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SQL_12.text
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SQL_12.text
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SQL> SELECT LENGTH('HELLO') FROM DUAL;
LENGTH('HELLO')
---------------
5
SQL> SELECT LENGTH(' HELLO ') FROM DUAL;
LENGTH('HELLO')
---------------
7
SQL> SELECT LENGTH('HI HELLO') FROM DUAL;
LENGTH('HIHELLO')
-----------------
8
SQL> SELECT ENAME,LENGTH(ENAME) FROM EMP;
ENAME LENGTH(ENAME)
---------- -------------
SMITH 5
ALLEN 5
WARD 4
JONES 5
MARTIN 6
BLAKE 5
CLARK 5
SCOTT 5
KING 4
TURNER 6
ADAMS 5
JAMES 5
FORD 4
MILLER 6
14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT EMPNO,LENGTH(78890) FROM EMP;
EMPNO LENGTH(78890)
---------- -------------
7369 5
7499 5
7521 5
7566 5
7654 5
7698 5
7782 5
7788 5
7839 5
7844 5
7876 5
7900 5
7902 5
7934 5
14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT EMPNO,LENGTH(EMPNO) FROM EMP;
EMPNO LENGTH(EMPNO)
---------- -------------
7369 4
7499 4
7521 4
7566 4
7654 4
7698 4
7782 4
7788 4
7839 4
7844 4
7876 4
7900 4
7902 4
7934 4
14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT HIREDATE,LENGTH(HIREDATE) FROM EMP;
HIREDATE LENGTH(HIREDATE)
--------- ----------------
17-DEC-80 9
20-FEB-81 9
22-FEB-81 9
02-APR-81 9
28-SEP-81 9
01-MAY-81 9
09-JUN-81 9
19-APR-87 9
17-NOV-81 9
08-SEP-81 9
23-MAY-87 9
03-DEC-81 9
03-DEC-81 9
23-JAN-82 9
14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT DEPTNO,LENGTH(DEPTNO) FROM EMP;
DEPTNO LENGTH(DEPTNO)
---------- --------------
20 2
30 2
30 2
20 2
30 2
30 2
10 2
20 2
10 2
30 2
20 2
30 2
20 2
10 2
14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT LENGTH(12.890) FROM DUAL;
LENGTH(12.890)
--------------
5
SQL> SELECT LENGTH(00000) FROM DUAL;
LENGTH(00000)
-------------
1
SQL> SELECT UPPER('hi') FROM DUAL;
UP
--
HI
SQL> SELECT UPPER('hi hello') from dual;
UPPER('H
--------
HI HELLO
SQL> SELECT UPPER('how r YOU') from dual;
UPPER('HO
---------
HOW R YOU
SQL> select ename,upper(ename) from emp;
ENAME UPPER(ENAM
---------- ----------
SMITH SMITH
ALLEN ALLEN
WARD WARD
JONES JONES
MARTIN MARTIN
BLAKE BLAKE
CLARK CLARK
SCOTT SCOTT
KING KING
TURNER TURNER
ADAMS ADAMS
JAMES JAMES
FORD FORD
MILLER MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select lower('HI') from dual;
LO
--
hi
SQL> select lower('How r you') from dual;
LOWER('HO
---------
how r you
SQL> select ename,lower(ename) from emp;
ENAME LOWER(ENAM
---------- ----------
SMITH smith
ALLEN allen
WARD ward
JONES jones
MARTIN martin
BLAKE blake
CLARK clark
SCOTT scott
KING king
TURNER turner
ADAMS adams
JAMES james
FORD ford
MILLER miller
14 rows selected.
SQL> select job,lower(job) from emp;
JOB LOWER(JOB
--------- ---------
CLERK clerk
SALESMAN salesman
SALESMAN salesman
MANAGER manager
SALESMAN salesman
MANAGER manager
MANAGER manager
ANALYST analyst
PRESIDENT president
SALESMAN salesman
CLERK clerk
CLERK clerk
ANALYST analyst
CLERK clerk
14 rows selected.
SQL> select trim(' hi ')
2 from dual;
TR
--
hi
SQL> select trim(' hi hello ') from dual;
TRIM('HI
--------
hi hello
SQL> select trim('h' from 'hello') from dual;
TRIM
----
ello
SQL> select trim('e' from 'hello') from dual;
TRIM(
-----
hello
SQL> select replace('sql','s','z') from dual;
REP
---
zql
SQL> select replace('java','a','q') from dual;
REPL
----
jqvq
SQL> select replace('good morning','o','w') from dual;
REPLACE('GOO
------------
gwwd mwrning
SQL> SELECT REPLACE('GOOD MORNING','OR','Z') FROM DUAL;
REPLACE('GO
-----------
GOOD MZNING
SQL> SELECT REPLACE('GOOD MORNING','MORNING','EVENING') FROM DUAL;
REPLACE('GOO
------------
GOOD EVENING
SQL> SELECT REPLACE('GOOD MORNING','GOOD','BAD') FROM DUAL;
REPLACE('GO
-----------
BAD MORNING
SQL> SELECT ENAME,REPLACE(ENAME,'A','Q') from emp;
ENAME REPLACE(EN
---------- ----------
SMITH SMITH
ALLEN QLLEN
WARD WQRD
JONES JONES
MARTIN MQRTIN
BLAKE BLQKE
CLARK CLQRK
SCOTT SCOTT
KING KING
TURNER TURNER
ADAMS QDQMS
JAMES JQMES
FORD FORD
MILLER MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,replace(ename,'A',7) from emp;
ENAME REPLACE(EN
---------- ----------
SMITH SMITH
ALLEN 7LLEN
WARD W7RD
JONES JONES
MARTIN M7RTIN
BLAKE BL7KE
CLARK CL7RK
SCOTT SCOTT
KING KING
TURNER TURNER
ADAMS 7D7MS
JAMES J7MES
FORD FORD
MILLER MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select empno,replace(empno,7,4) from emp;
EMPNO REPLACE(EMPNO,7,4)
---------- ----------------------------------------
7369 4369
7499 4499
7521 4521
7566 4566
7654 4654
7698 4698
7782 4482
7788 4488
7839 4839
7844 4844
7876 4846
7900 4900
7902 4902
7934 4934
14 rows selected.
SQL> select substr('good morning',6) from dual;
SUBSTR(
-------
morning
SQL> select substr('good morning',-7) from dual;
SUBSTR(
-------
morning
SQL> select ename,substr(ename,3) from emp;
ENAME SUBSTR(E
---------- --------
SMITH ITH
ALLEN LEN
WARD RD
JONES NES
MARTIN RTIN
BLAKE AKE
CLARK ARK
SCOTT OTT
KING NG
TURNER RNER
ADAMS AMS
JAMES MES
FORD RD
MILLER LLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,substr(ename,-3);
select ename,substr(ename,-3)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00923: FROM keyword not found where expected
SQL> select ename,substr(ename,-3)
2 from emp;
ENAME SUB
---------- ---
SMITH ITH
ALLEN LEN
WARD ARD
JONES NES
MARTIN TIN
BLAKE AKE
CLARK ARK
SCOTT OTT
KING ING
TURNER NER
ADAMS AMS
JAMES MES
FORD ORD
MILLER LER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select substr('good morning',1,4) from dual;
SUBS
----
good
SQL> select substr('good morning',6,2) from dual;
SU
--
mo
SQL> select ename,substr(ename,1,3) from emp;
ENAME SUB
---------- ---
SMITH SMI
ALLEN ALL
WARD WAR
JONES JON
MARTIN MAR
BLAKE BLA
CLARK CLA
SCOTT SCO
KING KIN
TURNER TUR
ADAMS ADA
JAMES JAM
FORD FOR
MILLER MIL
14 rows selected.
SQL> select sysdate from dual;
SYSDATE
---------
09-JUL-23
SQL> select current_date from dual;
CURRENT_D
---------
09-JUL-23
SQL> select sessiontimezone from dual;
SESSIONTIMEZONE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+05:30
SQL> select months_between('01-jul-23','01-jan-23') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN('01-JUL-23','01-JAN-23')
---------------------------------------
6
SQL> select months_between(sysdate,'01-jan-2023') from dual;
MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,'01-JAN-2023')
-------------------------------------
6.258296
SQL> select ename,hiredate,months_between(sysdate,hiredate)
2 from emp;
ENAME HIREDATE MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)
---------- --------- --------------------------------
SMITH 17-DEC-80 510.742182
ALLEN 20-FEB-81 508.645407
WARD 22-FEB-81 508.580891
JONES 02-APR-81 507.226052
MARTIN 28-SEP-81 501.387343
BLAKE 01-MAY-81 506.258311
CLARK 09-JUN-81 505
SCOTT 19-APR-87 434.677665
KING 17-NOV-81 499.742182
TURNER 08-SEP-81 502.032504
ADAMS 23-MAY-87 433.548633
JAMES 03-DEC-81 499.193794
FORD 03-DEC-81 499.193794
MILLER 23-JAN-82 497.548633
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,hiredate,months_between(sysdate,hiredate)/12
2 from emp;
ENAME HIREDATE MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)/12
---------- --------- -----------------------------------
SMITH 17-DEC-80 42.5618489
ALLEN 20-FEB-81 42.3871177
WARD 22-FEB-81 42.3817413
JONES 02-APR-81 42.2688381
MARTIN 28-SEP-81 41.782279
BLAKE 01-MAY-81 42.188193
CLARK 09-JUN-81 42.0833333
SCOTT 19-APR-87 36.2231392
KING 17-NOV-81 41.6451822
TURNER 08-SEP-81 41.8360424
ADAMS 23-MAY-87 36.1290532
JAMES 03-DEC-81 41.5994833
FORD 03-DEC-81 41.5994833
MILLER 23-JAN-82 41.4623865
14 rows selected.
SQL> spool off;