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<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no">
<title>Anatomy of an Accessible Navigation Menu</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reset.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/reveal.css">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="dist/theme/white.css">
<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighted code -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="plugin/highlight/vs.css">
<style type="text/css">
.reveal section {
text-align: left;
}
nav.menu-style{
color: #000;
}
nav.menu-style a{
color: #000;
padding: 0.25em;
text-decoration: none !important;
}
nav.menu-style ul{
list-style-type: none;
display: grid;
grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);
margin-left: 0;
}
nav.menu-style li{
}
nav.menu-style a:hover,
nav.menu-style a:focus {
color: #0d5f9d;
background-color: #fff;
text-decoration: underline !important;
}
nav.menu-style a:focus {
outline: solid 2px #0d5f9d;
outline-offset: 2px;
}
nav.menu-style a:active {
color: #072446;
background-color: #F3CD1D;
text-decoration: underline;
}
nav.menu-style [aria-current=page] {
background-color: #F3CD1D;
color: #072446;
border-bottom: .25em solid #072446;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1 style="display: none;">Anatomy of an Accessible Navigation Menu</h1>
<div class="reveal">
<div class="slides">
<section>
<h2>Anatomy of an Accessible Navigation Menu</h2>
<p>- Steve Jones</p>
<img style="margin-bottom:0px;" data-src="https://equalizedigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Equalize-Digital-color-logo.svg" width="400" alt="Equalize Digital">
<p style="margin-top:0px;"><small><a href="https://equalizedigital.com">EqualizeDigital.com</a> | <a href="https://twitter.com/EqualizeDigital">@EqualizeDigital</a></small></p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Why is an Accessible Navigation Important?</h2>
<ul>
<li>Inclusive User Experience</li>
<li>Legal and Policy Requirements</li>
<li>Ethical Responsibility</li>
<li>It defines the structure of a website</li>
<li>It avoids abandonment</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h2 class="r-fit-text">If it's not accessible <br />it's broken!</h2>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Menu Structure</h2>
<h3>Semantic Markup</h3>
<p>Using HTML elements for their given meaning, not just for their appearance.</p>
<h3>Adaptive</h3>
<p>Viewport, magnification, assistive technology</p>
<aside class="notes">
<h3>Semantic markup</h3>
<p>Semantic markup is a way of writing and structuring your HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) so that it reinforces the semantics, or meaning, of the content rather than its appearance.</p>
<p>Semantically coded menus adapt to small screens, magnification, and assistive techonology.</p>
</aside>
</section>
<section>
<h3>HTML Unordered</h3>
<p>When menu items are not in specific order.</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim>
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="…">About</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Shop</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Contact</a></li>
…
</ul>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>HTML Ordered</h3>
<p>When menu items are in sequence.</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim>
<ol>
<li><a href="…">Download the Accessibility Checker plugin</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Upload the plugin to your website</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Activate the plugin</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Scan a post</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Fix accessibility issues</a></li>
…
</ol>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Identify Menu</h3>
<p>Use HTML5 nav element</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim>
<nav>
<ul>
…
</ul>
</nav>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Label Menu</h3>
<ul>
<li>Option 1: aria-label attribute</li>
<li>Option 2: aria-labelledby attribute</li>
</ul>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim data-line-numbers="1-4|6-10">
<!-- Option 1: aria-label -->
<nav aria-label="Main">
…
</nav>
<!-- Option 2: aria-labelledby -->
<nav aria-labelledby="mainmenulabel">
<h2 id="mainmenulabel">Main Menu</h2>
…
</nav>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Indicate Current Menu Item</h3>
<p>Use aria-current attribute</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim data-line-numbers>
<li>
<a href="..." aria-current="page">
Contact Us
</a>
</li>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Rendered Example</h3>
<nav aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="#" aria-current="page">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Shop</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Menu Styling</h2>
<ul>
<li>Displayed in convential a location, such as the page header or left sidebar.</li>
<li>Easily identifed as a menu through propery markup and styles</li>
<li>Menu adapts to varying text and viewport sizes</li>
<li>Avoid line breaks, uppercase text, and hyphens</li>
<li>Adequate white space</li>
<li>Generous sizes for clickable areas</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Hover and Focus States</h3>
<p>Changing hovered and focus states give uses visual guideance when navigating the menu.</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim>
nav a:hover,
nav a:focus {
color: #0d5f9d; /* blue */
background-color: #fff; /* white */
text-decoration: underline;
}
nav a:focus {
outline: solid 2px #0d5f9d; /* blue */
outline-offset: 2px;
}
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Active State</h3>
<p>Changing activated state helps users identify which menu item they've clicked.</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim>
nav a:active {
color: #072446; /* dark blue */
background-color: #F3CD1D; /* yellow */
text-decoration: underline;
}
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Current state</h3>
<p>Visually indicating the active menu item helps users identify the current page.</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-trim>
nav [aria-current=page] {
background-color: #F3CD1D; /* yellow */
color: #072446; /* dark blue */
border-bottom: .25em solid #072446; /* dark blue */
}
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Rendered Example</h3>
<nav class="menu-style" aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="#" aria-current="page">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Shop</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Fly-out Menus</h2>
<ul>
<li>Defines websites hierarchy</li>
<li>Reduces multiple page loads</li>
<li>It's helpful to repeat submenus on the parent page</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Fly-out Menu HTML Markup</h3>
<p>Fly-out menus are a nested list within the parent list item</p>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-line-numbers="5-11">
<nav aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="…">About</a></li>
<li>
<a href="…">Shop</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Cart</a></li>
<li><a href="…">My Account</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="…">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Fly-out Functionality: Mouse Users</h3>
<ul>
<li>When parent menu item is hovered show submenu</li>
<li>Additional javascript can be used to add a close delay for imprecise mouse movement</li>
</ul>
<pre>
<code data-trim>
nav > ul li ul {
display: none;
}
nav > ul li:hover ul {
display: block;
}
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Fly-out Functionality: Keyboard Users</h3>
<ul>
<li>Button toggle with aria-haspopup equal to menu</li>
<li>Button toggle with aria-expanded</li>
<li>Hidden screen reader text labeled with the parent menu name and 'submenu' appended</li>
</ul>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-line-numbers="4-6|5-5">
...
<li>
<a href="…">Shop</a>
<button aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">
<span class="screen-readers">Shop: submenu</span>
</button>
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Cart</a></li>
<li><a href="…">My Account</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
...
</code>
</pre>
</section>
<section>
<h3>Fly-out Functionality: javascript</h3>
<ul>
<li>Keyboard users can navigate through parent menu items without having to navigate through all submenu items</li>
<li>On submenu button click or keypress, toggle submenu visibility and toggle the aria-expanded attribute</li>
<li>When on submenu pressing the escape key closes submenu and set the aria-expanded attribute to false and returns focus back to the submenu button</li>
<li>Only allow one submenu open at a time</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section>
<section>
<h2>Mobile Menu</h2>
<ul>
<li>Use a button to toggle menu visibility</li>
<li>Use aria-expanded attribute on menu toggle button</li>
<li>Set aria-controls to the menus id attribute</li>
</ul>
<pre>
<code data-trim data-line-numbers="1-2">
<button aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="site-header-menu">Menus</button>
<nav id="site-header-menu" aria-label="Main">
<ul>
<li><a href="…">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="…">About</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Shop</a></li>
<li><a href="…">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</code>
</pre>
</section>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class="r-fit-text">Live Example</h3>
</section>
<section>
<h3 class="r-fit-text">Code Example</h3>
<a class="r-fit-text" href="https://gist.github.com/SteveJonesDev/ce8bf0219e4ebe5582454022e429ef07" aria-label="Accessible Navigation Menu Gist">bit.ly/a11ynav</a>
</section>
<section>
<h2 style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Steve Jones</h2>
<p style="margin-top: 0px;"><small>Owner & CTO</small> <br />
<a href="https://twitter.com/stevejonesdev" aria-label="Steve Jones Twitter Profile">@stevejonesdev</a></p>
<p>Meetup:
<a href="https://equalizedigital.com/events" aria-label="WordPress Accessibility Meetup">Equalizedigital.com/events</a></p>
<p>Facebook Group:
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/wordpress.accessibility" aria-label="WordPress Accessibility Facebook Group">facebook.com/groups/wordpress.accessibility</a></p>
<p>Podcast:
<a href="https://accessibilitycraft.com" aria-label="WordPress Accessibility Facebook Group">AccessibilityCraft.com</a></p>
<img style="margin-bottom:0px;" data-src="https://equalizedigital.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Equalize-Digital-color-logo.svg" width="400" alt="Equalize Digital">
<p style="margin-top:0px;"><small><a href="https://equalizedigital.com">EqualizeDigital.com</a> | <a href="https://twitter.com/EqualizeDigital">@EqualizeDigital</a></small></p>
<aside class="notes">
</aside>
</section>
</div>
</div>
<script src="dist/reveal.js"></script>
<script src="plugin/notes/notes.js"></script>
<script src="plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script>
<script src="plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script>
<script>
// More info about initialization & config:
// - https://revealjs.com/initialization/
// - https://revealjs.com/config/
Reveal.initialize({
hash: true,
// Learn about plugins: https://revealjs.com/plugins/
plugins: [ RevealMarkdown, RevealHighlight, RevealNotes ]
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</body>
</html>