PWM I O

PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation. This means that digital or analog data is encoded through the use of square wave electrical signals, where the width of the square wave determines the value of the data. For instance, in UAVs, a larger square wave will add more throttle, whereas a smaller square wave will add less throttle. The same concepts apply to the ailerons, flaps, rudder, and elevators. A PWM signal can be plotted on a voltage - time plot to attain the following graph:

For this application, the most common pulse width for a square wave is 1.5 milliseconds. This value represents the zero position for all control surfaces. The maximum value for the square wave is 2 milliseconds. The minimum value is 1 millisecond. Likewise, when using throttle, a 1 millisecond square wave is 0% throttle, and a 2 millisecond square wave is 100% throttle. For instance, here is a diagram of 3 consecutive pulses, which command the plane to throttle to 100%, followed by 50%, followed by 0%:

The duty cycle or period specifies the frequency of the pulses. For servo motors, the period is 22.5 milliseconds. This means that one square wave should be detected every 22.5 milliseconds. If the period is unreasonably short, or unreasonably long, the servo motor may seize, until the data is corrected. The allowable error range varies between speed controllers, but it is generally very forgiving (from experience). In general, make sure the period is more than 12 milliseconds and less than 25 milliseconds.

These PWM signals can be used to convey information as input and output to a digital signal controller (DSC). The input is often referred to as "Input Capture". The output is often referred to as "Output Capture". Each wire connection can handle one channel. The current implementation of the PICpilot supports 8 input channels and 8 output channels. Out of the 8 input channels, 6 are currently used. Out of the 8 output channels, 6 are currently used. The roll, pitch, throttle, yaw and the autopilot on/off channels are the most critical in order for the UAV to work. This encompasses 9 channels in total (5 inputs, 4 outputs).

Hardware

The dspic33fj256gp710a chip supports 16 channels (8 inputs and 8 outputs):

Channel	Function	Pin/Port	Input/Output
1	Roll	68/RD8	Input
2	Pitch	69/RD9	Input
3	Throttle	70/RD10	Input
4	Yaw	71/RD11	Input
5	UHF Switch	79/RD12	Input
6	N/A	80/RD13	Input
7	N/A	47/RD14	Input
8	Autopilot On/Off	48/RD15	Input
1	Roll	72/RD0	Output
2	Pitch	76/RD1	Output
3	Throttle	77/RD2	Output
4	Yaw	78/RD3	Output
5	Camera Shutter	81/RD4	Output
6	Camera Gimbal	82/RD5	Output
7	N/A	83/RD6	Output
8	N/A	84/RD7	Output

Each pin has corresponding registers to determine the configuration for each pin. The input capture settings that can be configured include the clock source (for timing and comparison), edge detection (trigger on rising, falling or both), and interrupts (every event, or every 2, 3, or 4). For output compare, the settings that can be configured include the clock source, pulse type (single, continuous, high/low initialization).

For detailed hardware specifications see the Microchip website: dspic33fj256gp710A

In the Code

Three files are in charge of controlling all the PWM signals. InputCapture.c, which contains all the functions used to manage input capture, OutputCompare.C, which contains all the functions used to manage output compare. Finally, PWM.c links these files together.

PWM.c combines both input capture and output compare into a simple interface that is easy to manage and consistent to use. It then applies scaling factors to the arbitrary timer units, which map the Input Capture and Output Capture values to variables that range between -100 and 100.

PWM.c contains 7 functions:

Function Name	Input Variables	Output	Notes
initPWM	inputChannels, outputChannels	None.	This function MUST be called before any other functions used below.The variables must be in binary representation. For example, channel 1, 2, and 5 enabled is: 0b00010011
PWMInputCalibration	channel, signalScaleFactor, signalOffset	None.	Calibrates the input from the controller so that the range outputs from -100 to 100.
PWMOutputCalibration	channel, signalScaleFactor, signalOffset	None.	Calibrates the output from the controller so that the range outputs from -100 to 100.
getPWM	channel	Integer	Returns the value (scaled) from the input of a certain channel.
getPWMArray	None.	None.	Returns the value (scaled) from the input of all channels.
setPWM	channel, pwm	None.	Sets a certain output compare channel to a certain value according to the pwm range between -100 and 100.
setPWMArray	ocArray	None.	Sets all output compare channels to values stored in an array. These should be between -100 and 100.

For future use, the calibration functions should be coordinated with the ground station, in order to be able to calibrate the controller/plane sensitivities and limits "on the go".

It should be noted that the initialization procedure is necessary for the PWM IO functions to work.

For input capture, the settings that are initialized include (for channel 1):

   IC1CONbits.ICM = 0b00; // Disable Input Capture 1 module

   IC1CONbits.ICTMR = 1; // Select Timer2 as the IC1 Time base

   IC1CONbits.ICI = 0b11; // Interrupt on every capture event

   IC1CONbits.ICM = 0b001; // Generate capture event on every Rising and Falling edge

   // Enable Capture Interrupt And Timer2

   IPC0bits.IC1IP = 7; // Setup IC1 interrupt priority level - Highest

   IFS0bits.IC1IF = 0; // Clear IC1 Interrupt Status Flag

   IEC0bits.IC1IE = 1; // Enable IC1 interrupt

The initialization procedure selects a timer, setting for frequency of capture events, interrupt frequency, as well as other interrupt settings.

For output capture, the settings that are initialized include (for channel 1):

// Initialize Output Compare Module

OC1CONbits.OCM = 0b000; // Disable Output Compare Module

OC1R = MIDDLE\_PWM; // Write the duty cycle for the first PWM pulse = 1.5ms/4688

OC1RS = MIDDLE\_PWM; // Write the duty cycle for the second PWM pulse] = 1.5ms/4688

OC1CONbits.OCTSEL = 0; // Select Timer 2 as output compare time base

OC1CONbits.OCM = 0b110; // Select the Output Compare mode (without fault protection)

The initialization procedure selects a timer, initial duty cycle (this changes after the first program cycle), and output compare mode.

Likewise, since both IC and OC use timer2. An initialization of this component is also required:

T2CONbits.TON = 0; // Disable Timer

T2CONbits.TCS = 0; // Select internal instruction cycle clock

T2CONbits.TGATE = 0; // Disable Gated Timer mode

T2CONbits.TCKPS = 0b01; // Select 1:8 Prescaler

TMR2 = 0x00; // Clear timer register

setPeriod(20);

IPC1bits.T2IP = 0x01; // Set Timer 2 Interrupt Priority Level - Lowest

IFS0bits.T2IF = 0; // Clear Timer 2 Interrupt Flag

IEC0bits.T2IE = 1; // Enable Timer 2 interrupt

T2CONbits.TON = 1; // Start Timer

The initialization procedure selects the clock source (internal instruction clock), selects a scaling amount (determined via oscilloscope measurements), sets the period of the pulse cycle (20ms), and enables the Timer2 interrupt (this is not used for PWM signals, it is used to keep track of the runtime of the chip).