utils.py

# Copyright 2020 The HuggingFace Team. All rights reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""
Very heavily inspired by the official evaluation script for SQuAD version 2.0 which was modified by XLNet authors to
update `find_best_threshold` scripts for SQuAD V2.0

In addition to basic functionality, we also compute additional statistics and plot precision-recall curves if an
additional na_prob.json file is provided. This file is expected to map question ID's to the model's predicted
probability that a question is unanswerable.
"""
"""
Modified version of "squad_metrics.py" adapated for CUAD.
"""


import collections
import functools
import math
import re
import string
import json

from transformers.models.bert import BasicTokenizer
from transformers.utils import logging
from tqdm import tqdm


logger = logging.get_logger(__name__)

_PrelimPrediction = collections.namedtuple(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
    "PrelimPrediction", ["feature_index", "start_index", "end_index", "start_logit", "end_logit"]
)


def reformat_predicted_string(remaining_contract, predicted_string):
    tokens = predicted_string.split()
    assert len(tokens) > 0
    end_idx = 0
    for i, token in enumerate(tokens):
        found = remaining_contract[end_idx:].find(token)
        assert found != -1
        end_idx += found
        if i == 0:
            start_idx = end_idx
    end_idx += len(tokens[-1])
    return remaining_contract[start_idx:end_idx]


def find_char_start_idx(contract, preceeding_tokens, predicted_string):
    contract = " ".join(contract.split())
    assert predicted_string in contract
    if contract.count(predicted_string) == 1:
        return contract.find(predicted_string)

    start_idx = 0
    for token in preceeding_tokens:
        found = contract[start_idx:].find(token)
        assert found != -1
        start_idx += found
    start_idx += len(preceeding_tokens[-1])
    remaining_str = contract[start_idx:]

    remaining_idx = remaining_str.find(predicted_string)
    assert remaining_idx != -1

    return start_idx + remaining_idx

def normalize_answer(s):
    """Lower text and remove punctuation, articles and extra whitespace."""

    def remove_articles(text):
        regex = re.compile(r"\b(a|an|the)\b", re.UNICODE)
        return re.sub(regex, " ", text)

    def white_space_fix(text):
        return " ".join(text.split())

    def remove_punc(text):
        exclude = set(string.punctuation)
        return "".join(ch for ch in text if ch not in exclude)

    def lower(text):
        return text.lower()

    return white_space_fix(remove_articles(remove_punc(lower(s))))


def get_tokens(s):
    if not s:
        return []
    return normalize_answer(s).split()


def compute_exact(a_gold, a_pred):
    return int(normalize_answer(a_gold) == normalize_answer(a_pred))


def compute_f1(a_gold, a_pred):
    gold_toks = get_tokens(a_gold)
    pred_toks = get_tokens(a_pred)
    common = collections.Counter(gold_toks) & collections.Counter(pred_toks)
    num_same = sum(common.values())
    if len(gold_toks) == 0 or len(pred_toks) == 0:
        # If either is no-answer, then F1 is 1 if they agree, 0 otherwise
        return int(gold_toks == pred_toks)
    if num_same == 0:
        return 0
    precision = 1.0 * num_same / len(pred_toks)
    recall = 1.0 * num_same / len(gold_toks)
    f1 = (2 * precision * recall) / (precision + recall)
    return f1


def get_raw_scores(examples, preds):
    """
    Computes the exact and f1 scores from the examples and the model predictions
    """
    exact_scores = {}
    f1_scores = {}

    for example in examples:
        qas_id = example.qas_id
        gold_answers = [answer["text"] for answer in example.answers if normalize_answer(answer["text"])]

        if not gold_answers:
            # For unanswerable questions, only correct answer is empty string
            gold_answers = [""]

        if qas_id not in preds:
            print("Missing prediction for %s" % qas_id)
            continue

        prediction = preds[qas_id]
        exact_scores[qas_id] = max(compute_exact(a, prediction) for a in gold_answers)
        f1_scores[qas_id] = max(compute_f1(a, prediction) for a in gold_answers)

    return exact_scores, f1_scores


def apply_no_ans_threshold(scores, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans, na_prob_thresh):
    new_scores = {}
    for qid, s in scores.items():
        pred_na = na_probs[qid] > na_prob_thresh
        if pred_na:
            new_scores[qid] = float(not qid_to_has_ans[qid])
        else:
            new_scores[qid] = s
    return new_scores


def make_eval_dict(exact_scores, f1_scores, qid_list=None):
    if not qid_list:
        total = len(exact_scores)
        return collections.OrderedDict(
            [
                ("exact", 100.0 * sum(exact_scores.values()) / total),
                ("f1", 100.0 * sum(f1_scores.values()) / total),
                ("total", total),
            ]
        )
    else:
        total = len(qid_list)
        return collections.OrderedDict(
            [
                ("exact", 100.0 * sum(exact_scores[k] for k in qid_list) / total),
                ("f1", 100.0 * sum(f1_scores[k] for k in qid_list) / total),
                ("total", total),
            ]
        )


def merge_eval(main_eval, new_eval, prefix):
    for k in new_eval:
        main_eval["%s_%s" % (prefix, k)] = new_eval[k]


def find_best_thresh_v2(preds, scores, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans):
    num_no_ans = sum(1 for k in qid_to_has_ans if not qid_to_has_ans[k])
    cur_score = num_no_ans
    best_score = cur_score
    best_thresh = 0.0
    qid_list = sorted(na_probs, key=lambda k: na_probs[k])
    for i, qid in enumerate(qid_list):
        if qid not in scores:
            continue
        if qid_to_has_ans[qid]:
            diff = scores[qid]
        else:
            if preds[qid]:
                diff = -1
            else:
                diff = 0
        cur_score += diff
        if cur_score > best_score:
            best_score = cur_score
            best_thresh = na_probs[qid]

    has_ans_score, has_ans_cnt = 0, 0
    for qid in qid_list:
        if not qid_to_has_ans[qid]:
            continue
        has_ans_cnt += 1

        if qid not in scores:
            continue
        has_ans_score += scores[qid]

    return 100.0 * best_score / len(scores), best_thresh, 1.0 * has_ans_score / has_ans_cnt


def find_all_best_thresh_v2(main_eval, preds, exact_raw, f1_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans):
    best_exact, exact_thresh, has_ans_exact = find_best_thresh_v2(preds, exact_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans)
    best_f1, f1_thresh, has_ans_f1 = find_best_thresh_v2(preds, f1_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans)
    # NOTE: For CUAD, which is about finding needles in haystacks and for which different answers should be treated
    # differently, these metrics don't make complete sense. We ignore them, but don't remove them for simplicity.
    main_eval["best_exact"] = best_exact
    main_eval["best_exact_thresh"] = exact_thresh
    main_eval["best_f1"] = best_f1
    main_eval["best_f1_thresh"] = f1_thresh
    main_eval["has_ans_exact"] = has_ans_exact
    main_eval["has_ans_f1"] = has_ans_f1


def find_best_thresh(preds, scores, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans):
    num_no_ans = sum(1 for k in qid_to_has_ans if not qid_to_has_ans[k])
    cur_score = num_no_ans
    best_score = cur_score
    best_thresh = 0.0
    qid_list = sorted(na_probs, key=lambda k: na_probs[k])
    for _, qid in enumerate(qid_list):
        if qid not in scores:
            continue
        if qid_to_has_ans[qid]:
            diff = scores[qid]
        else:
            if preds[qid]:
                diff = -1
            else:
                diff = 0
        cur_score += diff
        if cur_score > best_score:
            best_score = cur_score
            best_thresh = na_probs[qid]
    return 100.0 * best_score / len(scores), best_thresh


def find_all_best_thresh(main_eval, preds, exact_raw, f1_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans):
    best_exact, exact_thresh = find_best_thresh(preds, exact_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans)
    best_f1, f1_thresh = find_best_thresh(preds, f1_raw, na_probs, qid_to_has_ans)

    main_eval["best_exact"] = best_exact
    main_eval["best_exact_thresh"] = exact_thresh
    main_eval["best_f1"] = best_f1
    main_eval["best_f1_thresh"] = f1_thresh


def squad_evaluate(examples, preds, no_answer_probs=None, no_answer_probability_threshold=1.0):
    qas_id_to_has_answer = {example.qas_id: bool(example.answers) for example in examples}
    has_answer_qids = [qas_id for qas_id, has_answer in qas_id_to_has_answer.items() if has_answer]
    no_answer_qids = [qas_id for qas_id, has_answer in qas_id_to_has_answer.items() if not has_answer]

    if no_answer_probs is None:
        no_answer_probs = {k: 0.0 for k in preds}

    exact, f1 = get_raw_scores(examples, preds)

    exact_threshold = apply_no_ans_threshold(
        exact, no_answer_probs, qas_id_to_has_answer, no_answer_probability_threshold
    )
    f1_threshold = apply_no_ans_threshold(f1, no_answer_probs, qas_id_to_has_answer, no_answer_probability_threshold)

    evaluation = make_eval_dict(exact_threshold, f1_threshold)

    if has_answer_qids:
        has_ans_eval = make_eval_dict(exact_threshold, f1_threshold, qid_list=has_answer_qids)
        merge_eval(evaluation, has_ans_eval, "HasAns")

    if no_answer_qids:
        no_ans_eval = make_eval_dict(exact_threshold, f1_threshold, qid_list=no_answer_qids)
        merge_eval(evaluation, no_ans_eval, "NoAns")

    if no_answer_probs:
        find_all_best_thresh(evaluation, preds, exact, f1, no_answer_probs, qas_id_to_has_answer)

    return evaluation


def get_final_text(pred_text, orig_text, do_lower_case, verbose_logging=False):
    """Project the tokenized prediction back to the original text."""

    # When we created the data, we kept track of the alignment between original
    # (whitespace tokenized) tokens and our WordPiece tokenized tokens. So
    # now `orig_text` contains the span of our original text corresponding to the
    # span that we predicted.
    #
    # However, `orig_text` may contain extra characters that we don't want in
    # our prediction.
    #
    # For example, let's say:
    #   pred_text = steve smith
    #   orig_text = Steve Smith's
    #
    # We don't want to return `orig_text` because it contains the extra "'s".
    #
    # We don't want to return `pred_text` because it's already been normalized
    # (the SQuAD eval script also does punctuation stripping/lower casing but
    # our tokenizer does additional normalization like stripping accent
    # characters).
    #
    # What we really want to return is "Steve Smith".
    #
    # Therefore, we have to apply a semi-complicated alignment heuristic between
    # `pred_text` and `orig_text` to get a character-to-character alignment. This
    # can fail in certain cases in which case we just return `orig_text`.

    def _strip_spaces(text):
        ns_chars = []
        ns_to_s_map = collections.OrderedDict()
        for (i, c) in enumerate(text):
            if c == " ":
                continue
            ns_to_s_map[len(ns_chars)] = i
            ns_chars.append(c)
        ns_text = "".join(ns_chars)
        return (ns_text, ns_to_s_map)

    # We first tokenize `orig_text`, strip whitespace from the result
    # and `pred_text`, and check if they are the same length. If they are
    # NOT the same length, the heuristic has failed. If they are the same
    # length, we assume the characters are one-to-one aligned.
    tokenizer = BasicTokenizer(do_lower_case=do_lower_case)

    tok_text = " ".join(tokenizer.tokenize(orig_text))

    start_position = tok_text.find(pred_text)
    if start_position == -1:
        if verbose_logging:
            logger.info("Unable to find text: '%s' in '%s'" % (pred_text, orig_text))
        return orig_text
    end_position = start_position + len(pred_text) - 1

    (orig_ns_text, orig_ns_to_s_map) = _strip_spaces(orig_text)
    (tok_ns_text, tok_ns_to_s_map) = _strip_spaces(tok_text)

    if len(orig_ns_text) != len(tok_ns_text):
        if verbose_logging:
            logger.info("Length not equal after stripping spaces: '%s' vs '%s'", orig_ns_text, tok_ns_text)
        return orig_text

    # We then project the characters in `pred_text` back to `orig_text` using
    # the character-to-character alignment.
    tok_s_to_ns_map = {}
    for (i, tok_index) in tok_ns_to_s_map.items():
        tok_s_to_ns_map[tok_index] = i

    orig_start_position = None
    if start_position in tok_s_to_ns_map:
        ns_start_position = tok_s_to_ns_map[start_position]
        if ns_start_position in orig_ns_to_s_map:
            orig_start_position = orig_ns_to_s_map[ns_start_position]

    if orig_start_position is None:
        if verbose_logging:
            logger.info("Couldn't map start position")
        return orig_text

    orig_end_position = None
    if end_position in tok_s_to_ns_map:
        ns_end_position = tok_s_to_ns_map[end_position]
        if ns_end_position in orig_ns_to_s_map:
            orig_end_position = orig_ns_to_s_map[ns_end_position]

    if orig_end_position is None:
        if verbose_logging:
            logger.info("Couldn't map end position")
        return orig_text

    output_text = orig_text[orig_start_position : (orig_end_position + 1)]
    return output_text


def _get_best_indexes(logits, n_best_size):
    """Get the n-best logits from a list."""
    index_and_score = sorted(enumerate(logits), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True)

    best_indexes = []
    for i in range(len(index_and_score)):
        if i >= n_best_size:
            break
        best_indexes.append(index_and_score[i][0])
    return best_indexes


def _compute_softmax(scores):
    """Compute softmax probability over raw logits."""
    if not scores:
        return []

    max_score = None
    for score in scores:
        if max_score is None or score > max_score:
            max_score = score

    exp_scores = []
    total_sum = 0.0
    for score in scores:
        x = math.exp(score - max_score)
        exp_scores.append(x)
        total_sum += x

    probs = []
    for score in exp_scores:
        probs.append(score / total_sum)
    return probs


def compute_predictions_logits_old(
    json_input_dict,
    all_examples,
    all_features,
    all_results,
    n_best_size,
    max_answer_length,
    do_lower_case,
    output_prediction_file,
    output_nbest_file,
    output_null_log_odds_file,
    verbose_logging,
    version_2_with_negative,
    null_score_diff_threshold,
    tokenizer,
):
    """Write final predictions to the json file and log-odds of null if needed."""
    if output_prediction_file:
        logger.info(f"Writing predictions to: {output_prediction_file}")
    if output_nbest_file:
        logger.info(f"Writing nbest to: {output_nbest_file}")
    if output_null_log_odds_file and version_2_with_negative:
        logger.info(f"Writing null_log_odds to: {output_null_log_odds_file}")

    example_index_to_features = collections.defaultdict(list)
    for feature in all_features:
        example_index_to_features[feature.example_index].append(feature)

    unique_id_to_result = {}
    for result in all_results:
        unique_id_to_result[result.unique_id] = result

    all_predictions = collections.OrderedDict()
    all_nbest_json = collections.OrderedDict()
    scores_diff_json = collections.OrderedDict()

    contract_name_to_idx = {}
    for idx in range(len(json_input_dict["data"])):
        contract_name_to_idx[json_input_dict["data"][idx]["title"]] = idx

    for (example_index, example) in enumerate(all_examples):
        features = example_index_to_features[example_index]

        contract_name = example.title
        contract_index = contract_name_to_idx[contract_name]
        paragraphs = json_input_dict["data"][contract_index]["paragraphs"]
        assert len(paragraphs) == 1

        prelim_predictions = []
        # keep track of the minimum score of null start+end of position 0
        score_null = 1000000  # large and positive
        min_null_feature_index = 0  # the paragraph slice with min null score
        null_start_logit = 0  # the start logit at the slice with min null score
        null_end_logit = 0  # the end logit at the slice with min null score
        for (feature_index, feature) in enumerate(features):
            result = unique_id_to_result[feature.unique_id]
            start_indexes = _get_best_indexes(result.start_logits, n_best_size)
            end_indexes = _get_best_indexes(result.end_logits, n_best_size)
            # if we could have irrelevant answers, get the min score of irrelevant
            if version_2_with_negative:
                feature_null_score = result.start_logits[0] + result.end_logits[0]
                if feature_null_score < score_null:
                    score_null = feature_null_score
                    min_null_feature_index = feature_index
                    null_start_logit = result.start_logits[0]
                    null_end_logit = result.end_logits[0]
            for start_index in start_indexes:
                for end_index in end_indexes:
                    # We could hypothetically create invalid predictions, e.g., predict
                    # that the start of the span is in the question. We throw out all
                    # invalid predictions.
                    if start_index >= len(feature.tokens):
                        continue
                    if end_index >= len(feature.tokens):
                        continue
                    if start_index not in feature.token_to_orig_map:
                        continue
                    if end_index not in feature.token_to_orig_map:
                        continue
                    if not feature.token_is_max_context.get(start_index, False):
                        continue
                    if end_index < start_index:
                        continue
                    length = end_index - start_index + 1
                    if length > max_answer_length:
                        continue
                    prelim_predictions.append(
                        _PrelimPrediction(
                            feature_index=feature_index,
                            start_index=start_index,
                            end_index=end_index,
                            start_logit=result.start_logits[start_index],
                            end_logit=result.end_logits[end_index],
                        )
                    )
        if version_2_with_negative:
            prelim_predictions.append(
                _PrelimPrediction(
                    feature_index=min_null_feature_index,
                    start_index=0,
                    end_index=0,
                    start_logit=null_start_logit,
                    end_logit=null_end_logit,
                )
            )
        prelim_predictions = sorted(prelim_predictions, key=lambda x: (x.start_logit + x.end_logit), reverse=True)

        _NbestPrediction = collections.namedtuple(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
            "NbestPrediction", ["text", "start_logit", "end_logit"]
        )

        seen_predictions = {}
        nbest = []
        start_indexes = []
        end_indexes = []
        for pred in prelim_predictions:
            if len(nbest) >= n_best_size:
                break
            feature = features[pred.feature_index]
            if pred.start_index > 0:  # this is a non-null prediction
                tok_tokens = feature.tokens[pred.start_index : (pred.end_index + 1)]
                orig_doc_start = feature.token_to_orig_map[pred.start_index]
                orig_doc_end = feature.token_to_orig_map[pred.end_index]
                orig_tokens = example.doc_tokens[orig_doc_start : (orig_doc_end + 1)]

                tok_text = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(tok_tokens)

                # Clean whitespace
                tok_text = tok_text.strip()
                tok_text = " ".join(tok_text.split())
                orig_text = " ".join(orig_tokens)

                final_text = get_final_text(tok_text, orig_text, do_lower_case, verbose_logging)

                if final_text in seen_predictions:
                    continue

                seen_predictions[final_text] = True

                start_indexes.append(orig_doc_start)
                end_indexes.append(orig_doc_end)
            else:
                final_text = ""
                seen_predictions[final_text] = True

                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

            nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text=final_text, start_logit=pred.start_logit, end_logit=pred.end_logit))

        # if we didn't include the empty option in the n-best, include it
        if version_2_with_negative:
            if "" not in seen_predictions:
                nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text="", start_logit=null_start_logit, end_logit=null_end_logit))
                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

            # In very rare edge cases we could only have single null prediction.
            # So we just create a nonce prediction in this case to avoid failure.
            if len(nbest) == 1:
                nbest.insert(0, _NbestPrediction(text="empty", start_logit=0.0, end_logit=0.0))
                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

        # In very rare edge cases we could have no valid predictions. So we
        # just create a nonce prediction in this case to avoid failure.
        if not nbest:
            nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text="empty", start_logit=0.0, end_logit=0.0))
            start_indexes.append(-1)
            end_indexes.append(-1)

        assert len(nbest) >= 1, "No valid predictions"
        assert len(nbest) == len(start_indexes), "nbest length: {}, start_indexes length: {}".format(len(nbest), len(start_indexes))

        total_scores = []
        best_non_null_entry = None
        for entry in nbest:
            total_scores.append(entry.start_logit + entry.end_logit)
            if not best_non_null_entry:
                if entry.text:
                    best_non_null_entry = entry

        probs = _compute_softmax(total_scores)

        nbest_json = []
        for (i, entry) in enumerate(nbest):
            output = collections.OrderedDict()
            output["text"] = entry.text
            output["probability"] = probs[i]
            output["start_logit"] = entry.start_logit
            output["end_logit"] = entry.end_logit
            output["token_doc_start"] = start_indexes[i]
            output["token_doc_end"] = end_indexes[i]
            nbest_json.append(output)

        assert len(nbest_json) >= 1, "No valid predictions"

        if not version_2_with_negative:
            all_predictions[example.qas_id] = nbest_json[0]["text"]
        else:
            # predict "" iff the null score - the score of best non-null > threshold
            score_diff = score_null - best_non_null_entry.start_logit - (best_non_null_entry.end_logit)
            scores_diff_json[example.qas_id] = score_diff
            if score_diff > null_score_diff_threshold:
                all_predictions[example.qas_id] = ""
            else:
                all_predictions[example.qas_id] = best_non_null_entry.text
        all_nbest_json[example.qas_id] = nbest_json

    if output_prediction_file:
        with open(output_prediction_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(all_predictions, indent=4) + "\n")

    if output_nbest_file:
        with open(output_nbest_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(all_nbest_json, indent=4) + "\n")

    if output_null_log_odds_file and version_2_with_negative:
        with open(output_null_log_odds_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(scores_diff_json, indent=4) + "\n")

    logger.info("Done writing.")
    return all_predictions

def compute_predictions_logits(
        json_input_dict,
        all_examples,
        all_features,
        all_results,
        n_best_size,
        max_answer_length,
        do_lower_case,
        output_prediction_file,
        output_nbest_file,
        output_null_log_odds_file,
        verbose_logging,
        version_2_with_negative,
        null_score_diff_threshold,
        tokenizer,
):
    """Write final predictions to the json file and log-odds of null if needed."""
    if output_prediction_file:
        logger.info(f"Writing predictions to: {output_prediction_file}")
    if output_nbest_file:
        logger.info(f"Writing nbest to: {output_nbest_file}")
    if output_null_log_odds_file and version_2_with_negative:
        logger.info(f"Writing null_log_odds to: {output_null_log_odds_file}")

    example_index_to_features = collections.defaultdict(list)
    for feature in all_features:
        example_index_to_features[feature.example_index].append(feature)

    unique_id_to_result = {}
    for result in all_results:
        unique_id_to_result[result.unique_id] = result

    contract_name_to_idx = {}
    for idx in range(len(json_input_dict["data"])):
        contract_name_to_idx[json_input_dict["data"][idx]["title"]] = idx


    from tqdm.contrib.concurrent import process_map
    jobs = list(enumerate(all_examples))

    all_predictions = collections.OrderedDict()
    all_nbest_json = collections.OrderedDict()
    all_scores_diff_json = collections.OrderedDict()

    worker = functools.partial(
        _worker,
        example_index_to_features=example_index_to_features,
        contract_name_to_idx=contract_name_to_idx,
        json_input_dict=json_input_dict,
        n_best_size=n_best_size,
        unique_id_to_result=unique_id_to_result,
        version_2_with_negative=version_2_with_negative,
        max_answer_length=max_answer_length,
        tokenizer=tokenizer,
        do_lower_case=do_lower_case,
        verbose_logging=verbose_logging,
        null_score_diff_threshold=null_score_diff_threshold,
    )

    for preds, nbests, score_diffs in process_map(worker, jobs, max_workers=8):
        all_predictions.update(preds)
        all_nbest_json.update(nbests)
        all_scores_diff_json.update(score_diffs)

    if output_prediction_file:
        with open(output_prediction_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(all_predictions, indent=4) + "\n")

    if output_nbest_file:
        with open(output_nbest_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(all_nbest_json, indent=4) + "\n")

    if output_null_log_odds_file and version_2_with_negative:
        with open(output_null_log_odds_file, "w") as writer:
            writer.write(json.dumps(all_scores_diff_json, indent=4) + "\n")

    logger.info("Done writing.")
    return all_predictions

def _worker(job, example_index_to_features, contract_name_to_idx, json_input_dict, n_best_size, unique_id_to_result,
           version_2_with_negative, max_answer_length, tokenizer, do_lower_case, verbose_logging, null_score_diff_threshold):
        my_all_predictions = collections.OrderedDict()
        my_all_nbest_json = collections.OrderedDict()
        my_scores_diff_json = collections.OrderedDict()
        example_index, example = job
        features = example_index_to_features[example_index]

        contract_name = example.title
        contract_index = contract_name_to_idx[contract_name]
        paragraphs = json_input_dict["data"][contract_index]["paragraphs"]
        assert len(paragraphs) == 1

        prelim_predictions = []
        # keep track of the minimum score of null start+end of position 0
        score_null = 1000000  # large and positive
        min_null_feature_index = 0  # the paragraph slice with min null score
        null_start_logit = 0  # the start logit at the slice with min null score
        null_end_logit = 0  # the end logit at the slice with min null score
        for (feature_index, feature) in enumerate(features):
            result = unique_id_to_result[feature.unique_id]
            start_indexes = _get_best_indexes(result.start_logits, n_best_size)
            end_indexes = _get_best_indexes(result.end_logits, n_best_size)
            # if we could have irrelevant answers, get the min score of irrelevant
            if version_2_with_negative:
                feature_null_score = result.start_logits[0] + result.end_logits[0]
                if feature_null_score < score_null:
                    score_null = feature_null_score
                    min_null_feature_index = feature_index
                    null_start_logit = result.start_logits[0]
                    null_end_logit = result.end_logits[0]
            for start_index in start_indexes:
                for end_index in end_indexes:
                    # We could hypothetically create invalid predictions, e.g., predict
                    # that the start of the span is in the question. We throw out all
                    # invalid predictions.
                    if start_index >= len(feature.tokens):
                        continue
                    if end_index >= len(feature.tokens):
                        continue
                    if start_index not in feature.token_to_orig_map:
                        continue
                    if end_index not in feature.token_to_orig_map:
                        continue
                    if not feature.token_is_max_context.get(start_index, False):
                        continue
                    if end_index < start_index:
                        continue
                    length = end_index - start_index + 1
                    if length > max_answer_length:
                        global overcount_count
                        overcount_count += 1
                        print("warning! overcount.")
                        continue
                    prelim_predictions.append(
                        _PrelimPrediction(
                            feature_index=feature_index,
                            start_index=start_index,
                            end_index=end_index,
                            start_logit=result.start_logits[start_index],
                            end_logit=result.end_logits[end_index],
                        )
                    )
        if version_2_with_negative:
            prelim_predictions.append(
                _PrelimPrediction(
                    feature_index=min_null_feature_index,
                    start_index=0,
                    end_index=0,
                    start_logit=null_start_logit,
                    end_logit=null_end_logit,
                )
            )
        prelim_predictions = sorted(prelim_predictions, key=lambda x: (x.start_logit + x.end_logit), reverse=True)

        _NbestPrediction = collections.namedtuple(  # pylint: disable=invalid-name
            "NbestPrediction", ["text", "start_logit", "end_logit"]
        )

        seen_predictions = {}
        nbest = []
        start_indexes = []
        end_indexes = []
        for pred in prelim_predictions:
            if len(nbest) >= n_best_size:
                break
            feature = features[pred.feature_index]
            if pred.start_index > 0:  # this is a non-null prediction
                tok_tokens = feature.tokens[pred.start_index : (pred.end_index + 1)]
                orig_doc_start = feature.token_to_orig_map[pred.start_index]
                orig_doc_end = feature.token_to_orig_map[pred.end_index]
                orig_tokens = example.doc_tokens[orig_doc_start : (orig_doc_end + 1)]

                tok_text = tokenizer.convert_tokens_to_string(tok_tokens)

                # Clean whitespace
                tok_text = tok_text.strip()
                tok_text = " ".join(tok_text.split())
                orig_text = " ".join(orig_tokens)

                final_text = get_final_text(tok_text, orig_text, do_lower_case, verbose_logging)

                if final_text in seen_predictions:
                    continue

                seen_predictions[final_text] = True

                start_indexes.append(orig_doc_start)
                end_indexes.append(orig_doc_end)
            else:
                final_text = ""
                seen_predictions[final_text] = True

                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

            nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text=final_text, start_logit=pred.start_logit, end_logit=pred.end_logit))

        # if we didn't include the empty option in the n-best, include it
        if version_2_with_negative:
            if "" not in seen_predictions:
                nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text="", start_logit=null_start_logit, end_logit=null_end_logit))
                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

            # In very rare edge cases we could only have single null prediction.
            # So we just create a nonce prediction in this case to avoid failure.
            if len(nbest) == 1:
                nbest.insert(0, _NbestPrediction(text="empty", start_logit=0.0, end_logit=0.0))
                start_indexes.append(-1)
                end_indexes.append(-1)

        # In very rare edge cases we could have no valid predictions. So we
        # just create a nonce prediction in this case to avoid failure.
        if not nbest:
            nbest.append(_NbestPrediction(text="empty", start_logit=0.0, end_logit=0.0))
            start_indexes.append(-1)
            end_indexes.append(-1)

        assert len(nbest) >= 1, "No valid predictions"
        assert len(nbest) == len(start_indexes), "nbest length: {}, start_indexes length: {}".format(len(nbest), len(start_indexes))

        total_scores = []
        best_non_null_entry = None
        for entry in nbest:
            total_scores.append(entry.start_logit + entry.end_logit)
            if not best_non_null_entry:
                if entry.text:
                    best_non_null_entry = entry

        probs = _compute_softmax(total_scores)

        nbest_json = []
        for (i, entry) in enumerate(nbest):
            output = collections.OrderedDict()
            output["text"] = entry.text
            output["probability"] = probs[i]
            output["start_logit"] = entry.start_logit
            output["end_logit"] = entry.end_logit
            output["token_doc_start"] = start_indexes[i]
            output["token_doc_end"] = end_indexes[i]
            nbest_json.append(output)

        assert len(nbest_json) >= 1, "No valid predictions"

        if not version_2_with_negative:
            my_all_predictions[example.qas_id] = nbest_json[0]["text"]
        else:
            # predict "" iff the null score - the score of best non-null > threshold
            score_diff = score_null - best_non_null_entry.start_logit - (best_non_null_entry.end_logit)
            my_scores_diff_json[example.qas_id] = score_diff
            if score_diff > null_score_diff_threshold:
                my_all_predictions[example.qas_id] = ""
            else:
                my_all_predictions[example.qas_id] = best_non_null_entry.text
        my_all_nbest_json[example.qas_id] = nbest_json
        return my_all_predictions, my_all_nbest_json, my_scores_diff_json