expression.js

// A recursive descent parser operates by defining functions for all
// syntactic elements, and recursively calling those, each function
// advancing the input stream and returning an AST node. Precedence
// of constructs (for example, the fact that `!x[1]` means `!(x[1])`
// instead of `(!x)[1]` is handled by the fact that the parser
// function that parses unary prefix operators is called first, and
// in turn calls the function that parses `[]` subscripts — that
// way, it'll receive the node for `x[1]` already parsed, and wraps
// *that* in the unary operator node.
//
// Acorn uses an [operator precedence parser][opp] to handle binary
// operator precedence, because it is much more compact than using
// the technique outlined above, which uses different, nesting
// functions to specify precedence, for all of the ten binary
// precedence levels that JavaScript defines.
//
// [opp]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operator-precedence_parser

import {types as tt} from "./tokentype"
import {Parser} from "./state"
import {DestructuringErrors} from "./parseutil"
import {lineBreak} from "./whitespace"

const pp = Parser.prototype

// Check if property name clashes with already added.
// Object/class getters and setters are not allowed to clash —
// either with each other or with an init property — and in
// strict mode, init properties are also not allowed to be repeated.

pp.checkPropClash = function(prop, propHash) {
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6 && (prop.computed || prop.method || prop.shorthand))
    return
  let {key} = prop, name
  switch (key.type) {
  case "Identifier": name = key.name; break
  case "Literal": name = String(key.value); break
  default: return
  }
  let {kind} = prop
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6) {
    if (name === "__proto__" && kind === "init") {
      if (propHash.proto) this.raiseRecoverable(key.start, "Redefinition of __proto__ property")
      propHash.proto = true
    }
    return
  }
  name = "$" + name
  let other = propHash[name]
  if (other) {
    let redefinition
    if (kind === "init") {
      redefinition = this.strict && other.init || other.get || other.set
    } else {
      redefinition = other.init || other[kind]
    }
    if (redefinition)
      this.raiseRecoverable(key.start, "Redefinition of property")
  } else {
    other = propHash[name] = {
      init: false,
      get: false,
      set: false
    }
  }
  other[kind] = true
}

// ### Expression parsing

// These nest, from the most general expression type at the top to
// 'atomic', nondivisible expression types at the bottom. Most of
// the functions will simply let the function(s) below them parse,
// and, *if* the syntactic construct they handle is present, wrap
// the AST node that the inner parser gave them in another node.

// Parse a full expression. The optional arguments are used to
// forbid the `in` operator (in for loops initalization expressions)
// and provide reference for storing '=' operator inside shorthand
// property assignment in contexts where both object expression
// and object pattern might appear (so it's possible to raise
// delayed syntax error at correct position).

pp.parseExpression = function(noIn, refDestructuringErrors) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  let expr = this.parseMaybeAssign(noIn, refDestructuringErrors)
  if (this.type === tt.comma) {
    let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
    node.expressions = [expr]
    while (this.eat(tt.comma)) node.expressions.push(this.parseMaybeAssign(noIn, refDestructuringErrors))
    return this.finishNode(node, "SequenceExpression")
  }
  return expr
}

// Parse an assignment expression. This includes applications of
// operators like `+=`.

pp.parseMaybeAssign = function(noIn, refDestructuringErrors, afterLeftParse) {
  if (this.inGenerator && this.isContextual("yield")) return this.parseYield()

  let ownDestructuringErrors = false, oldParenAssign = -1, oldTrailingComma = -1
  if (refDestructuringErrors) {
    oldParenAssign = refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign
    oldTrailingComma = refDestructuringErrors.trailingComma
    refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign = refDestructuringErrors.trailingComma = -1
  } else {
    refDestructuringErrors = new DestructuringErrors
    ownDestructuringErrors = true
  }

  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  if (this.type == tt.parenL || this.type == tt.name)
    this.potentialArrowAt = this.start
  let left = this.parseMaybeConditional(noIn, refDestructuringErrors)
  if (afterLeftParse) left = afterLeftParse.call(this, left, startPos, startLoc)
  if (this.type.isAssign) {
    this.checkPatternErrors(refDestructuringErrors, true)
    if (!ownDestructuringErrors) DestructuringErrors.call(refDestructuringErrors)
    let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
    node.operator = this.value
    node.left = this.type === tt.eq ? this.toAssignable(left) : left
    refDestructuringErrors.shorthandAssign = -1 // reset because shorthand default was used correctly
    this.checkLVal(left)
    this.next()
    node.right = this.parseMaybeAssign(noIn)
    return this.finishNode(node, "AssignmentExpression")
  } else {
    if (ownDestructuringErrors) this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors, true)
  }
  if (oldParenAssign > -1) refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign = oldParenAssign
  if (oldTrailingComma > -1) refDestructuringErrors.trailingComma = oldTrailingComma
  return left
}

// Parse a ternary conditional (`?:`) operator.

pp.parseMaybeConditional = function(noIn, refDestructuringErrors) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  let expr = this.parseExprOps(noIn, refDestructuringErrors)
  if (this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors)) return expr
  if (this.eat(tt.question)) {
    let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
    node.test = expr
    node.consequent = this.parseMaybeAssign()
    this.expect(tt.colon)
    node.alternate = this.parseMaybeAssign(noIn)
    return this.finishNode(node, "ConditionalExpression")
  }
  return expr
}

// Start the precedence parser.

pp.parseExprOps = function(noIn, refDestructuringErrors) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  let expr = this.parseMaybeUnary(refDestructuringErrors, false)
  if (this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors)) return expr
  return expr.start == startPos && expr.type === "ArrowFunctionExpression" ? expr : this.parseExprOp(expr, startPos, startLoc, -1, noIn)
}

// Parse binary operators with the operator precedence parsing
// algorithm. `left` is the left-hand side of the operator.
// `minPrec` provides context that allows the function to stop and
// defer further parser to one of its callers when it encounters an
// operator that has a lower precedence than the set it is parsing.

pp.parseExprOp = function(left, leftStartPos, leftStartLoc, minPrec, noIn) {
  let prec = this.type.binop
  if (prec != null && (!noIn || this.type !== tt._in)) {
    if (prec > minPrec) {
      let logical = this.type === tt.logicalOR || this.type === tt.logicalAND
      let op = this.value
      this.next()
      let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
      let right = this.parseExprOp(this.parseMaybeUnary(null, false), startPos, startLoc, prec, noIn)
      let node = this.buildBinary(leftStartPos, leftStartLoc, left, right, op, logical)
      return this.parseExprOp(node, leftStartPos, leftStartLoc, minPrec, noIn)
    }
  }
  return left
}

pp.buildBinary = function(startPos, startLoc, left, right, op, logical) {
  let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
  node.left = left
  node.operator = op
  node.right = right
  return this.finishNode(node, logical ? "LogicalExpression" : "BinaryExpression")
}

// Parse unary operators, both prefix and postfix.

pp.parseMaybeUnary = function(refDestructuringErrors, sawUnary) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc, expr
  if (this.inAsync && this.isContextual("await")) {
    expr = this.parseAwait(refDestructuringErrors)
    sawUnary = true
  } else if (this.type.prefix) {
    let node = this.startNode(), update = this.type === tt.incDec
    node.operator = this.value
    node.prefix = true
    this.next()
    node.argument = this.parseMaybeUnary(null, true)
    this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors, true)
    if (update) this.checkLVal(node.argument)
    else if (this.strict && node.operator === "delete" &&
             node.argument.type === "Identifier")
      this.raiseRecoverable(node.start, "Deleting local variable in strict mode")
    else sawUnary = true
    expr = this.finishNode(node, update ? "UpdateExpression" : "UnaryExpression")
  } else {
    expr = this.parseExprSubscripts(refDestructuringErrors)
    if (this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors)) return expr
    while (this.type.postfix && !this.canInsertSemicolon()) {
      let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
      node.operator = this.value
      node.prefix = false
      node.argument = expr
      this.checkLVal(expr)
      this.next()
      expr = this.finishNode(node, "UpdateExpression")
    }
  }

  if (!sawUnary && this.eat(tt.starstar))
    return this.buildBinary(startPos, startLoc, expr, this.parseMaybeUnary(null, false), "**", false)
  else
    return expr
}

// Parse call, dot, and `[]`-subscript expressions.

pp.parseExprSubscripts = function(refDestructuringErrors) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  let expr = this.parseExprAtom(refDestructuringErrors)
  let skipArrowSubscripts = expr.type === "ArrowFunctionExpression" && this.input.slice(this.lastTokStart, this.lastTokEnd) !== ")"
  if (this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors) || skipArrowSubscripts) return expr
  let result = this.parseSubscripts(expr, startPos, startLoc)
  if (refDestructuringErrors && result.type === "MemberExpression") {
    if (refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign >= result.start) refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign = -1
    if (refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedBind >= result.start) refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedBind = -1
  }
  return result
}

pp.parseSubscripts = function(base, startPos, startLoc, noCalls) {
  let maybeAsyncArrow = this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8 && base.type === "Identifier" && base.name === "async" &&
      this.lastTokEnd == base.end && !this.canInsertSemicolon()
  for (let computed;;) {
    if ((computed = this.eat(tt.bracketL)) || this.eat(tt.dot)) {
      let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
      node.object = base
      node.property = computed ? this.parseExpression() : this.parseIdent(true)
      node.computed = !!computed
      if (computed) this.expect(tt.bracketR)
      base = this.finishNode(node, "MemberExpression")
    } else if (!noCalls && this.eat(tt.parenL)) {
      let refDestructuringErrors = new DestructuringErrors, oldYieldPos = this.yieldPos, oldAwaitPos = this.awaitPos
      this.yieldPos = 0
      this.awaitPos = 0
      let exprList = this.parseExprList(tt.parenR, this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8, false, refDestructuringErrors)
      if (maybeAsyncArrow && !this.canInsertSemicolon() && this.eat(tt.arrow)) {
        this.checkPatternErrors(refDestructuringErrors, false)
        this.checkYieldAwaitInDefaultParams()
        this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos
        this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos
        return this.parseArrowExpression(this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc), exprList, true)
      }
      this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors, true)
      this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos || this.yieldPos
      this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos || this.awaitPos
      let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
      node.callee = base
      node.arguments = exprList
      base = this.finishNode(node, "CallExpression")
    } else if (this.type === tt.backQuote) {
      let node = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
      node.tag = base
      node.quasi = this.parseTemplate({isTagged: true})
      base = this.finishNode(node, "TaggedTemplateExpression")
    } else {
      return base
    }
  }
}

// Parse an atomic expression — either a single token that is an
// expression, an expression started by a keyword like `function` or
// `new`, or an expression wrapped in punctuation like `()`, `[]`,
// or `{}`.

pp.parseExprAtom = function(refDestructuringErrors) {
  let node, canBeArrow = this.potentialArrowAt == this.start
  switch (this.type) {
  case tt._super:
    if (!this.inFunction)
      this.raise(this.start, "'super' outside of function or class")

  case tt._this:
    let type = this.type === tt._this ? "ThisExpression" : "Super"
    node = this.startNode()
    this.next()
    return this.finishNode(node, type)

  case tt.name:
    let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
    let id = this.parseIdent(this.type !== tt.name)
    if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8 && id.name === "async" && !this.canInsertSemicolon() && this.eat(tt._function))
      return this.parseFunction(this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc), false, false, true)
    if (canBeArrow && !this.canInsertSemicolon()) {
      if (this.eat(tt.arrow))
        return this.parseArrowExpression(this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc), [id], false)
      if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8 && id.name === "async" && this.type === tt.name) {
        id = this.parseIdent()
        if (this.canInsertSemicolon() || !this.eat(tt.arrow))
          this.unexpected()
        return this.parseArrowExpression(this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc), [id], true)
      }
    }
    return id

  case tt.regexp:
    let value = this.value
    node = this.parseLiteral(value.value)
    node.regex = {pattern: value.pattern, flags: value.flags}
    return node

  case tt.num: case tt.string:
    return this.parseLiteral(this.value)

  case tt._null: case tt._true: case tt._false:
    node = this.startNode()
    node.value = this.type === tt._null ? null : this.type === tt._true
    node.raw = this.type.keyword
    this.next()
    return this.finishNode(node, "Literal")

  case tt.parenL:
    let start = this.start, expr = this.parseParenAndDistinguishExpression(canBeArrow)
    if (refDestructuringErrors) {
      if (refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign < 0 && !this.isSimpleAssignTarget(expr))
        refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedAssign = start
      if (refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedBind < 0)
        refDestructuringErrors.parenthesizedBind = start
    }
    return expr

  case tt.bracketL:
    node = this.startNode()
    this.next()
    node.elements = this.parseExprList(tt.bracketR, true, true, refDestructuringErrors)
    return this.finishNode(node, "ArrayExpression")

  case tt.braceL:
    return this.parseObj(false, refDestructuringErrors)

  case tt._function:
    node = this.startNode()
    this.next()
    return this.parseFunction(node, false)

  case tt._class:
    return this.parseClass(this.startNode(), false)

  case tt._new:
    return this.parseNew()

  case tt.backQuote:
    return this.parseTemplate()

  default:
    this.unexpected()
  }
}

pp.parseLiteral = function(value) {
  let node = this.startNode()
  node.value = value
  node.raw = this.input.slice(this.start, this.end)
  this.next()
  return this.finishNode(node, "Literal")
}

pp.parseParenExpression = function() {
  this.expect(tt.parenL)
  let val = this.parseExpression()
  this.expect(tt.parenR)
  return val
}

pp.parseParenAndDistinguishExpression = function(canBeArrow) {
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc, val, allowTrailingComma = this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6) {
    this.next()

    let innerStartPos = this.start, innerStartLoc = this.startLoc
    let exprList = [], first = true, lastIsComma = false
    let refDestructuringErrors = new DestructuringErrors, oldYieldPos = this.yieldPos, oldAwaitPos = this.awaitPos, spreadStart, innerParenStart
    this.yieldPos = 0
    this.awaitPos = 0
    while (this.type !== tt.parenR) {
      first ? first = false : this.expect(tt.comma)
      if (allowTrailingComma && this.afterTrailingComma(tt.parenR, true)) {
        lastIsComma = true
        break
      } else if (this.type === tt.ellipsis) {
        spreadStart = this.start
        exprList.push(this.parseParenItem(this.parseRestBinding()))
        if (this.type === tt.comma) this.raise(this.start, "Comma is not permitted after the rest element")
        break
      } else {
        if (this.type === tt.parenL && !innerParenStart) {
          innerParenStart = this.start
        }
        exprList.push(this.parseMaybeAssign(false, refDestructuringErrors, this.parseParenItem))
      }
    }
    let innerEndPos = this.start, innerEndLoc = this.startLoc
    this.expect(tt.parenR)

    if (canBeArrow && !this.canInsertSemicolon() && this.eat(tt.arrow)) {
      this.checkPatternErrors(refDestructuringErrors, false)
      this.checkYieldAwaitInDefaultParams()
      if (innerParenStart) this.unexpected(innerParenStart)
      this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos
      this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos
      return this.parseParenArrowList(startPos, startLoc, exprList)
    }

    if (!exprList.length || lastIsComma) this.unexpected(this.lastTokStart)
    if (spreadStart) this.unexpected(spreadStart)
    this.checkExpressionErrors(refDestructuringErrors, true)
    this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos || this.yieldPos
    this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos || this.awaitPos

    if (exprList.length > 1) {
      val = this.startNodeAt(innerStartPos, innerStartLoc)
      val.expressions = exprList
      this.finishNodeAt(val, "SequenceExpression", innerEndPos, innerEndLoc)
    } else {
      val = exprList[0]
    }
  } else {
    val = this.parseParenExpression()
  }

  if (this.options.preserveParens) {
    let par = this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc)
    par.expression = val
    return this.finishNode(par, "ParenthesizedExpression")
  } else {
    return val
  }
}

pp.parseParenItem = function(item) {
  return item
}

pp.parseParenArrowList = function(startPos, startLoc, exprList) {
  return this.parseArrowExpression(this.startNodeAt(startPos, startLoc), exprList)
}

// New's precedence is slightly tricky. It must allow its argument to
// be a `[]` or dot subscript expression, but not a call — at least,
// not without wrapping it in parentheses. Thus, it uses the noCalls
// argument to parseSubscripts to prevent it from consuming the
// argument list.

const empty = []

pp.parseNew = function() {
  let node = this.startNode()
  let meta = this.parseIdent(true)
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6 && this.eat(tt.dot)) {
    node.meta = meta
    node.property = this.parseIdent(true)
    if (node.property.name !== "target")
      this.raiseRecoverable(node.property.start, "The only valid meta property for new is new.target")
    if (!this.inFunction)
      this.raiseRecoverable(node.start, "new.target can only be used in functions")
    return this.finishNode(node, "MetaProperty")
  }
  let startPos = this.start, startLoc = this.startLoc
  node.callee = this.parseSubscripts(this.parseExprAtom(), startPos, startLoc, true)
  if (this.eat(tt.parenL)) node.arguments = this.parseExprList(tt.parenR, this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8, false)
  else node.arguments = empty
  return this.finishNode(node, "NewExpression")
}

// Parse template expression.

pp.parseTemplateElement = function({isTagged}) {
  let elem = this.startNode()
  if (this.type === tt.invalidTemplate) {
    if (!isTagged) {
      this.raiseRecoverable(this.start, "Bad escape sequence in untagged template literal")
    }
    elem.value = {
      raw: this.value,
      cooked: null
    }
  } else {
    elem.value = {
      raw: this.input.slice(this.start, this.end).replace(/\r\n?/g, "\n"),
      cooked: this.value
    }
  }
  this.next()
  elem.tail = this.type === tt.backQuote
  return this.finishNode(elem, "TemplateElement")
}

pp.parseTemplate = function({isTagged = false} = {}) {
  let node = this.startNode()
  this.next()
  node.expressions = []
  let curElt = this.parseTemplateElement({isTagged})
  node.quasis = [curElt]
  while (!curElt.tail) {
    this.expect(tt.dollarBraceL)
    node.expressions.push(this.parseExpression())
    this.expect(tt.braceR)
    node.quasis.push(curElt = this.parseTemplateElement({isTagged}))
  }
  this.next()
  return this.finishNode(node, "TemplateLiteral")
}

// Parse an object literal or binding pattern.

pp.isAsyncProp = function(prop) {
  return !prop.computed && prop.key.type === "Identifier" && prop.key.name === "async" &&
    (this.type === tt.name || this.type === tt.num || this.type === tt.string || this.type === tt.bracketL || this.type.keyword) &&
    !lineBreak.test(this.input.slice(this.lastTokEnd, this.start))
}

pp.parseObj = function(isPattern, refDestructuringErrors) {
  let node = this.startNode(), first = true, propHash = {}
  node.properties = []
  this.next()
  while (!this.eat(tt.braceR)) {
    if (!first) {
      this.expect(tt.comma)
      if (this.afterTrailingComma(tt.braceR)) break
    } else first = false

    let prop = this.startNode(), isGenerator, isAsync, startPos, startLoc
    if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6) {
      prop.method = false
      prop.shorthand = false
      if (isPattern || refDestructuringErrors) {
        startPos = this.start
        startLoc = this.startLoc
      }
      if (!isPattern)
        isGenerator = this.eat(tt.star)
    }
    this.parsePropertyName(prop)
    if (!isPattern && this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8 && !isGenerator && this.isAsyncProp(prop)) {
      isAsync = true
      this.parsePropertyName(prop, refDestructuringErrors)
    } else {
      isAsync = false
    }
    this.parsePropertyValue(prop, isPattern, isGenerator, isAsync, startPos, startLoc, refDestructuringErrors)
    this.checkPropClash(prop, propHash)
    node.properties.push(this.finishNode(prop, "Property"))
  }
  return this.finishNode(node, isPattern ? "ObjectPattern" : "ObjectExpression")
}

pp.parsePropertyValue = function(prop, isPattern, isGenerator, isAsync, startPos, startLoc, refDestructuringErrors) {
  if ((isGenerator || isAsync) && this.type === tt.colon)
    this.unexpected()

  if (this.eat(tt.colon)) {
    prop.value = isPattern ? this.parseMaybeDefault(this.start, this.startLoc) : this.parseMaybeAssign(false, refDestructuringErrors)
    prop.kind = "init"
  } else if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6 && this.type === tt.parenL) {
    if (isPattern) this.unexpected()
    prop.kind = "init"
    prop.method = true
    prop.value = this.parseMethod(isGenerator, isAsync)
  } else if (!isPattern &&
             this.options.ecmaVersion >= 5 && !prop.computed && prop.key.type === "Identifier" &&
             (prop.key.name === "get" || prop.key.name === "set") &&
             (this.type != tt.comma && this.type != tt.braceR)) {
    if (isGenerator || isAsync) this.unexpected()
    prop.kind = prop.key.name
    this.parsePropertyName(prop)
    prop.value = this.parseMethod(false)
    let paramCount = prop.kind === "get" ? 0 : 1
    if (prop.value.params.length !== paramCount) {
      let start = prop.value.start
      if (prop.kind === "get")
        this.raiseRecoverable(start, "getter should have no params")
      else
        this.raiseRecoverable(start, "setter should have exactly one param")
    } else {
      if (prop.kind === "set" && prop.value.params[0].type === "RestElement")
        this.raiseRecoverable(prop.value.params[0].start, "Setter cannot use rest params")
    }
  } else if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6 && !prop.computed && prop.key.type === "Identifier") {
    this.checkUnreserved(prop.key)
    prop.kind = "init"
    if (isPattern) {
      prop.value = this.parseMaybeDefault(startPos, startLoc, prop.key)
    } else if (this.type === tt.eq && refDestructuringErrors) {
      if (refDestructuringErrors.shorthandAssign < 0)
        refDestructuringErrors.shorthandAssign = this.start
      prop.value = this.parseMaybeDefault(startPos, startLoc, prop.key)
    } else {
      prop.value = prop.key
    }
    prop.shorthand = true
  } else this.unexpected()
}

pp.parsePropertyName = function(prop) {
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6) {
    if (this.eat(tt.bracketL)) {
      prop.computed = true
      prop.key = this.parseMaybeAssign()
      this.expect(tt.bracketR)
      return prop.key
    } else {
      prop.computed = false
    }
  }
  return prop.key = this.type === tt.num || this.type === tt.string ? this.parseExprAtom() : this.parseIdent(true)
}

// Initialize empty function node.

pp.initFunction = function(node) {
  node.id = null
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6) {
    node.generator = false
    node.expression = false
  }
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8)
    node.async = false
}

// Parse object or class method.

pp.parseMethod = function(isGenerator, isAsync) {
  let node = this.startNode(), oldInGen = this.inGenerator, oldInAsync = this.inAsync,
      oldYieldPos = this.yieldPos, oldAwaitPos = this.awaitPos, oldInFunc = this.inFunction

  this.initFunction(node)
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 6)
    node.generator = isGenerator
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8)
    node.async = !!isAsync

  this.inGenerator = node.generator
  this.inAsync = node.async
  this.yieldPos = 0
  this.awaitPos = 0
  this.inFunction = true
  this.enterFunctionScope()

  this.expect(tt.parenL)
  node.params = this.parseBindingList(tt.parenR, false, this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8)
  this.checkYieldAwaitInDefaultParams()
  this.parseFunctionBody(node, false)

  this.inGenerator = oldInGen
  this.inAsync = oldInAsync
  this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos
  this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos
  this.inFunction = oldInFunc
  return this.finishNode(node, "FunctionExpression")
}

// Parse arrow function expression with given parameters.

pp.parseArrowExpression = function(node, params, isAsync) {
  let oldInGen = this.inGenerator, oldInAsync = this.inAsync,
      oldYieldPos = this.yieldPos, oldAwaitPos = this.awaitPos, oldInFunc = this.inFunction

  this.enterFunctionScope()
  this.initFunction(node)
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion >= 8)
    node.async = !!isAsync

  this.inGenerator = false
  this.inAsync = node.async
  this.yieldPos = 0
  this.awaitPos = 0
  this.inFunction = true

  node.params = this.toAssignableList(params, true)
  this.parseFunctionBody(node, true)

  this.inGenerator = oldInGen
  this.inAsync = oldInAsync
  this.yieldPos = oldYieldPos
  this.awaitPos = oldAwaitPos
  this.inFunction = oldInFunc
  return this.finishNode(node, "ArrowFunctionExpression")
}

// Parse function body and check parameters.

pp.parseFunctionBody = function(node, isArrowFunction) {
  let isExpression = isArrowFunction && this.type !== tt.braceL
  let oldStrict = this.strict, useStrict = false

  if (isExpression) {
    node.body = this.parseMaybeAssign()
    node.expression = true
    this.checkParams(node, false)
  } else {
    let nonSimple = this.options.ecmaVersion >= 7 && !this.isSimpleParamList(node.params)
    if (!oldStrict || nonSimple) {
      useStrict = this.strictDirective(this.end)
      // If this is a strict mode function, verify that argument names
      // are not repeated, and it does not try to bind the words `eval`
      // or `arguments`.
      if (useStrict && nonSimple)
        this.raiseRecoverable(node.start, "Illegal 'use strict' directive in function with non-simple parameter list")
    }
    // Start a new scope with regard to labels and the `inFunction`
    // flag (restore them to their old value afterwards).
    let oldLabels = this.labels
    this.labels = []
    if (useStrict) this.strict = true

    // Add the params to varDeclaredNames to ensure that an error is thrown
    // if a let/const declaration in the function clashes with one of the params.
    this.checkParams(node, !oldStrict && !useStrict && !isArrowFunction && this.isSimpleParamList(node.params))
    node.body = this.parseBlock(false)
    node.expression = false
    this.adaptDirectivePrologue(node.body.body)
    this.labels = oldLabels
  }
  this.exitFunctionScope()

  if (this.strict && node.id) {
    // Ensure the function name isn't a forbidden identifier in strict mode, e.g. 'eval'
    this.checkLVal(node.id, "none")
  }
  this.strict = oldStrict
}

pp.isSimpleParamList = function(params) {
  for (let param of params)
    if (param.type !== "Identifier") return false
  return true
}

// Checks function params for various disallowed patterns such as using "eval"
// or "arguments" and duplicate parameters.

pp.checkParams = function(node, allowDuplicates) {
  let nameHash = {}
  for (let param of node.params)
    this.checkLVal(param, "var", allowDuplicates ? null : nameHash)
}

// Parses a comma-separated list of expressions, and returns them as
// an array. `close` is the token type that ends the list, and
// `allowEmpty` can be turned on to allow subsequent commas with
// nothing in between them to be parsed as `null` (which is needed
// for array literals).

pp.parseExprList = function(close, allowTrailingComma, allowEmpty, refDestructuringErrors) {
  let elts = [], first = true
  while (!this.eat(close)) {
    if (!first) {
      this.expect(tt.comma)
      if (allowTrailingComma && this.afterTrailingComma(close)) break
    } else first = false

    let elt
    if (allowEmpty && this.type === tt.comma)
      elt = null
    else if (this.type === tt.ellipsis) {
      elt = this.parseSpread(refDestructuringErrors)
      if (refDestructuringErrors && this.type === tt.comma && refDestructuringErrors.trailingComma < 0)
        refDestructuringErrors.trailingComma = this.start
    } else {
      elt = this.parseMaybeAssign(false, refDestructuringErrors)
    }
    elts.push(elt)
  }
  return elts
}

// Parse the next token as an identifier. If `liberal` is true (used
// when parsing properties), it will also convert keywords into
// identifiers.

pp.checkUnreserved = function({start, end, name}) {
  if (this.inGenerator && name === "yield")
    this.raiseRecoverable(start, "Can not use 'yield' as identifier inside a generator")
  if (this.inAsync && name === "await")
    this.raiseRecoverable(start, "Can not use 'await' as identifier inside an async function")
  if (this.isKeyword(name))
    this.raise(start, `Unexpected keyword '${name}'`)
  if (this.options.ecmaVersion < 6 &&
    this.input.slice(start, end).indexOf("\\") != -1) return
  const re = this.strict ? this.reservedWordsStrict : this.reservedWords
  if (re.test(name))
    this.raiseRecoverable(start, `The keyword '${name}' is reserved`)
}

pp.parseIdent = function(liberal, isBinding) {
  let node = this.startNode()
  if (liberal && this.options.allowReserved == "never") liberal = false
  if (this.type === tt.name) {
    node.name = this.value
  } else if (this.type.keyword) {
    node.name = this.type.keyword

    // To fix https://github.com/ternjs/acorn/issues/575
    // `class` and `function` keywords push new context into this.context.
    // But there is no chance to pop the context if the keyword is consumed as an identifier such as a property name.
    if (node.name === "class" || node.name === "function") {
      this.context.pop()
    }
  } else {
    this.unexpected()
  }
  this.next()
  this.finishNode(node, "Identifier")
  if (!liberal) this.checkUnreserved(node)
  return node
}

// Parses yield expression inside generator.

pp.parseYield = function() {
  if (!this.yieldPos) this.yieldPos = this.start

  let node = this.startNode()
  this.next()
  if (this.type == tt.semi || this.canInsertSemicolon() || (this.type != tt.star && !this.type.startsExpr)) {
    node.delegate = false
    node.argument = null
  } else {
    node.delegate = this.eat(tt.star)
    node.argument = this.parseMaybeAssign()
  }
  return this.finishNode(node, "YieldExpression")
}

pp.parseAwait = function() {
  if (!this.awaitPos) this.awaitPos = this.start

  let node = this.startNode()
  this.next()
  node.argument = this.parseMaybeUnary(null, true)
  return this.finishNode(node, "AwaitExpression")
}