adapter_pattern.md

Adapter Pattern

Overview

Adapter is a structural pattern that allows objects with incompatible interfaces to collaborate.

Advantages

• Satisfies single responsibility principle as you can separate the the interface or data conversion code from the primary business logic of the program.
• Satisfies open/closed principle as new adapters can be introduced without breaking existing client code.

Disadvantages

• Increased complexity with the introduction of new interfaces and classes. Sometimes changing the service class to match the rest of the code is simpler.

Applicability

• When you want to use some existing class, but its interface isn't compatible with the rest of your code. This is essentially a middle-layer class that translates between your code and a legacy class, a 3rd party class or any other class.
• When you want to reuse several existing subclasses that lack some common functionality that can't be added to the superclass. You can wrap the objects with missing features inside an adapter. This is very similar to the decorator pattern.

Example

interface LightningPhone {
    public void recharge();
    public void useLightning();
}

interface MicroUsbPhone {
    public void recharge();
    public void useMicroUsb();
}

class Iphone implements LightningPhone {
    private boolean connector;

    @Override
    public void useLightning() {
        connector = true;
        System.out.println("Lightning connected");
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        if (connector) {
            System.out.println("Recharge started");
            System.out.println("Recharge finished");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Connect lightning first");
        }
    }
}

class Android implements MicroUsbPhone {
    private boolean connector;

    @Override
    public void useMicroUsb() {
        connector = true;
        System.out.println("MicroUsb connected");
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        if (connector) {
            System.out.println("Recharge started");
            System.out.println("Recharge finished");
        } else {
            System.out.println("Connect MicroUsb first");
        }
    }
}

// Adapter class:
// Wraps a LightningPhone object.
// Implements the MicroUsbPhone interface.
class LightningToMicroUsbAdapter implements MicroUsbPhone {
    private final LightningPhone lightningPhone;

    public LightningToMicroUsbAdapter(LightningPhone lightningPhone) {
        this.lightningPhone = lightningPhone;
    }

    @Override
    public void useMicroUsb() {
        // This is a wrapped method.
        // Often times, other more complex code or conversion logic is ran 
        // before delegating back to the original unwrapped object.
        System.out.println("MicroUsb connected");
        lightningPhone.useLightning();
    }

    @Override
    public void recharge() {
        lightningPhone.recharge();
    }
}

public class Test {
    static void rechargeMicroUsbPhone(MicroUsbPhone phone) {
        phone.useMicroUsb();
        phone.recharge();
    }

    static void rechargeLightningPhone(LightningPhone phone) {
        phone.useLightning();
        phone.recharge();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Android android = new Android();
        Iphone iPhone = new Iphone();

        System.out.println("Recharging android with MicroUsb");
        rechargeMicroUsbPhone(android);

        System.out.println("Recharging iPhone with Lightning");
        rechargeLightningPhone(iPhone);

        // This is a compilation error as the interfaces are incompatible.
        // rechargeMicroUsbPhone(iPhone);

        // We can use the adapter to convert the LightningPhone interface into 
        // a MicroUsbPhone interface.
        System.out.println("Recharging iPhone with MicroUsb");
        rechargeMicroUsbPhone(new LightningToMicroUsbAdapter(iPhone));
    }
}