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<p style="color:red;font-weight:bold;">DRAFT - NOT FOR CIRCULATION</p>
<h1>Patenting invention: Clean energy innovation trends and priorities for the Trump administration and Congress</h1>
<p>President Trump is right to say energy industries are important to “making America great again.” And Energy Secretary Rick Perry and Secretary of State Rex Tillerson are also right to stress the importance of clean energy innovation.</p>
<p>Innovation is crucial for long-term economic development. Moreover, the development of low-carbon technology holds great potential to spark high-quality job growth in U.S. regions, support the manufacturing sector, and improve the trade balance by improving American competitiveness. [Insert static map to link to interactive (wrap text around to preserve flow)]</p>
<p>And yet, there is a problem. At just the moment when the U.S. clean energy innovation enterprise may be hitting a flat spot, the Trump administration has proposed draconian federal budget cuts that raise new concerns about the future of the nation’s commitment to low-carbon economic development.</p>
<p>Which is why—as Congress turns to shaping the 2018 budget—it is worth assessing the status of the U.S. cleantech innovation enterprise, both nationally and regionally, as it is unfolding across 14 technology areas and the nation’s diverse metropolitan areas.</p>
<p>To that end, this first brief of two on cleantech innovation—a forthcoming analysis will examine venture capital (VC) dynamics—looks at technology patenting activity as a key indicator for monitoring the development of new technologies, as represented by the volume and topics of new patents resulting from public and private funded research.</p>
<p>What do these data show? Overall, the data show that even as cleantech patenting has grown over the years, serious concerns remain about the competitiveness of the U.S. cleantech innovation scene. At the same time, while much of America’s patenting takes place in relatively few large metropolitan areas, significant cleantech innovation activity extends into all regions of the country. That breadth underscores both the relevance and potential of low carbon innovation.</p>
<p>Taken together, the findings of this brief provide a mixed picture of U.S. cleantech innovation that runs as follows:</p>
<p><strong>U.S. cleantech patenting has grown significantly since 2001, outpacing growth in all U.S. patents, but may now be flagging.</strong> Since 2001, the total number of granted patents in the cleantech sector has more than doubled—from a little less than 15,000 cleantech patents granted in 2001 to approximately 32,000 in 2016. With that said, the number of cleantech patents granted in the country has declined by 9 percent between 2014 and 2016</p>
<img src="./build/graphics/trend.png" style="width:100%;" />
<p><strong>Cleantech patenting is concentrated in relatively few technology categories.</strong> Overall, a total of 186,500 patents have been granted in the United States since 2011 across 14 cleantech categories. Of this activity, advanced green materials, energy efficiency, and transportation each accounted for fully 18 percent of the total patenting, while energy storage accounted for another 15 percent. In contrast, drastically fewer patents are being granted in other cleantech areas such as geothermal energy, hydro & marine power, and nuclear generation</p>
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<b>U.S. cleantech patenting is both concentrated in large
metropolitan areas and widely distributed across diverse regions of
the country.</b> Cleantech patenting, in terms of absolute patent
issuance, is highly concentrated in a relatively small number of
larger metropolitan areas. 10 metro areas ranging from <b>Boston</b>
and <b>Detroit</b> to <b>Houston</b>, <b>Minneapolis</b>, <b>San
Francisco</b>, and <b>San Jose</b> accounted for 38 percent of the
cleantech patents developed by U.S. inventors since 2011, while 20
metro areas accounted for 52 percent. And yet, the patent data make
clear that cleantech innovation is also widely distributed across
diverse regions of the country—in red and blue states, and in big
and small metros such as <b>Ann Arbor, Boise City,</b> <b>Columbus,
IN, Greenville, and Knoxville</b>
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<p><b>The nation’s metro areas, both big and small, display distinctive
profiles in cleantech patenting.</b> The nation’s most inventive
low-carbon energy patenting metros vary in their specializations,
meaning that varied regions with distinctive industry clusters are
functioning as globally significant innovation hubs that convene
local business, academia, and government to drive American
competitiveness. Whether it is large metros such as <b>Detroit</b>
specializing in transportation patents and <b>Houston</b> in
conventional fuels, or smaller metros such as <b>Ames, IA</b> in
bioenergy and <b>Wilmington, NC</b> in nuclear, a large number of
America’s metropolitan area stand out as regionally differentiated
platforms for cleantech innovation.</p>
<p><b>The
share of U.S. cleantech patents owned by foreign companies has grown
over the years, raising concerns about the global competitiveness of
U.S. companies.</b> In 2001, both U.S. and foreign-owned companies
generated about 47 percent of cleantech patents each. By 2016, 51
percent of all cleantech patents were owned by large foreign
multinationals, while only 39 percent were generated by U.S.
companies. This trend reflects the globalization of cleantech
industries, particularly in developed and developing Asian economies
urgent about reducing carbon emissions and cornering growing markets
for cleantech.</p>
<p>Given the size of
the global clean energy economic opportunity, the United States can
ill afford to relinquish its lead on innovation in the burgeoning
global cleantech market to China or other countries. For that
reason, Congress should set aside the skinny budget and draw on years
of bipartisan support for energy innovation to coalesce around a core
list of minimum viable supports for low-carbon innovation and growth.
Most crucial will be provisions to <b>maintain clean energy R&D
appropriations</b> at viable levels; <b>maximize the impact of the
nation’s 17 national energy laboratories</b>; and<b> preserve the
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA-E) </b>while <b>maintaining
and scaling up the nation’s energy innovation hubs and institutes.
</b>For their part, states and regions can and must step up to <b>invest
more robustly </b>on their own in low-carbon innovation, just as must
the private sector, which must <b>argue more forcefully</b> for
essential federal supports even as it moves to <b>shoulder more of
the burden</b> itself.</p><p>In sum, Congress
as well as the private sector and states and regions stand at a
critical juncture this spring. With the economic potential of
cleantech innovation widely acknowledged, the question has become:
Will the U.S. compete?</p>
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