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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en"><head>
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<meta name="author" content="Christopher Barrie">
<title>Using APIs</title>
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</head>
<body>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section id="title-slide" class="center">
<h1 class="title">Using APIs</h1>
<p class="subtitle">SICSS, 2022</p>
<p class="author">Christopher Barrie</p>
</section>
<section id="introduction" class="slide level2">
<h2>Introduction</h2>
<ul>
<li>Why count tweets?
<ul>
<li><p>Test your API call</p></li>
<li><p>Of substantive interest</p>
<ul>
<li>But… design considerations (normalizing)</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="counting-tweets" class="slide level2">
<h2>Counting tweets</h2>
<div class="cell">
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1" data-code-line-numbers="|6|7|8|9|10|11"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(academictwitteR)</span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(dplyr)</span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(lubridate)</span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4"></a><span class="fu">library</span>(ggplot2)</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6"></a>tweetcounts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">count_all_tweets</span>(</span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> <span class="st">"Hogmanay"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8"></a> <span class="at">start_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-9"><a href="#cb1-9"></a> <span class="at">end_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-10"><a href="#cb1-10"></a> <span class="at">bearer_token =</span> <span class="fu">get_bearer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb1-11"><a href="#cb1-11"></a> <span class="at">granularity =</span> <span class="st">"hour"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb1-12"><a href="#cb1-12"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">500</span></span>
<span id="cb1-13"><a href="#cb1-13"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="format-date" class="slide level2">
<h2>Format date</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1"></a>tweetcounts<span class="sc">$</span>time <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb2-2"><a href="#cb2-2"></a> <span class="fu">parse_date_time</span>(tweetcounts<span class="sc">$</span>start, </span>
<span id="cb2-3"><a href="#cb2-3"></a> <span class="at">orders =</span> <span class="st">"ymd HMS"</span>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="section" class="slide level2">
<h2></h2>
<div class="cell">
</div>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-1" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-1-1">Tab A</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-1-2">Tab B</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-1-1">
<div class="cell">
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(tweetcounts)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> end start tweet_count
1 2019-12-27T01:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T00:00:00.000Z 47
2 2019-12-27T02:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T01:00:00.000Z 38
3 2019-12-27T03:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T02:00:00.000Z 19
4 2019-12-27T04:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T03:00:00.000Z 14
5 2019-12-27T05:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T04:00:00.000Z 10
6 2019-12-27T06:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T05:00:00.000Z 12
time
1 2019-12-27 00:00:00
2 2019-12-27 01:00:00
3 2019-12-27 02:00:00
4 2019-12-27 03:00:00
5 2019-12-27 04:00:00
6 2019-12-27 05:00:00</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="tabset-1-2">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1"></a>tweetcounts <span class="sc">%>%</span> <span class="fu">ggplot</span>() <span class="sc">+</span></span>
<span id="cb5-2"><a href="#cb5-2"></a> <span class="fu">geom_line</span>(<span class="fu">aes</span>(time, tweet_count))</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-display">
<p><img data-src="01_count_files/figure-revealjs/unnamed-chunk-14-1.png" width="960"></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="adding-arguments" class="slide level2">
<h2>Adding arguments</h2>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6" data-code-line-numbers="|3|4|5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1"></a>tweetcounts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">count_all_tweets</span>(</span>
<span id="cb6-2"><a href="#cb6-2"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> <span class="st">"Hogmanay"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-3"><a href="#cb6-3"></a> <span class="at">place =</span> <span class="st">"Edinburgh"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-4"><a href="#cb6-4"></a> <span class="at">is_retweet =</span> F,</span>
<span id="cb6-5"><a href="#cb6-5"></a> <span class="at">has_images =</span> T,</span>
<span id="cb6-6"><a href="#cb6-6"></a> <span class="at">start_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-7"><a href="#cb6-7"></a> <span class="at">end_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-8"><a href="#cb6-8"></a> <span class="at">bearer_token =</span> <span class="fu">get_bearer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb6-9"><a href="#cb6-9"></a> <span class="at">granularity =</span> <span class="st">"hour"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb6-10"><a href="#cb6-10"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">500</span></span>
<span id="cb6-11"><a href="#cb6-11"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="adding-user-parameters" class="slide level2">
<h2>Adding user parameters</h2>
<div class="cell">
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7" data-code-line-numbers="|3|4|5"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1"></a>tweetcounts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">count_all_tweets</span>(</span>
<span id="cb7-2"><a href="#cb7-2"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> <span class="st">"Hogmanay"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-3"><a href="#cb7-3"></a> <span class="at">users =</span> <span class="st">"edhogmanay"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-4"><a href="#cb7-4"></a> <span class="at">start_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2019-12-27T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-5"><a href="#cb7-5"></a> <span class="at">end_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-6"><a href="#cb7-6"></a> <span class="at">bearer_token =</span> <span class="fu">get_bearer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb7-7"><a href="#cb7-7"></a> <span class="at">granularity =</span> <span class="st">"day"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb7-8"><a href="#cb7-8"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">500</span></span>
<span id="cb7-9"><a href="#cb7-9"></a>)</span>
<span id="cb7-10"><a href="#cb7-10"></a></span>
<span id="cb7-11"><a href="#cb7-11"></a>tweetcounts</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="cell">
<div class="cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code> end start tweet_count
1 2019-12-28T00:00:00.000Z 2019-12-27T00:00:00.000Z 1
2 2019-12-29T00:00:00.000Z 2019-12-28T00:00:00.000Z 0
3 2019-12-30T00:00:00.000Z 2019-12-29T00:00:00.000Z 1
4 2019-12-31T00:00:00.000Z 2019-12-30T00:00:00.000Z 4
5 2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z 2019-12-31T00:00:00.000Z 6
6 2020-01-02T00:00:00.000Z 2020-01-01T00:00:00.000Z 2
7 2020-01-03T00:00:00.000Z 2020-01-02T00:00:00.000Z 3
8 2020-01-04T00:00:00.000Z 2020-01-03T00:00:00.000Z 1
9 2020-01-05T00:00:00.000Z 2020-01-04T00:00:00.000Z 0</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<section id="normalizing" class="slide level2">
<h2>Normalizing</h2>
<div class="panel-tabset">
<ul id="tabset-2" class="panel-tabset-tabby"><li><a data-tabby-default="" href="#tabset-2-1">Counts</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-2">Baseline</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-3">Normalize</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-4">Plot 1</a></li><li><a href="#tabset-2-5">Plot 2</a></li></ul>
<div class="tab-content">
<div id="tabset-2-1">
<div class="cell">
</div>
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1"></a>tweetcounts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">count_all_tweets</span>(</span>
<span id="cb9-2"><a href="#cb9-2"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> <span class="st">"immigration"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb9-3"><a href="#cb9-3"></a> <span class="at">start_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2015-12-27T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb9-4"><a href="#cb9-4"></a> <span class="at">end_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb9-5"><a href="#cb9-5"></a> <span class="at">bearer_token =</span> <span class="fu">get_bearer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb9-6"><a href="#cb9-6"></a> <span class="at">granularity =</span> <span class="st">"day"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb9-7"><a href="#cb9-7"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">5000</span></span>
<span id="cb9-8"><a href="#cb9-8"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1"></a>baselinecounts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="fu">count_all_tweets</span>(</span>
<span id="cb10-2"><a href="#cb10-2"></a> <span class="at">query =</span> <span class="st">"therefore"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb10-3"><a href="#cb10-3"></a> <span class="at">start_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2015-12-27T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb10-4"><a href="#cb10-4"></a> <span class="at">end_tweets =</span> <span class="st">"2020-01-05T00:00:00Z"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb10-5"><a href="#cb10-5"></a> <span class="at">bearer_token =</span> <span class="fu">get_bearer</span>(),</span>
<span id="cb10-6"><a href="#cb10-6"></a> <span class="at">granularity =</span> <span class="st">"day"</span>,</span>
<span id="cb10-7"><a href="#cb10-7"></a> <span class="at">n =</span> <span class="dv">5000</span></span>
<span id="cb10-8"><a href="#cb10-8"></a>)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
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<div id="tabset-2-3">
<div class="cell">
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode numberSource r cell-code number-lines code-with-copy"><code class="sourceCode r"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1"></a>normalize_counts <span class="ot"><-</span> <span class="cf">function</span>(tweetcounts, baselinecounts) {</span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2"></a> tweetcounts <span class="ot"><-</span> tweetcounts<span class="sc">$</span>tweet_count</span>
<span id="cb11-3"><a href="#cb11-3"></a> baselinecounts <span class="ot"><-</span> baselinecounts<span class="sc">$</span>tweet_count</span>
<span id="cb11-4"><a href="#cb11-4"></a> normalized_counts <span class="ot"><-</span> tweetcounts<span class="sc">/</span>baselinecounts</span>
<span id="cb11-5"><a href="#cb11-5"></a> <span class="fu">return</span>(normalized_counts)</span>
<span id="cb11-6"><a href="#cb11-6"></a>}</span>
<span id="cb11-7"><a href="#cb11-7"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-8"><a href="#cb11-8"></a>tweetcounts<span class="sc">$</span>normalized_count <span class="ot"><-</span></span>
<span id="cb11-9"><a href="#cb11-9"></a> <span class="fu">normalize_counts</span>(<span class="at">tweetcounts =</span> tweetcounts,</span>
<span id="cb11-10"><a href="#cb11-10"></a> <span class="at">baselinecounts =</span> baselinecounts)</span>
<span id="cb11-11"><a href="#cb11-11"></a></span>
<span id="cb11-12"><a href="#cb11-12"></a><span class="fu">head</span>(tweetcounts<span class="sc">$</span>normalized_count)</span></code><button title="Copy to Clipboard" class="code-copy-button"><i class="bi"></i></button></pre></div>
<div class="cell-output-stdout">
<pre><code>[1] 0.8641441 1.4070588 1.8567669 2.3317991 1.1134310 1.0938708</code></pre>
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