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ONNX versioning

This document describes the rules for versioning ONNX. Like the rest of the ONNX specification, MUST, SHOULD et al are used consistent with RFC2119.

Versioning Principles

ONNX defines the versioning policy and mechanism for three classes of entities:

  • The abstract model for graphs and operators and the concrete format that represents them. These are always versioned atomically and are referred to as the IR version.
  • Operator specifications that may be referenced by a given ONNX graph. We refer to this as the operator version.
  • A defined/trained model that defines a specific graph in terms of specific operators. We refer to this version as the model version.

The versioning of all three of these entity types is distinct and largely independent. That is, the ONNX IR format evolves at a different rate than the set operators defined by ONNX – in which the former will version much slower than the latter.

While the versioning mechanisms are clearly specified in this document, specific policies for version management are mandated only for IR version and operator version. For model versioning, they are merely recommendations. For model version, ONNX users and systems MAY follow whichever local customs make sense; however, to facilitate easily managing shared collections of ONNX models, they SHOULD adhere to the policies described under model versioning.

In addition to versioning ONNX entities, progressive ONNX releases are assigned increasing version numbers. The release versioning scheme is not described as part of the standard itself. It is discussed in the ONNX release management document.

Semantic Versioning or Simple Numbers?

The ONNX versioning system allows for simple monotonically increasing numbers or semantic versioning. For IR and operator sets, versioning is based on simple numbers. For models, ONNX does not proscribe one or the other methodology, but (as stated earlier) recommends a set of shared conventions.

Which versioning scheme is in use by a model is made clear by inspecting the most significant four bytes, which MUST be non-zero when using semantic versioning and MUST be zero when using simple numbers. In other words, when using semver, at least one of the MAJOR or MINOR numbers must be non-zero.

SemVer, Files and Frameworks

For model and release versioning, ONNX builds on the principles and syntax defined by SemVer 2.0.0. Throughout this document, we use the terms breaking change, non-breaking change, and patch consistent with SemVer 2.0.0.

Because ONNX models are serialized files (not APIs), it's worth making clear the relationship between a serialized model and a piece of software that consumes that model. As a rough approximation, the serialized model plays the role of an API's callee, while the consumer of the serialized model plays the role of the API's caller.

The ONNX versioning principles are based on Postel's law – be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others.

  1. A producer of a given ONNX model (and the ONNX specification itself) MUST strictly adhere to the rules for breaking vs. non-breaking changes defined in this specification.
  2. A consumer of a given ONNX model SHOULD consume an updated ONNX file, provided there are no breaking changes in the new ONNX file's IR version, referenced operator versions, or model version (e.g., the MAJOR version numbers have not changed between the two ONNX files).
  3. A consumer of a given ONNX model MAY consume an updated ONNX file, provided there are one or more breaking changes in the new ONNX file's IR version, referenced operator versions, or model version.

The operational rules specifying how the ONNX project is managed are documented here.

Serializing SemVer version numbers in protobuf

For efficiency, ONNX serializes the MAJOR, MINOR, and PATCH values as a bit-packed 64-bit integer; the two most significant bytes are the MAJOR component, the next two most significant bytes are the MINOR component, and the least significant four bytes are the PATCH component.

For example, 1.2.345 is represented as 0x0001000200000159.

Pre-release and build metadata are not stored in the model.

IR versioning

The IR file format is versioned using simple numbers, which MUST be monotonically increasing. Breaking changes to the format or semantics of the ONNX specification require an increment of the version. Non-breaking changes to the IR format do not require changing the version number.

NOTE: breaking changes include those that do not alter the serialized binary format, but still break software using libraries that write or read it. For example, changing the spelling of a message property will cause code accessing the property break.

The ONNX IR format adheres to the versioning guidelines defined in the Updating a Message Type section of the proto3 specification.

As a general principle, implementations SHOULD be robust in the face of missing fields. However, to ensure basic interoperation, a subset of message fields will be marked as required for a given IR version and all producers MUST set these fields correctly. Required fields MUST always be marked with the comment:

// This field MUST be present for this version of the IR.

For example, the ModelProto.ir_version property MUST be present in every model. The ONNX checker (onnx/checker.py) will enforce these rules.

Because onnx.proto is expected to be consumed by multiple independent developers, changes to onnx.proto SHOULD NOT break code that depends on generated language bindings (e.g., changing the type of an existing field).

Operator versioning

ONNX is defined such that the IR can evolve independently from the set of operators. In ONNX, operators represent both the signature and semantics of a given operation. Operators are abstract interfaces in that they do not imply a specific implementation; rather, they are simply the contract between a model author and the implementations that model may execute on.

A given operator is identified by a three-tuple: (domain, op_type, and op_version). This is written as domain.op_type:op_version in prose (e.g., com.acme.FastConv:3). Nodes in graphs always refer to operators by their three-part identifier. Breaking opset changes include:

  • Adding/removing/renaming an attribute. This even includes the case of adding a new optional attribute, where omitting the attribute would imply a default value yielding semantics identical to the previous operator version.

  • Adding/removing/reordering inputs or outputs.

  • Adding/removing types supported by inputs and outputs, and changing types used by attributes.

  • Supporting new behavior even when the existing parameter signature is otherwise identical (e.g. implicitly supporting tensor broadcasting in the Mean operator).

The following are not breaking:

  • Clarifications of specification ambiguities to match prevailing implementation practice.

If the semantics of an operator or function are changed, you MUST create a new operator; the op_version of the new operator id MUST be greater than any extant op_version for the domain.

In practice, this means that BC-breaking changes in the ONNX repository require contributors to follow these steps:

  1. Increment the maximum version in DomainToVersionRange.
  2. Copy the old operator schema to an old.cc file.
  3. Update the SinceVersion signifier to the new max version from step (1).
  4. Register the new operator in the corresponding operator_sets header file.

ONNX uses operator sets to group together immutable operator specifications. An ONNX operator set specifies both the domain of all operators it includes, as well as an opset version. The opset version is largely independent from the version field of the operators it includes. When the inventory of a given operator set changes either by addition or removal, its opset version MUST increase. Moreover, the opset version MUST be no less than the highest operator version number in the set.

ONNX models declare which operator sets they require as a list of two part operator ids (domain, opset_version). The empty string ("") domain indicates the operators defined as part of the ONNX specification; other domains correspond to operator sets of other vendors (e.g., they can be used to provide vendor-specific extensions to ONNX). The union of the operator sets specified by a given model MUST have a compatible operator declaration for each node in the model's graph.

How nodes bind to operator declarations is strictly defined, and are designed to increase model compatibility across ONNX implementations (appealing to the conservative clause of the robustness principle).

How ONNX implementations bind an operator declaration to specific implementation is outside the scope of this specification. Implementations of ONNX MAY elect to introduce more sophisticated operator declaration/implementation binding modes to appeal to the liberal clause of the robustness principle.

Operator Set and Operator Versioning Example

This section is not normative and informational only.

Given the following operator sets:

OpSet Operators Comments
1 {A} A introduced
2 {A, B} B introduced
3 {A', B, C} A updated (to A'), C introduced
4 {B, C'} A deprecated and removed, C updated (to C')

The operators for a given operator set will have the following op_version values:

Operator OpSet 1 OpSet 2 OpSet 3 OpSet 4
A 1 1 3 4*
B - 2 2 2
C - - 3 4

Notes:

  • Values that are new or updated from a previous OpSet version are in bold.
  • *: the operator is deprecated.

Model versioning

Model versioning is ultimately the domain of a given organization. Therefore, this section of the specification is not normative. It simply outlines a set of recommended practices.

Model authors and applications/systems MAY elect to ignore the model versioning mechanism and policy rules. For models that will be shared across developers, teams, or organizations, model authors and applications/systems SHOULD adhere to the following version policies:

Signature Changes

  1. Breaking changes to the ModelProto.graph.GraphProto.input or .output MUST increment the MAJOR version of ModelProto.model_version. Breaking changes include:

    • Breaking changes to the semantics of an input or output (e.g., changing the required contents of an input tensor from a color image to a black and white image).
    • Changing the declared type of an input or output to an incompatible type (e.g., tensor(int)->tensor(string)).
    • Adding a new input for which there is no meaningful or specified default value. Recall that default values for inputs are specified in the initializer list.
    • Removing an existing output for which there is no meaningful or specified default value.

  2. Non-breaking changes to the ModelProto.graph.GraphProto.input or .output MUST increment the MINOR version of ModelProto.model_version. Non-breaking changes include:

    • Changing the declared type of an input or output to a compatible/widening type (e.g., tensor(int32)->tensor(int64), tensor(float16)->tensor(float32)).
    • Adding a new input for which there is a meaningful or specified default value.
    • Adding new behavior that is only triggered in the presence of inputs that were not possible in prior versions of the graph (typically by the presence of a new input or allowing a previously invalid input value).

Accuracy or performance changes

Assuming that there are no breaking changes to the signature of the model's graph or any operator dependencies, the shape and contents of the graph can change freely provided there are no semantic changes to the model. However, changes to the shape and contents of the graph can impact model accuracy and/or model performance.

Released Versions

ONNX version File format version Opset version ai.onnx Opset version ai.onnx.ml Opset version ai.onnx.training
1.0 3 1 1 -
1.1 3 5 1 -
1.1.2 3 6 1 -
1.2 3 7 1 -
1.3 3 8 1 -
1.4.1 4 9 1 -
1.5.0 5 10 1 -
1.6.0 6 11 2 -
1.7.0 7 12 2 1