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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html >
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Elon Musk Timeline</title>
<link rel='stylesheet prefetch' href='https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/twitter-bootstrap/4.0.0-alpha.6/css/bootstrap.min.css'>
<link rel='stylesheet prefetch' href='https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css'>
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway" rel="stylesheet">
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto" rel="stylesheet">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container-fluid">
<div id="opening">
<div class="text-center title">
<h1><strong>Elon Musk</strong></h1>
<h3><em>Building the Future</em></h3>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip2" target="_blank">Zip2</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://www.paypal.com/sg/home" target="_blank">Paypal</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="http://www.solarcity.com/" target="_blank">Solarcity</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://www.tesla.com/" target="_blank">Tesla</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="http://www.spacex.com/" target="_blank">SpaceX</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://www.boringcompany.com/" target="_blank">Boring</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://hyperloop-one.com/" target="_blank">Hyperloop</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://openai.com/" target="_blank">OpenAI</a></li>
<li class="header-link"><a href="https://neuralink.com/" target="_blank">Neuralink</a></li>
</ul>
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<img id="elon" class="img-responsive thumbnail" src=" http://i.imgur.com/BUIDcKG.jpg" alt="photo of Elon Musk" />
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<h3><strong>HIS VISION</strong></h3>
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<h4>Making humanity an inter-planetary species</h4>
<img class="img-responsive" src=" http://i.imgur.com/nHPQ0zQ.png" alt="photo of the stages of terraforming mars" />
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<h4 style = "color: silver">Building the future of the human race</h4>
<img class="img-responsive" src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/nRgUal5XTN8/maxresdefault.jpg" alt="artist impression of the city of the future">
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<h4><em><strong><i class = "fa fa-history"></i> Elon Musk Timeline</strong></em></h4>
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<h5>0<br><i class = "fa fa-child"></i></h5>
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<p>Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971 in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa to Maye Musk, a model and dietician from Canada, and Errol Musk, an engineer from South Africa. The Musks were an affluent family in South Africa.</p>
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<h5>1<br><i class = "fa fa-child"></i></h5>
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<p>Kimbal Musk, Elon's younger brother is born.</p>
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<h5>3<br><i class = "fa fa-child"></i></h5>
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<p>In 1974, Tosca Musk was born. Compared with his siblings, Elon was introverted and quiet while his siblings were more outgoing.</p>
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<h5 style="line-height: 0.7"><br><i class = "fa fa-book fa-lg"></i></h5>
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<p>During his childhood Elon was a voracious reader. He devoured a wide variety of books, reading up to 10 hours a day.</p>
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<h5>8<br><i class = "fa fa-bank"></i></h5>
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<p>Elon runs out of books to read at the library and reads the entire Encyclopedia Britannica.</p>
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<p>Elon's parents divorce and he chooses to live with his father. Life with Errol Musk was difficult and tough; Errol would sometimes lecture Elon and Kimbal for hours. This experience was key in Elon's personal development.<br><br><em>"My father was very strict," Tosca remembers. "So while everybody in South Africa had maids and servants, he'd have us play this game. It was called America, America, and when we played it, we'd have to do everything an American child would do. We'd have to clean the house, mow the lawn, do all sorts of American chores." — Tosca Musk</em></p>
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<h5>10<br><i class = "fa fa-laptop"></i></h5>
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<p>Elon developed an interest in computing with the inexpensive home computer, Commodore VIC-20. He teaches himself programming, learning BASIC by finishing a 6-month course in 3 days.</p>
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<p>Throughout his childhood Elon was severely bullied. He was once hospitalised when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs and then beat him until he lost consciousness. It was a difficult time for Elon. <br><br><em>"You get chased around by gangs at school who tried to beat the shit out of me, and then I’d come home, and it would just be awful there as well." — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<h5>12<br><i class = "fa fa-money"></i></h5>
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<p>Elon writes his first video game, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3GQm1h9Ebk" target="_blank">Blastar</a>, and sells the BASIC code to a magazine called PC and Office Technology for US$500.</p>
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<h5>14<br><i class = "fa fa-question"></i></h5>
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<p>Elon goes through a teenage existential crisis. He continues reading books to figure out the meaning of life. <br>During this time, he was shaped by books such as <em>The Hitchiker's Guide to the Galaxy, The Foundation Trilogy,</em> and <em>The Lord of the Rings.</em></p>
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<p>Elon's father takes him to work and makes him do real work</p>
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<h5>17<br><i class = "fa fa-plane"></i></h5>
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<p>Graduates from Pretoria Boys High School. Moves to Canada to avoid serving in the South African military and obtains Canadian citizenship through his mother.</em>
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<p>Stays with relatives while working odd jobs one of which was shoveling dirt in a boiler room for US$18/hour.</p>
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<h5>18<br><i class = "fa fa-bank"></i></h5>
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<p>Begins undergraduate studies at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario. There he met Justine Wilson, an aspiring writer. They would marry and have five sons togehter, twins and triplets, before divorcing in 2008.<br>Elon would also cold call
executives he read in the news and sell computers out of his dorm room.</em>
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<p>In 1992, Musk transferred to the University of Pennsylvania double majoring in physics and economics. While there, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi rented a 10-bedroom fraternity house, using it as an unofficial nightclub.</em>
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<h5>23<br><i class = "fa fa-graduation-cap"></i></h5>
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<p>1995: Elon Musk graduates from University of Pennsylvania with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in physics. (He leaves the school in 1995, but technically graduated in 1997). <br><br><em>"When I was at Penn, I started thinking about what would most affect the future of humanity," he said. "The three things that I thought would be the most effective were the Internet, the transition to sustainable energy economy, and space exploration, particularly extension of life to multiple planets." — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<p>1995: Elon moves to California to begin a PhD in applied physics and materials science at Stanford University, but left the program after two days to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations. He frequently hangs out with his brother, Kimbal, brainstorming
entrepreneurial ideas.</p>
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<h5>24<br><i class = "fa fa-money"></i></h5>
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<p>1995: with US$28,000 of their father's money, Elon and Kimbal started Zip2, an internet "city guide" dot-com software company. Later on, after Musk was pushed out from CEO to CTO by his investors.</p>
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<h5>28<br><i class = "fa fa-money"></i></h5>
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<p>February 1999: Compaq buys Zip2 for US$307 million, the largest sum ever paid for an intenret company. Musk receives US$22 million for his 7% share.</p>
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<p>March 1999: Musk funnels US$10 million to co-found a start-up called X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company which exploited what he saw as a dearth of online innovation in financial services.</p>
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<p>2000: After competing for customers with another banking startup Confinity, they merge together in March 2000 into what would be renamed as Paypal in 2001. The company's early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new coustomers
were recruited when they received money through the service.</p>
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<p>October 2000: Musk is ousted from his role as CEO (although he remained on the board) due to disagreements with other company leadership, notably over his desire to move PayPal's Unix-based infrastructure to Microsoft Windows. Nevertheless, Musk
continued to invest into PayPal.</p>
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<h5>30<br><i class = "fa fa-rocket"></i></h5>
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<p>2001: Musk begins to dream up a miniature experimental greenhoues that he could land on Mars. The greenhouse, which he called "Mars Oasis," would contain crops and would, he hoped, rekindle well-faded public interest in space exploration..</p>
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<p>Musk pitches his ideas to an aerospace consultant named Jim Cantrell on making mankind a multiplanetary species. Musk also continues devouring books, learning how to build rockets from books.</p>
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<p>October 2001: Musk travels to Moscow with Adeo Ressi (his best friend from college) and Jim Cantrell to buy refurbished Russian ICBMs that could send the envisioned payloads into space. Business negotiations fell apart; They were spat on by the
Russian sellers who saw them as novices and priced a rocket at US$21 million for one when Elon was ready to buy three Russian ICBMs for US$21 million. They returned empty handed.<br><br><em>"They taunted him," Cantrell says. "They said, 'Oh, little boy, you don't have the money?' I said, 'Well, that's that.' I was sitting behind him on the flight back to London when he looked at me over the seat and said, <strong>'I think we can build a rocket ourselves.'</strong>" — Jim Cantrell</em></p>
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<p>February 2002: The group returns to Russia to look for three ICBMs, bringing along Mike Griffin, who had worked for the CIA's venture capital arm. The group met again with Kosmotras, and were offered one rocket for US$8 million, however, this
was seen by Musk as too expensive; Musk consequently stormed out of the meeting. On the flight back from Moscow, Musk realised that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed. <br><br><em>Musk created a spreadsheet that detailed the costs of the materials needed of the materials needed to build, assemble, and launch a modest-sized rocket that catered to a market that specialised in carrying smaller satellites and research payloads to space. The spreadsheet also laid out the hypothetical performance characteristics of the rocket in fairly impressive detail. <br>"I looked at it and said, I'll be damned — that's why he's been borrowing all my books." — Jim Cantrell</em></p>
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<p>Early 2002: Musk seeks out competent staff for his new space company, soon to be named SpaceX. Musk approaches renowned rocket engineer Tom Mueller (now SpaceX's CTO of Propulsion) and Mueller agreed to work for Musk.</p>
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<p>May 2002: Elon Musk founds Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX. Musk is CEO and CTO of the Hawthorn, California-based company. SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology.
<br><br><em>SpaceX started with the <a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_viable_product" target = "_blank">smallest useful orbital rocket</a>, instead of building a more complex and riskier launch vehicle, which could have failed and bankrupted the company.</em></p>
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<p>Justine and Elon's first son, Nevada Alexander Musk, dies of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of ten weeks. They later had five sons through in vitro fertilisation — twins in 2004, followed by triples in 2006.</p>
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<p>October 2002: PayPal is acquired by eBay for US$1.5 bilion in stock. Musk was PayPal's largest shareholder, owning 11.7% of PayPal's shares. He received US$165 million from the sale.</p>
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<p>Musk invests US$100 million of his early fortune into SpaceX. Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time. By applying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration"
target="_blank">vertical integration</a>, producing around 85% of launch hardware in-house, and the modular approach from software engineering, SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70 percent gross margin.</p>
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<p>With his early wealth, Musk begins to think about building electric cars at a time when industry and consumer interest in Electric Vehicles (EV) were waning.<br><br><em>"Since big car companies were killing their EV programs, the only chance was to create an EV company, even tho it was almost certain to fail" — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<p>2003: Tesla Motors Inc. is incorporated by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, a pair of engineers. They were influenced to start the company after GM recalled all its EV1 electric cars in 2003 and then destroyed them. Eberhard and Tarpenning
financed the company until the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series_A_round" target="_blank">Series A round</a> of funding.<br>They then meet Elon Musk and pitch their ideas to him.</p>
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<p>April 2004: Musk comes in as a leading investor, funding the large majority of the Series A capital investment rund of US$7.5 million with personal funds. Eberhard remains as CEO while Musk joins Tesla's board of directors as its chairman as well
as in operational roles.<br><br><em>Tesla's <a href = "https://www.tesla.com/blog/secret-tesla-motors-master-plan-just-between-you-and-me" target = "_blank">early primary goal</a> was to commercialise electric vehicles, starting with a premium sports car aimed at early adopters and then movin as rapidly as possible into more mainstream vehicles, including sedans and affordable compacts for the mass market, serving "as a catalyst to accelerate the day of electric vehicles".</em></p>
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<p>2004: Justine Musk gives birth to Elon's twin sons both of whom were conceived through IVF.</p>
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<p>March 2006: The maiden flight of SpaceX's first rocket, the Falcon 1. It launched from Omelek Island in the Marshall Islands but explodes with the root cause being a corroded nut.</p>
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<p>July 2006: SpaceX is one of two companies selected by NASA to demonstrate delivery and return of cargo to the International Space Station under the new <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" target="_blank">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a> program. If successful, NASA will have the ability to use the demonstrated capability to resupply the ISS after the 2010 retirement of the Space Shuttle. NASA's seed money kick starts the development of Falcon 9.<br><br><em>"By stimulating the development of commercial orbital spaceflight, the NASA COTS program will have the same positive effect on space travel as the Air Mail Act of 1925 had on the development of safe and affordable air transportation." — <a href = "http://www.spacex.com/press/2012/12/19/spacex-wins-nasa-cots-contract-demonstrate-cargo-delivery-space-station" target = "_blank">Elon Musk</a></em></p>
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<p>August 2006: Musk becomes 1st investor in SolarCity. The initial concept for SolarCity was provided by Musk before his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive co-founded it in 2006.<br><br><em>Elon Musk's underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla is to help combat global warming.</em></p>
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<p>End 2006: Justine Musk gives birth to Elon's triplet sons all of whom were conceived through IVF.</p>
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<p>March 2007: After being delayed several months due to a wide range of issues, a new Falcon 1 rocket carying a DemoSat payload for DARPA and NASA is launched. While first stage burn and transition to second stage was successful, Falcon 1 failed
to reach orbit due to harmonic oscillation and premature engine shutdown.<br>Though it did not reach orbit, the flight proved over 95% of Falcon 1's systems and the vehicle gathered enough data for operational flights.</p>
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<p>Economic disaster: The 2008 financial crisis occurs and its effects are felt across the United States of America and the world.</p>
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<p>March 2008: After a plethora of development and production issues, the first Tesla customers get their Roadsters at US$109,000. However, Tesla is still losing money. Tesla cuts staff and scales back expansion.</p>
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<p>Justine and Elon Musk file for divorce. They share custody of their five sons. A few months later Musk begins dating English actress Talulah Riley after meeting her at a London nightclub.<br><br><em>I had turned into a trophy wife — and I sucked at it." — <a href = "http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/a5380/millionaire-starter-wife/" target = "_blank">Justine Musk</a></em></p>
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<p>August 2008: Third Falcon 1 launch fails due to residual stage 1 thrust that led to collision between stage 1 and stage 2 which prevented successful completion of the mission. All 4 satellites aboard are destroyed.<br><br><em>"For my part, I will never give up and I mean never." — <a href = "http://www.nbcnews.com/id/25990806/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/strike-three-spacexs-falcon-rocket/#.WUtpzmiGNph" target = "_blank">Elon Musk</a></em></p>
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<p>It is an extremely difficult time for Elon. In addition to going through a divorce with Justine Musk, SpaceX and Tesla are both facing challenges and running out of cash. All of Musk's money, including the total of US$180 million he made from
the PayPal deal was invested in both companies.<br><br><em>"I remember waking up the Sunday before Christmas in 2008, and thinking to myself, 'Man, I never thought I was someone who could ever be capable of a nervous breakdown.' I felt this is the closest I've ever come, because it seemed...pretty dark." — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<p>September 2008: SpaceX's 4th Falcon 1 flight carrying a dummy payload (a mass simulator) is a success. It is the first ever commercial space vehicle to successfully achieve orbit.</p>
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<p>October 2008: Elon Musk takes over as CEO of Tesla and further laid off an additional 25% of Tesla's workforce.</p>
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<p>December 2008: SpaceX wins a US$1.6 billion NASA contract for 12 resupply and cargo delivery flights to the International Space Station until 2016.<br><br><em>"NASA called and told us we won a US$1.5 billion contract," Musk said in an interview. "I couldnt even hold the phone. I just blurted out, 'I love you guys!'" — Elon Musk</em><br>He
reveals in his biography that he cried realising that SpaceX just barely escaped bankruptcy.</p>
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<p>December 2008: Hours before Tesla would have gone bankrupt, Musk bluffs during a 5th fonud of funding. He told the investors tha the would take another loan from SpaceX and fund the entire round—all US$40 million—himself. The tactic worked: Tesla
raises US$40 million in a debt-financing round and narrowly escapes bankruptcy.</p>
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<p>March 2009: Tesla unveils the first Tesla Model S, a more affordable full-electric luxury sedan. However, Tesla faces mass scaling issues as most of their manufacturing is outsourced and they do not have a large dedicated manufacturing facility.</p>
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<p>June 2009: Tesla takes a US$465 million loan from the United States Department of Energy.<br><br>June 2010: Tesla launches its Initial Public Offering on the Nasdaq echange offering 13.3 million shares at a price of $17 per share, raising a total
of US$226.1 million.</p>
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<p>October 2010: Tesla buys a large assembly plant for cheap from Toyota and General Motor's failed joint venture.</p>
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<p>2010: Elon Musk marries Talulah Riley after dating her for two years.</p>
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<p>September 2011: Musk announces reusable rockets to reduce spaceflight costs by a factor of 100.</p>
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<p>February 2012: Tesla unveils the Model X (SUV).</p>
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<p>March 2012: Talulah Riley and Elon Musk undergo a divorce.<br><br><em>"It was an amazing four years. I will love you forever. You will make someone very happy one day." — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<p>May 2012: SpaceX's Dragon resupply spacecraft successfully docks with the International Space Station.</p>
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<p>June 2012: Tesla starts shipping the model S at US$75,000. Despite some issues with Tesla's cars, it is a commercial success buoyed by Tesla's customer service.</p>
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<p>September 2012: SpaceX starts trying to land dummy rocket Grasshopper vertically from a small altitude.</p>
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<p>September 2012: Tesla launches supercharger network across the USA for easier long distance driving. All Tesla car owners have free access for charging at the supercharger stations. </p>
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<p>July 2013: Musk marries Talulah Riley again.</p>
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<p>August 2013: Musk publishes his first ideas and designs of the Hyperloop high-speed rail, a proposed futuristic method of transportation.</p>
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<p>September 2013: SpaceX's Falcon 9 first stage performs the first propulsive-return over-water tests on 29 September 2013. Although not a complete success, the stage was able to change direction and make a controlled entry into the atmosphere.</p>
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<p>June 2014: Tesla starts buiding the Gigafactory to mass produce batteries.</p>
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<p>July 2014: After continued water-landing tests, the Falcon 9 booster has achieved its next milestone. It is now able to consistently perform reentry at hypersonic velocity, restart main engines twice, deploy landing legs, and touch down at near
zero velocity for a soft water landing.</p>
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<p>January 2015: SpaceX begins attempting to land the first stage of Falcon 9 rockets onto a floating landing platform, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_Spaceport_Drone_Ship" target="_blank">Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship</a>.</p>
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<p>April 2015: Elon Musk unveils the compact, affordable, and simple to install Powerwall during a Tesla event. It is a lithium-ion product designed for home and commercial energy storage to make renewable energy more attractive and viable.</p>
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<p>June 2015: SpaceX CRS-7 a resuppply mission to the International Space Station with the Falcon 9 rocket fails. Total loss of mission due to structural failure and helium overpressure in the second stage. However, this is the first failure in a
string of nine successful flights by the Falcon 9 rocket..</p>
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<p>September 2015: The first customers get their Tesla Model X. Tesla's value per stock is now US$250.</p>
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<p>December 2015: The first attempt by a Falcon 9 first stage to land on solid ground succeeded flawlessly. <br><br>SpaceX still continues to pursue a successful landing on their autonomous sea barge due to the large amount of fuel that will be saved
by landing in the sea along the rocket's natural path instead of turning back to land on solid ground.</p>
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<p>December 2015: Musk announces the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence research company. OpenAI aims to develop <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" target="_blank">artificial general intelligence</a> in a way that is safe and beneficial to humanity.</p>
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<p>March 2016: Elon Musk co-founds Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company to develop implantable <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" target="_blank">brain-computer interfaces</a>. The company's headquarters
are in San Francisco. The company aims to make devices to treat serious brain diseases in the short-term, with the eventual goal of human enhancement.</p>
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<p>8 April 2016: After multiple landing errors and explosions, the first successful first-stage landing on a floating platform happened on the Autonomous Spaceport Drone Ship <em>Of Course I still Love you</em> during the SpaceX CRS-8 mission. This
is a major milestone for SpaceX and reusable rocket technology.</p>
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<p>Late 2016: Talulah Riley splits up with Elon Musk. The divorce is finalised in late 2016. A few months later Elon Musk begins dating Amber Heard, an American actress.</p>
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<p>December 2016: Musk founds the Boring Company, an infrastructure and tunneling company that aims to create an underground tunnel transportation network. </p>
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<p>January 2017: Tesla's Gigafactory starts mass producing lithium-ion battery cells, which will be used in Tesla's energy storage products and Model 3.</p>
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<p>March 2017: Tesla unveils the Model 3 with a base model pricing of US$35,000 but owners will have to pay for Supercharger access. It is very well-received with a few hundred-thousand reservations for the car.</p>
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<p>2022: First unmanned launch of Mars Colonial Transporter (MCT).<br>2024: Launch of first manned MCT Mars flight to colonise Mars.<br><br><em>"I would like to die on Mars, just not on impact." — Elon Musk</em></p>
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<p>Future: Develop and manufacture electric vehicle alternatives for other motor vehicles, starting with a heavy-duty electric truck. Together with SolarCity, Tesla will reduce the Human race's dependency on non-renewable energy.</p>
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<p>Future: Initiatives, research, and development by Hyperloop and The Boring Company will create faster and more energy efficient means of transport for Humanity.</p>
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<p>Future: Research and development from OpenAI and Neuralink will create solutions and services that could greatly improve the quality of human lives and allow us to overcome the limits of the human brain.</p>
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<h4><em><i class = "fa fa-info"></i> Find Out More</em></h4>
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<div class = "row references">
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<a href = "https://www.amazon.com/Elon-Musk-SpaceX-Fantastic-Future/dp/0062301233" target = "_blank"><img class = "img-responsive thumbnail" src = "http://porhomme.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/elon-musk-book-cover.jpg" alt = "A photo of Elon Musk's biography book by Ashlee Vance." /></a>
</div>
<div class = "col-xs-6 col-md-6">
<a href = "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk" target = "_blank"><img class = "img-responsive thumbnail" src = " http://i.imgur.com/A8G0I6G.png" alt = "A screenshot of Elon Musk's wikipedia page." /></a>
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<h5>Designed, written, and coded by <a href = "https://github.com/Yewwoei" target = "_blank">Yew Woei</a></h5>
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