   \n",
       "1986    WI              70        415                 No              No   \n",
       "2753    OH             134        415                 No              No   \n",
       "2736    OK             127        510                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1397    VT             101        510                 No              No   \n",
       "1345    SD              98        415                 No              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "365                       0              350.8               75   \n",
       "985                       0              346.8               55   \n",
       "2594                      0              345.3               81   \n",
       "156                       0              337.4              120   \n",
       "605                       0              335.5               77   \n",
       "...                     ...                ...              ...   \n",
       "1986                      0                7.9              100   \n",
       "2753                      0                7.8               86   \n",
       "2736                     27                2.6              113   \n",
       "1397                      0                0.0                0   \n",
       "1345                      0                0.0                0   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "365              59.64              216.5               94             18.40   \n",
       "985              58.96              249.5               79             21.21   \n",
       "2594             58.70              203.4              106             17.29   \n",
       "156              57.36              227.4              116             19.33   \n",
       "605              57.04              212.5              109             18.06   \n",
       "...                ...                ...              ...               ...   \n",
       "1986              1.34              136.4               83             11.59   \n",
       "2753              1.33              171.4              100             14.57   \n",
       "2736              0.44              254.0              102             21.59   \n",
       "1397              0.00              192.1              119             16.33   \n",
       "1345              0.00              159.6              130             13.57   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "365                 253.9                100               11.43   \n",
       "985                 275.4                102               12.39   \n",
       "2594                217.5                107                9.79   \n",
       "156                 153.9                114                6.93   \n",
       "605                 265.0                132               11.93   \n",
       "...                   ...                ...                 ...   \n",
       "1986                156.6                 89                7.05   \n",
       "2753                186.5                 80                8.39   \n",
       "2736                242.7                156               10.92   \n",
       "1397                168.8                 95                7.60   \n",
       "1345                167.1                 88                7.52   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "365                 10.1                 9               2.73   \n",
       "985                 13.3                 9               3.59   \n",
       "2594                11.8                 8               3.19   \n",
       "156                 15.8                 7               4.27   \n",
       "605                 12.7                 8               3.43   \n",
       "...                  ...               ...                ...   \n",
       "1986                12.1                 1               3.27   \n",
       "2753                12.9                 2               3.48   \n",
       "2736                 9.2                 5               2.48   \n",
       "1397                 7.2                 4               1.94   \n",
       "1345                 6.8                 1               1.84   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "365                        1      1  \n",
       "985                        1      1  \n",
       "2594                       1      1  \n",
       "156                        0      1  \n",
       "605                        2      1  \n",
       "...                      ...    ...  \n",
       "1986                       0      0  \n",
       "2753                       2      0  \n",
       "2736                       3      0  \n",
       "1397                       1      0  \n",
       "1345                       4      1  \n",
       "\n",
       "[3333 rows x 20 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# sorting using single column\n",
    "df.sort_values(by = 'Total day charge',ascending = False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "id": "e631c6cd",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1397</th>\n",
       "      <td>VT</td>\n",
       "      <td>101</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.00</td>\n",
       "      <td>192.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>119</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>168.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>95</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.94</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2736</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>127</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>27</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.44</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>242.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>156</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.92</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2753</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>134</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>86</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>171.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.48</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1986</th>\n",
       "      <td>WI</td>\n",
       "      <td>70</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>136.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>156.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.05</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1052</th>\n",
       "      <td>OR</td>\n",
       "      <td>98</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.13</td>\n",
       "      <td>256.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.81</td>\n",
       "      <td>169.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.08</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>605</th>\n",
       "      <td>MO</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>335.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>77</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>212.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>109</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.06</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>132</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>156</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>337.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>120</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.36</td>\n",
       "      <td>227.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>116</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.33</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.93</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.27</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2594</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>345.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>81</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>106</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>217.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>985</th>\n",
       "      <td>NY</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>346.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>249.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>21.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>275.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>102</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.39</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>365</th>\n",
       "      <td>CO</td>\n",
       "      <td>154</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>350.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>216.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.40</td>\n",
       "      <td>253.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>100</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.43</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>9</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>3333 rows × 20 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "1397    VT             101        510                 No              No   \n",
       "2736    OK             127        510                 No             Yes   \n",
       "2753    OH             134        415                 No              No   \n",
       "1986    WI              70        415                 No              No   \n",
       "1052    OR              98        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "...    ...             ...        ...                ...             ...   \n",
       "605     MO             112        415                 No              No   \n",
       "156     OH              83        415                 No              No   \n",
       "2594    OH             115        510                Yes              No   \n",
       "985     NY              64        415                Yes              No   \n",
       "365     CO             154        415                 No              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "1397                      0                0.0                0   \n",
       "2736                     27                2.6              113   \n",
       "2753                      0                7.8               86   \n",
       "1986                      0                7.9              100   \n",
       "1052                      0               12.5               67   \n",
       "...                     ...                ...              ...   \n",
       "605                       0              335.5               77   \n",
       "156                       0              337.4              120   \n",
       "2594                      0              345.3               81   \n",
       "985                       0              346.8               55   \n",
       "365                       0              350.8               75   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "1397              0.00              192.1              119             16.33   \n",
       "2736              0.44              254.0              102             21.59   \n",
       "2753              1.33              171.4              100             14.57   \n",
       "1986              1.34              136.4               83             11.59   \n",
       "1052              2.13              256.6               90             21.81   \n",
       "...                ...                ...              ...               ...   \n",
       "605              57.04              212.5              109             18.06   \n",
       "156              57.36              227.4              116             19.33   \n",
       "2594             58.70              203.4              106             17.29   \n",
       "985              58.96              249.5               79             21.21   \n",
       "365              59.64              216.5               94             18.40   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "1397                168.8                 95                7.60   \n",
       "2736                242.7                156               10.92   \n",
       "2753                186.5                 80                8.39   \n",
       "1986                156.6                 89                7.05   \n",
       "1052                169.4                 88                7.62   \n",
       "...                   ...                ...                 ...   \n",
       "605                 265.0                132               11.93   \n",
       "156                 153.9                114                6.93   \n",
       "2594                217.5                107                9.79   \n",
       "985                 275.4                102               12.39   \n",
       "365                 253.9                100               11.43   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "1397                 7.2                 4               1.94   \n",
       "2736                 9.2                 5               2.48   \n",
       "2753                12.9                 2               3.48   \n",
       "1986                12.1                 1               3.27   \n",
       "1052                 7.7                 9               2.08   \n",
       "...                  ...               ...                ...   \n",
       "605                 12.7                 8               3.43   \n",
       "156                 15.8                 7               4.27   \n",
       "2594                11.8                 8               3.19   \n",
       "985                 13.3                 9               3.59   \n",
       "365                 10.1                 9               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "1397                       1      0  \n",
       "2736                       3      0  \n",
       "2753                       2      0  \n",
       "1986                       0      0  \n",
       "1052                       1      0  \n",
       "...                      ...    ...  \n",
       "605                        2      1  \n",
       "156                        0      1  \n",
       "2594                       1      1  \n",
       "985                        1      1  \n",
       "365                        1      1  \n",
       "\n",
       "[3333 rows x 20 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# sorting using multiple columns \n",
    "df.sort_values(by = ['Churn','Total day charge'])\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "fab04366",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**what is the proportion of churned users in our dataframe?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "id": "d22b0068",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "0.14491449144914492"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['Churn'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "414deebd",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* So we can say that 14.5% of users are the churned users "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "934b4e78",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**What are average values of numerical features for churned users?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "id": "9681c1f1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "C:\\Users\\Rahul Patel\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\ipykernel_5916\\2211308497.py:1: FutureWarning: Dropping of nuisance columns in DataFrame reductions (with 'numeric_only=None') is deprecated; in a future version this will raise TypeError.  Select only valid columns before calling the reduction.\n",
      "  df[df['Churn'] == 1].mean()\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "Account length            102.66\n",
       "Area code                 437.82\n",
       "Number vmail messages       5.12\n",
       "Total day minutes         206.91\n",
       "Total day calls           101.34\n",
       "Total day charge           35.18\n",
       "Total eve minutes         212.41\n",
       "Total eve calls           100.56\n",
       "Total eve charge           18.05\n",
       "Total night minutes       205.23\n",
       "Total night calls         100.40\n",
       "Total night charge          9.24\n",
       "Total intl minutes         10.70\n",
       "Total intl calls            4.16\n",
       "Total intl charge           2.89\n",
       "Customer service calls      2.23\n",
       "Churn                       1.00\n",
       "dtype: float64"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[df['Churn'] == 1].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "4d30e927",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**How much time (on average) do churned users spend on the phone during daytime?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "id": "2e4588fb",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "206.91407867494823"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[df['Churn']==1]['Total day minutes'].mean()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "267245d8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**What is the maximum length of international calls among loyal users (Churn == 0) who do not have an international plan?**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "id": "013d8f96",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "18.9"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df[(df['Churn']==0) & (df['International plan'] == 'No')]['Total intl minutes'].max()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "id": "767d396d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3                2.7   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3                3.7   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 23,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "02bf2fe6",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* DataFrames can be indexed by column name (label) or row name (index) or by the serial number of a row. \n",
    "* The loc method is used for indexing by name, while iloc() is used for indexing by number."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 24,
   "id": "c4fa74a1",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>AL</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code\n",
       "0    KS             128        415\n",
       "1    OH             107        415\n",
       "2    NJ             137        415\n",
       "3    OH              84        408\n",
       "4    OK              75        415\n",
       "5    AL             118        510"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 24,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.loc[0:5 , 'State': 'Area code']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 25,
   "id": "652ed9af",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code\n",
       "0    KS             128        415\n",
       "1    OH             107        415\n",
       "2    NJ             137        415\n",
       "3    OH              84        408\n",
       "4    OK              75        415"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 25,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.iloc[0:5  , 0:3]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "9bb505e3",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Applying Functions to Cells, Columns and Rows**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 26,
   "id": "102e3691",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "State                        WY\n",
       "Account length              243\n",
       "Area code                   510\n",
       "International plan          Yes\n",
       "Voice mail plan             Yes\n",
       "Number vmail messages        51\n",
       "Total day minutes         350.8\n",
       "Total day calls             165\n",
       "Total day charge          59.64\n",
       "Total eve minutes         363.7\n",
       "Total eve calls             170\n",
       "Total eve charge          30.91\n",
       "Total night minutes       395.0\n",
       "Total night calls           175\n",
       "Total night charge        17.77\n",
       "Total intl minutes         20.0\n",
       "Total intl calls             20\n",
       "Total intl charge           5.4\n",
       "Customer service calls        9\n",
       "Churn                         1\n",
       "dtype: object"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 26,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# applying the sunction to each columns\n",
    "df.apply(np.max)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "34ef96be",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The apply method can also be used to apply a function to each row. To do this, specify axis=1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 27,
   "id": "ada3ff13",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>WV</td>\n",
       "      <td>141</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>37</td>\n",
       "      <td>258.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.96</td>\n",
       "      <td>222.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>111</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.87</td>\n",
       "      <td>326.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>97</td>\n",
       "      <td>14.69</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.02</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>WY</td>\n",
       "      <td>57</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>39</td>\n",
       "      <td>213.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.21</td>\n",
       "      <td>191.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.24</td>\n",
       "      <td>182.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.22</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.57</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>44</th>\n",
       "      <td>WI</td>\n",
       "      <td>64</td>\n",
       "      <td>510</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>154.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>67</td>\n",
       "      <td>26.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>225.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>118</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.19</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>86</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.94</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.95</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>49</th>\n",
       "      <td>WY</td>\n",
       "      <td>97</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>24</td>\n",
       "      <td>133.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>135</td>\n",
       "      <td>22.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>217.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>58</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.46</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>79</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.97</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>54</th>\n",
       "      <td>WY</td>\n",
       "      <td>87</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>151.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>83</td>\n",
       "      <td>25.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>219.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>116</td>\n",
       "      <td>18.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>203.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>127</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.18</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3278</th>\n",
       "      <td>WI</td>\n",
       "      <td>87</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>238.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>97</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.46</td>\n",
       "      <td>164.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>97</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.98</td>\n",
       "      <td>282.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>132</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.71</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3303</th>\n",
       "      <td>WI</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>137.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.31</td>\n",
       "      <td>155.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>125</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.23</td>\n",
       "      <td>247.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>94</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.14</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.11</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3319</th>\n",
       "      <td>WY</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>115.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>19.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>209.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>115</td>\n",
       "      <td>17.84</td>\n",
       "      <td>280.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>112</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.64</td>\n",
       "      <td>15.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>6</td>\n",
       "      <td>4.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3324</th>\n",
       "      <td>WV</td>\n",
       "      <td>159</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>169.8</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.87</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>105</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.80</td>\n",
       "      <td>193.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>82</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.72</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.13</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3329</th>\n",
       "      <td>WV</td>\n",
       "      <td>68</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>231.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>57</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>153.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>55</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.04</td>\n",
       "      <td>191.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>9.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.59</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>327 rows × 20 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "9       WV             141        415                Yes             Yes   \n",
       "26      WY              57        408                 No             Yes   \n",
       "44      WI              64        510                 No              No   \n",
       "49      WY              97        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "54      WY              87        415                 No              No   \n",
       "...    ...             ...        ...                ...             ...   \n",
       "3278    WI              87        415                 No              No   \n",
       "3303    WI             114        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "3319    WY              89        415                 No              No   \n",
       "3324    WV             159        415                 No              No   \n",
       "3329    WV              68        415                 No              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "9                        37              258.6               84   \n",
       "26                       39              213.0              115   \n",
       "44                        0              154.0               67   \n",
       "49                       24              133.2              135   \n",
       "54                        0              151.0               83   \n",
       "...                     ...                ...              ...   \n",
       "3278                      0              238.0               97   \n",
       "3303                     26              137.1               88   \n",
       "3319                      0              115.4               99   \n",
       "3324                      0              169.8              114   \n",
       "3329                      0              231.1               57   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "9                43.96              222.0              111             18.87   \n",
       "26               36.21              191.1              112             16.24   \n",
       "44               26.18              225.8              118             19.19   \n",
       "49               22.64              217.2               58             18.46   \n",
       "54               25.67              219.7              116             18.67   \n",
       "...                ...                ...              ...               ...   \n",
       "3278             40.46              164.5               97             13.98   \n",
       "3303             23.31              155.7              125             13.23   \n",
       "3319             19.62              209.9              115             17.84   \n",
       "3324             28.87              197.7              105             16.80   \n",
       "3329             39.29              153.4               55             13.04   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "9                   326.4                 97               14.69   \n",
       "26                  182.7                115                8.22   \n",
       "44                  265.3                 86               11.94   \n",
       "49                   70.6                 79                3.18   \n",
       "54                  203.9                127                9.18   \n",
       "...                   ...                ...                 ...   \n",
       "3278                282.5                132               12.71   \n",
       "3303                247.6                 94               11.14   \n",
       "3319                280.9                112               12.64   \n",
       "3324                193.7                 82                8.72   \n",
       "3329                191.3                123                8.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "9                   11.2                 5               3.02   \n",
       "26                   9.5                 3               2.57   \n",
       "44                   3.5                 3               0.95   \n",
       "49                  11.0                 3               2.97   \n",
       "54                   9.7                 3               2.62   \n",
       "...                  ...               ...                ...   \n",
       "3278                10.6                 6               2.86   \n",
       "3303                11.5                 7               3.11   \n",
       "3319                15.9                 6               4.29   \n",
       "3324                11.6                 4               3.13   \n",
       "3329                 9.6                 4               2.59   \n",
       "\n",
       "      Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "9                          0      0  \n",
       "26                         0      0  \n",
       "44                         1      0  \n",
       "49                         1      0  \n",
       "54                         5      1  \n",
       "...                      ...    ...  \n",
       "3278                       2      0  \n",
       "3303                       2      0  \n",
       "3319                       3      0  \n",
       "3324                       1      0  \n",
       "3329                       3      0  \n",
       "\n",
       "[327 rows x 20 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 27,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Select all the states starting with W, We can lambda functoion in this case\n",
    "df.head(2)\n",
    "df[df['State'].apply(lambda state : state[0] == 'W')]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "b347f07f",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The map method can be used to replace values in a column by passing a dictionary of the form {old_value: new_value} as its argument:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "id": "afcbd69d",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415                 No             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3                2.7   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3                3.7   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "id": "7089ef91",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code  International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415               False              No   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                True              No   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                True              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2              110             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9               88              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3              122             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  \n",
       "2                       0      0  \n",
       "3                       2      0  \n",
       "4                       3      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df['International plan'] = df['International plan'].map({'No' : False, 'Yes' : True})\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "f1099718",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Summary tables**\n",
    "\n",
    "Suppose we want to see how the observations in our sample are distributed in the context of two variables - Churn and International plan. To do so, we can build a contingency table using the crosstab method:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "id": "98ea7f5f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2664</td>\n",
       "      <td>186</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>346</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "International plan  False  True\n",
       "Churn                          \n",
       "0                    2664   186\n",
       "1                     346   137"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'],df['International plan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "id": "5c2e4162",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Yes</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2008</td>\n",
       "      <td>842</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>403</td>\n",
       "      <td>80</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Voice mail plan    No  Yes\n",
       "Churn                     \n",
       "0                2008  842\n",
       "1                 403   80"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'],df['Voice mail plan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "id": "545076c8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>No</th>\n",
       "      <th>Yes</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.60</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.25</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>0.12</td>\n",
       "      <td>0.02</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Voice mail plan    No   Yes\n",
       "Churn                      \n",
       "0                0.60  0.25\n",
       "1                0.12  0.02"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# in order to get the fraction value we can use the normalize method \n",
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'],df['Voice mail plan'], normalize  = True)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "5fa24c3c",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* We can see that most of the users are loyal and do not use additional services (International Plan/Voice mail)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "16d4fba8",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "**Pivot tables implementetion in Pandas:**\n",
    "\n",
    "the pivot_table method takes the following parameters:\n",
    "\n",
    "* values – a list of variables to calculate statistics for,\n",
    "* index – a list of variables to group data by,\n",
    "* aggfunc – what statistics we need to calculate for groups, ex. sum, mean, maximum, minimum or something else."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "id": "fdc0c231",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code  International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3                2.7   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3                3.7   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head(2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "id": "c3f0e1dc",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>408</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.79</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.04</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>415</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.58</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.50</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.40</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>510</th>\n",
       "      <td>100.10</td>\n",
       "      <td>99.67</td>\n",
       "      <td>100.60</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "           Total day calls  Total eve calls  Total night calls\n",
       "Area code                                                     \n",
       "408                 100.50            99.79              99.04\n",
       "415                 100.58           100.50             100.40\n",
       "510                 100.10            99.67             100.60"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 45,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.pivot_table(['Total day calls','Total eve calls','Total night calls'],\n",
    "              ['Area code'],\n",
    "              aggfunc = 'mean',)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 48,
   "id": "fb2aa29c",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total number of calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>303</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>332</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>333</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>255</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>359</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>5 rows × 21 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code  International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415               False              No   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                True              No   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                True              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  ...  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4  ...             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5  ...             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2  ...             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9  ...              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3  ...             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  Total number of calls  \n",
       "0                       1      0                    303  \n",
       "1                       1      0                    332  \n",
       "2                       0      0                    333  \n",
       "3                       2      0                    255  \n",
       "4                       3      0                    359  \n",
       "\n",
       "[5 rows x 21 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 48,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Create a Total number of calls column in our data frame \n",
    "\n",
    "df['Total number of calls'] = (df['Total day calls']+df['Total eve calls']+df['Total night calls']+df['Total intl calls'])\n",
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "id": "582dc76a",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total number of calls</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>303</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1 rows × 21 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code  International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  ...  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4  ...             16.78   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3                2.7   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  Total number of calls  \n",
       "0                       1      0                    303  \n",
       "\n",
       "[1 rows x 21 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 51,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head(1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 55,
   "id": "c8f17a0f",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>State</th>\n",
       "      <th>Account length</th>\n",
       "      <th>Area code</th>\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Voice mail plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>Number vmail messages</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total day charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total eve charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total night charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl minutes</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Total intl charge</th>\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>KS</td>\n",
       "      <td>128</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>25</td>\n",
       "      <td>265.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.07</td>\n",
       "      <td>197.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>99</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>244.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>91</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.01</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.0</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>107</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>Yes</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>161.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>123</td>\n",
       "      <td>27.47</td>\n",
       "      <td>195.5</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>16.62</td>\n",
       "      <td>254.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>103</td>\n",
       "      <td>11.45</td>\n",
       "      <td>13.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.70</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>NJ</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>False</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>243.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>114</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.38</td>\n",
       "      <td>121.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>110</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.30</td>\n",
       "      <td>162.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>104</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.32</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.2</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>3.29</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>OH</td>\n",
       "      <td>84</td>\n",
       "      <td>408</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>299.4</td>\n",
       "      <td>71</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.90</td>\n",
       "      <td>61.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>88</td>\n",
       "      <td>5.26</td>\n",
       "      <td>196.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>89</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.86</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.6</td>\n",
       "      <td>7</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.78</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>OK</td>\n",
       "      <td>75</td>\n",
       "      <td>415</td>\n",
       "      <td>True</td>\n",
       "      <td>No</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "      <td>166.7</td>\n",
       "      <td>113</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.34</td>\n",
       "      <td>148.3</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.61</td>\n",
       "      <td>186.9</td>\n",
       "      <td>121</td>\n",
       "      <td>8.41</td>\n",
       "      <td>10.1</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.73</td>\n",
       "      <td>3</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "  State  Account length  Area code  International plan Voice mail plan  \\\n",
       "0    KS             128        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "1    OH             107        415               False             Yes   \n",
       "2    NJ             137        415               False              No   \n",
       "3    OH              84        408                True              No   \n",
       "4    OK              75        415                True              No   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Number vmail messages  Total day minutes  Total day calls  \\\n",
       "0                     25              265.1              110   \n",
       "1                     26              161.6              123   \n",
       "2                      0              243.4              114   \n",
       "3                      0              299.4               71   \n",
       "4                      0              166.7              113   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total day charge  Total eve minutes  Total eve calls  Total eve charge  \\\n",
       "0             45.07              197.4               99             16.78   \n",
       "1             27.47              195.5              103             16.62   \n",
       "2             41.38              121.2              110             10.30   \n",
       "3             50.90               61.9               88              5.26   \n",
       "4             28.34              148.3              122             12.61   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total night minutes  Total night calls  Total night charge  \\\n",
       "0                244.7                 91               11.01   \n",
       "1                254.4                103               11.45   \n",
       "2                162.6                104                7.32   \n",
       "3                196.9                 89                8.86   \n",
       "4                186.9                121                8.41   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Total intl minutes  Total intl calls  Total intl charge  \\\n",
       "0                10.0                 3               2.70   \n",
       "1                13.7                 3               3.70   \n",
       "2                12.2                 5               3.29   \n",
       "3                 6.6                 7               1.78   \n",
       "4                10.1                 3               2.73   \n",
       "\n",
       "   Customer service calls  Churn  \n",
       "0                       1      0  \n",
       "1                       1      0  \n",
       "2                       0      0  \n",
       "3                       2      0  \n",
       "4                       3      0  "
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 55,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "df.head()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "504a9de4",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Let's see how churn rate is related to the International plan feature. We'll do this using a crosstab contingency table and also through visual analysis with Seaborn"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "id": "486584bf",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>International plan</th>\n",
       "      <th>False</th>\n",
       "      <th>True</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>2664</td>\n",
       "      <td>186</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>346</td>\n",
       "      <td>137</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "International plan  False  True\n",
       "Churn                          \n",
       "0                    2664   186\n",
       "1                     346   137"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# croostab method \n",
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'],df['International plan'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 60,
   "id": "5a081320",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 864x432 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# plotting the above data with seaborn and matplotlib\n",
    "\n",
    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt \n",
    "import seaborn as sns \n",
    "%matplotlib inline \n",
    "\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize = (12,6))\n",
    "sns.countplot(x = 'International plan', hue = 'Churn' , data = df)\n",
    "plt.title('Churn rate along with international plan',fontsize = 20)\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "6d71f39d",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* By looking at the plot we can say that the loyal users are less interested in international plan\n",
    "* Thatswhy we observed that the who are having the international plan having higher nnumber of churn rate may be the case is that dueto high expence of the international paln churning rate iss heigher for these type of users "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "id": "ca913dcf",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Now we are going to have a look on the churn rate and customer service calls"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 63,
   "id": "a8e8c8e8",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th>Customer service calls</th>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>Churn</th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>605</td>\n",
       "      <td>1059</td>\n",
       "      <td>672</td>\n",
       "      <td>385</td>\n",
       "      <td>90</td>\n",
       "      <td>26</td>\n",
       "      <td>8</td>\n",
       "      <td>4</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>0</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>92</td>\n",
       "      <td>122</td>\n",
       "      <td>87</td>\n",
       "      <td>44</td>\n",
       "      <td>76</td>\n",
       "      <td>40</td>\n",
       "      <td>14</td>\n",
       "      <td>5</td>\n",
       "      <td>1</td>\n",
       "      <td>2</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "Customer service calls    0     1    2    3   4   5   6  7  8  9\n",
       "Churn                                                           \n",
       "0                       605  1059  672  385  90  26   8  4  1  0\n",
       "1                        92   122   87   44  76  40  14  5  1  2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 63,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Crosstab representation of the data \n",
    "\n",
    "df.head(1)\n",
    "pd.crosstab(df['Churn'],df['Customer service calls'])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 68,
   "id": "52086b56",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "image/png": "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\n",
      "text/plain": [
       "<Figure size 864x432 with 1 Axes>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {
      "needs_background": "light"
     },
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Plotting the above data with the help of seaborn libraries \n",
    "\n",
    "plt.figure(figsize = (12,6))\n",
    "sns.countplot(x = 'Customer service calls' , hue = 'Churn',data  = df)\n",
    "plt.show()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "id": "83889436",
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
 ],
 "metadata": {
  "kernelspec": {
   "display_name": "Python 3 (ipykernel)",
   "language": "python",
   "name": "python3"
  },
  "language_info": {
   "codemirror_mode": {
    "name": "ipython",
    "version": 3
   },
   "file_extension": ".py",
   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
   "name": "python",
   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
   "version": "3.10.4"
  }
 },
 "nbformat": 4,
 "nbformat_minor": 5
}