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quadratic_weighted_kappa.py
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quadratic_weighted_kappa.py
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#! /usr/bin/env python2.7
# Code credits: https://github.com/benhamner/Metrics
# Copyright (c) 2012, Ben Hamner
# Author: Ben Hamner (ben@benhamner.com)
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
#
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
# list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
# this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
# and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
# DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
# ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
# (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
# LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
# ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
# (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
# SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
import numpy as np
def confusion_matrix(rater_a, rater_b, min_rating=None, max_rating=None):
"""
Returns the confusion matrix between rater's ratings
"""
assert(len(rater_a) == len(rater_b))
if min_rating is None:
min_rating = min(rater_a + rater_b)
if max_rating is None:
max_rating = max(rater_a + rater_b)
num_ratings = int(max_rating - min_rating + 1)
conf_mat = [[0 for i in range(num_ratings)]
for j in range(num_ratings)]
for a, b in zip(rater_a, rater_b):
conf_mat[a - min_rating][b - min_rating] += 1
return conf_mat
def histogram(ratings, min_rating=None, max_rating=None):
"""
Returns the counts of each type of rating that a rater made
"""
if min_rating is None:
min_rating = min(ratings)
if max_rating is None:
max_rating = max(ratings)
num_ratings = int(max_rating - min_rating + 1)
hist_ratings = [0 for x in range(num_ratings)]
for r in ratings:
hist_ratings[r - min_rating] += 1
return hist_ratings
def quadratic_weighted_kappa(rater_a, rater_b, min_rating=None, max_rating=None):
"""
Calculates the quadratic weighted kappa
quadratic_weighted_kappa calculates the quadratic weighted kappa
value, which is a measure of inter-rater agreement between two raters
that provide discrete numeric ratings. Potential values range from -1
(representing complete disagreement) to 1 (representing complete
agreement). A kappa value of 0 is expected if all agreement is due to
chance.
quadratic_weighted_kappa(rater_a, rater_b), where rater_a and rater_b
each correspond to a list of integer ratings. These lists must have the
same length.
The ratings should be integers, and it is assumed that they contain
the complete range of possible ratings.
quadratic_weighted_kappa(X, min_rating, max_rating), where min_rating
is the minimum possible rating, and max_rating is the maximum possible
rating
"""
rater_a = np.array(rater_a, dtype=int)
rater_b = np.array(rater_b, dtype=int)
assert(len(rater_a) == len(rater_b))
if min_rating is None:
min_rating = min(min(rater_a), min(rater_b))
if max_rating is None:
max_rating = max(max(rater_a), max(rater_b))
conf_mat = confusion_matrix(rater_a, rater_b,
min_rating, max_rating)
num_ratings = len(conf_mat)
num_scored_items = float(len(rater_a))
hist_rater_a = histogram(rater_a, min_rating, max_rating)
hist_rater_b = histogram(rater_b, min_rating, max_rating)
numerator = 0.0
denominator = 0.0
for i in range(num_ratings):
for j in range(num_ratings):
expected_count = (hist_rater_a[i] * hist_rater_b[j]
/ num_scored_items)
d = pow(i - j, 2.0) / pow(num_ratings - 1, 2.0)
numerator += d * conf_mat[i][j] / num_scored_items
denominator += d * expected_count / num_scored_items
return 1.0 - numerator / denominator
def linear_weighted_kappa(rater_a, rater_b, min_rating=None, max_rating=None):
"""
Calculates the linear weighted kappa
linear_weighted_kappa calculates the linear weighted kappa
value, which is a measure of inter-rater agreement between two raters
that provide discrete numeric ratings. Potential values range from -1
(representing complete disagreement) to 1 (representing complete
agreement). A kappa value of 0 is expected if all agreement is due to
chance.
linear_weighted_kappa(rater_a, rater_b), where rater_a and rater_b
each correspond to a list of integer ratings. These lists must have the
same length.
The ratings should be integers, and it is assumed that they contain
the complete range of possible ratings.
linear_weighted_kappa(X, min_rating, max_rating), where min_rating
is the minimum possible rating, and max_rating is the maximum possible
rating
"""
assert(len(rater_a) == len(rater_b))
if min_rating is None:
min_rating = min(rater_a + rater_b)
if max_rating is None:
max_rating = max(rater_a + rater_b)
conf_mat = confusion_matrix(rater_a, rater_b,
min_rating, max_rating)
num_ratings = len(conf_mat)
num_scored_items = float(len(rater_a))
hist_rater_a = histogram(rater_a, min_rating, max_rating)
hist_rater_b = histogram(rater_b, min_rating, max_rating)
numerator = 0.0
denominator = 0.0
for i in range(num_ratings):
for j in range(num_ratings):
expected_count = (hist_rater_a[i] * hist_rater_b[j]
/ num_scored_items)
d = abs(i - j) / float(num_ratings - 1)
numerator += d * conf_mat[i][j] / num_scored_items
denominator += d * expected_count / num_scored_items
return 1.0 - numerator / denominator
def kappa(rater_a, rater_b, min_rating=None, max_rating=None):
"""
Calculates the kappa
kappa calculates the kappa
value, which is a measure of inter-rater agreement between two raters
that provide discrete numeric ratings. Potential values range from -1
(representing complete disagreement) to 1 (representing complete
agreement). A kappa value of 0 is expected if all agreement is due to
chance.
kappa(rater_a, rater_b), where rater_a and rater_b
each correspond to a list of integer ratings. These lists must have the
same length.
The ratings should be integers, and it is assumed that they contain
the complete range of possible ratings.
kappa(X, min_rating, max_rating), where min_rating
is the minimum possible rating, and max_rating is the maximum possible
rating
"""
assert(len(rater_a) == len(rater_b))
if min_rating is None:
min_rating = min(rater_a + rater_b)
if max_rating is None:
max_rating = max(rater_a + rater_b)
conf_mat = confusion_matrix(rater_a, rater_b,
min_rating, max_rating)
num_ratings = len(conf_mat)
num_scored_items = float(len(rater_a))
hist_rater_a = histogram(rater_a, min_rating, max_rating)
hist_rater_b = histogram(rater_b, min_rating, max_rating)
numerator = 0.0
denominator = 0.0
for i in range(num_ratings):
for j in range(num_ratings):
expected_count = (hist_rater_a[i] * hist_rater_b[j]
/ num_scored_items)
if i == j:
d = 0.0
else:
d = 1.0
numerator += d * conf_mat[i][j] / num_scored_items
denominator += d * expected_count / num_scored_items
return 1.0 - numerator / denominator
def mean_quadratic_weighted_kappa(kappas, weights=None):
"""
Calculates the mean of the quadratic
weighted kappas after applying Fisher's r-to-z transform, which is
approximately a variance-stabilizing transformation. This
transformation is undefined if one of the kappas is 1.0, so all kappa
values are capped in the range (-0.999, 0.999). The reverse
transformation is then applied before returning the result.
mean_quadratic_weighted_kappa(kappas), where kappas is a vector of
kappa values
mean_quadratic_weighted_kappa(kappas, weights), where weights is a vector
of weights that is the same size as kappas. Weights are applied in the
z-space
"""
kappas = np.array(kappas, dtype=float)
if weights is None:
weights = np.ones(np.shape(kappas))
else:
weights = weights / np.mean(weights)
# ensure that kappas are in the range [-.999, .999]
kappas = np.array([min(x, .999) for x in kappas])
kappas = np.array([max(x, -.999) for x in kappas])
z = 0.5 * np.log((1 + kappas) / (1 - kappas)) * weights
z = np.mean(z)
return (np.exp(2 * z) - 1) / (np.exp(2 * z) + 1)
def weighted_mean_quadratic_weighted_kappa(solution, submission):
predicted_score = submission[submission.columns[-1]].copy()
predicted_score.name = "predicted_score"
if predicted_score.index[0] == 0:
predicted_score = predicted_score[:len(solution)]
predicted_score.index = solution.index
combined = solution.join(predicted_score, how="left")
groups = combined.groupby(by="essay_set")
kappas = [quadratic_weighted_kappa(group[1]["essay_score"], group[1]["predicted_score"]) for group in groups]
weights = [group[1]["essay_weight"].irow(0) for group in groups]
return mean_quadratic_weighted_kappa(kappas, weights=weights)