football.bib

@article{kendal_social_2018,
	title = {Social learning strategies: {Bridge}-building between fields},
	issn = {1364-6613},
	shorttitle = {Social {Learning} {Strategies}},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364661318300949},
	doi = {10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.003},
	abstract = {While social learning is widespread, indiscriminate copying of others is rarely beneficial. Theory suggests that individuals should be selective in what, when, and whom they copy, by following ‘social learning strategies’ (SLSs). The SLS concept has stimulated extensive experimental work, integrated theory, and empirical findings, and created impetus to the social learning and cultural evolution fields. However, the SLS concept needs updating to accommodate recent findings that individuals switch between strategies flexibly, that multiple strategies are deployed simultaneously, and that there is no one-to-one correspondence between psychological heuristics deployed and resulting population-level patterns. The field would also benefit from the simultaneous study of mechanism and function. SLSs provide a useful vehicle for bridge-building between cognitive psychology, neuroscience, and evolutionary biology.},
	urldate = {2018-06-14},
	journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
	author = {Kendal, Rachel L. and Boogert, Neeltje J. and Rendell, Luke and Laland, Kevin N. and Webster, Mike and Jones, Patricia L.},
	month = may,
	year = {2018},
	keywords = {asocial information, associative learning theory, behavioural gambit, cumulative culture, metacognition, social information}
}

@article{miu_innovation_2018,
	title = {Innovation and cumulative culture through tweaks and leaps in online programming contests},
	volume = {9},
	copyright = {2018 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2041-1723},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-04494-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41467-018-04494-0},
	abstract = {The cumulative development of culture has proven difficult to study in the laboratory. Here, the authors examine entries to a series of large programming contests to show that successful entries are usually ‘tweaks’ of existing solutions, but occasional ‘leaps’ can bring larger benefits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2018-06-14},
	journal = {Nature Communications},
	author = {Miu, Elena and Gulley, Ned and Laland, Kevin N. and Rendell, Luke},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {2321}
}

@article{mesoudi_what_2018,
	title = {What is cumulative cultural evolution?},
	volume = {285},
	copyright = {© 2018 The Authors.. Published by the Royal Society under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, which permits unrestricted use, provided the original author and source are credited.},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/285/1880/20180712},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2018.0712},
	abstract = {In recent years, the phenomenon of cumulative cultural evolution (CCE) has become the focus of major research interest in biology, psychology and anthropology. Some researchers argue that CCE is unique to humans and underlies our extraordinary evolutionary success as a species. Others claim to have found CCE in non-human species. Yet others remain sceptical that CCE is even important for explaining human behavioural diversity and complexity. These debates are hampered by multiple and often ambiguous definitions of CCE. Here, we review how researchers define, use and test CCE. We identify a core set of criteria for CCE which are both necessary and sufficient, and may be found in non-human species. We also identify a set of extended criteria that are observed in human CCE but not, to date, in other species. Different socio-cognitive mechanisms may underlie these different criteria. We reinterpret previous theoretical models and observational and experimental studies of both human and non-human species in light of these more fine-grained criteria. Finally, we discuss key issues surrounding information, fitness and cognition. We recommend that researchers are more explicit about what components of CCE they are testing and claiming to demonstrate.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1880},
	urldate = {2018-06-14},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Mesoudi, Alex and Thornton, Alex},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {20180712},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/PM996G9V/20180712.html:text/html}
}

@article{kameda_does_2003,
	title = {Does social/cultural learning increase human adaptability? {Rogers}’ question revisited},
	volume = {24},
	shorttitle = {Does social/cultural learning increase human adaptability? {Rogers}’ question revisited},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Kameda, T. and Nakanishi, D.},
	year = {2003},
	pages = {242--260}
}

@article{rogers_does_1988,
	title = {Does biology constrain culture?},
	volume = {90},
	shorttitle = {Does biology constrain culture?},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Anthropologist},
	author = {Rogers, A.R.},
	year = {1988},
	pages = {819--831}
}

@article{toelch_individual_2014,
	title = {Individual consistency and flexibility in human social information use},
	volume = {281},
	issn = {0962-8452},
	shorttitle = {Individual consistency and flexibility in human social information use},
	number = {1776},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Toelch, U. and Bruce, Matthew J. and Newson, Lesley and Richerson, Peter J. and Reader, Simon M.},
	year = {2014},
	pages = {20132864}
}

@article{toelch_decreased_2009,
	title = {Decreased environmental variability induces a bias for social information use in humans},
	volume = {30},
	shorttitle = {Decreased environmental variability induces a bias for social information use in humans},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Toelch, U. and van Delft, M. J. and Bruce, M. J. and Donders, R. and Meeus, M. T. H. and Reader, S. M.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {32--40}
}

@article{beheim_strategic_2014,
	title = {Strategic social learning and the population dynamics of human behavior: the game of {Go}},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1090-5138},
	shorttitle = {Strategic social learning and the population dynamics of human behavior},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S109051381400049X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.04.001},
	abstract = {Human culture is widely believed to undergo evolution, via mechanisms rooted in the nature of human cognition. A number of theories predict the kinds of human learning strategies, as well as the population dynamics that result from their action. There is little work, however, that quantitatively examines the evidence for these strategies and resulting cultural evolution within human populations. One of the obstacles is the lack of individual-level data with which to link transmission events to larger cultural dynamics. Here, we address this problem with a rich quantitative database from the East Asian board game known as Go. We draw from a large archive of Go games spanning the last six decades of professional play, and find evidence that the evolutionary dynamics of particular cultural variants are driven by a mix of individual and social learning processes. Particular players vary dramatically in their sensitivity to population knowledge, which also varies by age and nationality. The dynamic patterns of opening Go moves are consistent with an ancient, ongoing arms race within the game itself.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2015-01-27},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Beheim, Bret Alexander and Thigpen, Calvin and McElreath, Richard},
	month = sep,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Cultural evolution, Game of Go, Game theory, social learning},
	pages = {351--357},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/ZSWXJ22N/S109051381400049X.html:text/html}
}

@article{enquist_critical_2007,
	title = {Critical social learning: {A} solution to {Rogers}' paradox of nonadaptive culture},
	volume = {109},
	issn = {1548-1433},
	shorttitle = {Critical social learning: {A} solution to {Rogers}' paradox of nonadaptive culture},
	number = {4},
	journal = {American Anthropologist},
	author = {Enquist, Magnus and Eriksson, Kimmo and Ghirlanda, Stefano},
	year = {2007},
	pages = {727--734}
}

@article{mesoudi_experimental_2008,
	title = {An experimental simulation of the 'copy-successful-individuals' cultural learning strategy: {Adaptive} landscapes, producer-scrounger dynamics and informational access costs},
	volume = {29},
	shorttitle = {An experimental simulation of the 'copy-successful-individuals' cultural learning strategy},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Mesoudi, Alex},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {350--363}
}

@article{mesoudi_experimental_2011,
	title = {An experimental comparison of human social learning strategies: payoff-biased social learning is adaptive but underused},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {1090-5138},
	shorttitle = {An experimental comparison of human social learning strategies},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513810001443},
	doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.12.001},
	abstract = {Analytical models have identified a set of social learning strategies that are predicted to be adaptive relative to individual (asocial) learning. In the present study, human participants engaged in an ecologically valid artifact-design task with the opportunity to engage in a range of social learning strategies: payoff bias, conformity, averaging and random copying. The artifact (an arrowhead) was composed of multiple continuous and discrete attributes which jointly generated a complex multimodal adaptive landscape that likely reflects actual cultural fitness environments. Participants exhibited a mix of individual learning and payoff-biased social learning, with negligible frequencies of the other social learning strategies. This preference for payoff-biased social learning was evident from the initial trials, suggesting that participants came into the study with an intrinsic preference for this strategy. There was also a small but significant increase in the frequency of payoff-biased social learning over sessions, suggesting that strategy choice may itself be subject to learning. Frequency of payoff-biased social learning predicted both absolute and relative success in the task, especially in a multimodal (rather than unimodal) fitness environment. This effect was driven by a minority of hardcore social learners who copied the best group member on more than half of trials. These hardcore social learners were also above-average individual learners, suggesting a link between individual and social learning ability. The lower-than-expected frequency of social learning may reflect the existence of information producer–scrounger dynamics in human populations.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2014-09-21},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Mesoudi, Alex},
	month = sep,
	year = {2011},
	keywords = {conformity, Cultural evolution, Payoff-biased social learning, Random copying, social learning},
	pages = {334--342},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/HVGU47ZE/S1090513810001443.html:text/html}
}

@article{boyd_why_1995,
	title = {Why does culture increase human adaptability?},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {0162-3095},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016230959400073G},
	doi = {10.1016/0162-3095(94)00073-G},
	abstract = {It is often argued that culture is adaptive because it allows people to acquire useful information without costly learning. In a recent paper Rogers (1989) analyzed a simple mathematical model that showed that this argument is wrong. Here we show that Rogers' result is robust. As long as the only benefit of social learning is that imitators avoid learning costs, social learning does not increase average fitness. However, we also show that social learning can be adaptive if it makes individual learning more accurate or less costly.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2014-09-21},
	journal = {Ethology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Boyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J.},
	month = mar,
	year = {1995},
	keywords = {Adaptation, Culture, social learning, Sociobiology},
	pages = {125--143},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/4AFS3NDK/016230959400073G.html:text/html}
}

@article{mcelreath_applying_2005,
	title = {Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning},
	volume = {26},
	shorttitle = {Applying evolutionary models to the laboratory study of social learning},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {McElreath, R. and Lubell, M. and Richerson, Peter J. and Waring, T. M. and Baum, W. and Edsten, E. and Efferson, C. and Paciotti, B.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {483--508}
}

@article{laland_social_2004,
	title = {Social learning strategies},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0090-4996, 1532-5830},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03196002},
	doi = {10.3758/BF03196002},
	abstract = {In most studies of social learning in animals, no attempt has been made to examine the nature of the strategy adopted by animals when they copy others. Researchers have expended considerable effort in exploring the psychological processes that underlie social learning and amassed extensive data banks recording purported social learning in the field, but the contexts under which animals copy others remain unexplored. Yet, theoretical models used to investigate the adaptive advantages of social learning lead to the conclusion that social learning cannot be indiscriminate and that individuals should adopt strategies that dictate the circumstances under which they copy others and from whom they learn. In this article, I discuss a number of possible strategies that are predicted by theoretical analyses, includingcopy when uncertain,copy the majority, andcopy if better, and consider the empirical evidence in support of each, drawing from both the animal and human social learning literature. Reliance on social learning strategies may be organized hierarchically, their being employed by animals when unlearned and asocially learned strategies prove ineffective but before animals take recourse in innovation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2014-09-21},
	journal = {Learning \& Behavior},
	author = {Laland, Kevin N.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2004},
	keywords = {coturnix-japonica, cultural transmission, foraging information, mate-choice, Neurosciences, norway rats, poecilia-reticulata, Psychology, general, public information, rattus-norvegicus, selection, sexual, shoal size},
	pages = {4--14},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/RDSKC56X/BF03196002.html:text/html}
}

@book{boyd_culture_1985,
	address = {Chicago, IL},
	title = {Culture and the evolutionary process},
	isbn = {0226069311 (hardcover); 0226069338 (paperback)},
	shorttitle = {Culture and the evolutionary process},
	abstract = {(from the cover) Boyd and Richerson explore how genetic and cultural factors interact, under the influence of evolutionary forces, to produce the diversity we see in human cultures. Using methods developed by population biologists, they propose a theory of cultural evolution that is an original and fair-minded alternative to the sociobiology debate. (from the book) This book outlines a Darwinian theory of the evolution of cultural organisms [cultural transmission]. A Darwinian theory ultimately should be capable of answering two closely related questions about the evolutionary properties of cultural transmission. First, the theory should predict the effect of different structures of cultural transmission on the evolutionary process. . . . Second, the theory should allow us to understand the conditions under which different structures of cultural transmission might evolve. /// To amend neo-Darwinian theory so that it addresses these questions we proceed in two steps. First, we construct simple mathematical models of cultural transmission in which the assumed structures of cultural transmission are based as much as possible on the results of empirical research done by psychologists and anthropologists. . . . Second, we link these models of cultural transmission to models of genetic evolution and attempt to determine the circumstances under which natural selection might favor the modes of cultural transmission observed among contemporary humans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved)},
	publisher = {Univ. Chicago Press},
	author = {Boyd, Robert and Richerson, Peter J.},
	year = {1985},
	keywords = {29, 2930, 2930 Culture and Ethnology, Human, Psychology: Professional and Research}
}

@book{mcelreath_statistical_2016,
	title = {Statistical rethinking: {A} {Bayesian} course with examples in r and stan},
	isbn = {978-1-4822-5346-7},
	shorttitle = {Statistical {Rethinking}},
	abstract = {Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan builds readers’ knowledge of and confidence in statistical modeling. Reflecting the need for even minor programming in today’s model-based statistics, the book pushes readers to perform step-by-step calculations that are usually automated. This unique computational approach ensures that readers understand enough of the details to make reasonable choices and interpretations in their own modeling work.  The text presents generalized linear multilevel models from a Bayesian perspective, relying on a simple logical interpretation of Bayesian probability and maximum entropy. It covers from the basics of regression to multilevel models. The author also discusses measurement error, missing data, and Gaussian process models for spatial and network autocorrelation.  By using complete R code examples throughout, this book provides a practical foundation for performing statistical inference. Designed for both PhD students and seasoned professionals in the natural and social sciences, it prepares them for more advanced or specialized statistical modeling.  Web ResourceThe book is accompanied by an R package (rethinking) that is available on the author’s website and GitHub. The two core functions (map and map2stan) of this package allow a variety of statistical models to be constructed from standard model formulas.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {CRC Press},
	author = {McElreath, Richard},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Business \& Economics / Statistics, Mathematics / Probability \& Statistics / General, Psychology / Research \& Methodology}
}

@article{perreault_bayesian_2012,
	title = {A {Bayesian} approach to the evolution of social learning},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1090-5138},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513811001437},
	doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2011.12.007},
	abstract = {There has been much interest in understanding the evolution of social learning. Investigators have tried to understand when natural selection will favor individuals who imitate others, how imitators should deal with the fact that available models may exhibit different behaviors, and how social and individual learning should interact. In all of this work, social learning and individual learning have been treated as alternative, conceptually distinct processes. Here we present a Bayesian model in which both individual and social learning arise from a single inferential process. Individuals use Bayesian inference to combine social and nonsocial cues about the current state of the environment. This model indicates that natural selection favors individuals who place heavy weight on social cues when the environment changes slowly or when its state cannot be well predicted using nonsocial cues. It also indicates that a conformist bias should be a universal aspect of social learning.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2016-06-17},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Perreault, Charles and Moya, Cristina and Boyd, Robert},
	month = sep,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {Bayesian learning, Bet-hedging, Conformism, Cultural evolution, Learning psychology, Origin of culture},
	pages = {449--459}
}

@article{morgan_evolutionary_2011,
	title = {The evolutionary basis of human social learning},
	volume = {279},
	issn = {0962-8452, 1471-2954},
	url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2011/07/21/rspb.2011.1172},
	doi = {10.1098/rspb.2011.1172},
	abstract = {Humans are characterized by an extreme dependence on culturally transmitted information. Such dependence requires the complex integration of social and asocial information to generate effective learning and decision making. Recent formal theory predicts that natural selection should favour adaptive learning strategies, but relevant empirical work is scarce and rarely examines multiple strategies or tasks. We tested nine hypotheses derived from theoretical models, running a series of experiments investigating factors affecting when and how humans use social information, and whether such behaviour is adaptive, across several computer-based tasks. The number of demonstrators, consensus among demonstrators, confidence of subjects, task difficulty, number of sessions, cost of asocial learning, subject performance and demonstrator performance all influenced subjects' use of social information, and did so adaptively. Our analysis provides strong support for the hypothesis that human social learning is regulated by adaptive learning rules.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2014-08-10},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society B},
	author = {Morgan, T. J. H. and Rendell, L. E. and Ehn, M. and Hoppitt, W. and Laland, K. N.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	pmid = {21795267},
	keywords = {asocial learning, conformity, consensus, copying, social learning, social learning strategy},
	pages = {653--662},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/PJKNCK2J/rspb.2011.1172.html:text/html}
}

@misc{mcelreath_rethinking:_2019,
	title = {rethinking: {Statistical} {Rethinking} {Book} {Package} version 1.88},
	author = {McElreath, Richard},
	year = {2019}
}

@techreport{barnard_world_2019,
	title = {World in motion: {Annual} review of football finance 2019},
	institution = {Sports Business Group, Deloitte},
	author = {Barnard, Michael and Boor, Sam and Winn, Christopher and Wood, Chris and Wray, Izzy},
	year = {2019}
}

@book{wilson_inverting_2013,
	title = {Inverting the pyramid: the history of football tactics},
	publisher = {Bold Type Text},
	author = {Wilson, Jonathan},
	year = {2013}
}

@article{tamura_win-stay_2015,
	title = {Win-stay lose-shift strategy in formation changes in football},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {2015 Tamura and Masuda},
	issn = {2193-1127},
	url = {https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds/s13688-015-0045-1},
	doi = {10.1140/epjds/s13688-015-0045-1},
	abstract = {Managerial decision making is likely to be a dominant determinant of performance of teams in team sports. Here we use Japanese and German football data to investigate correlates between temporal patterns of formation changes across matches and match results. We found that individual teams and managers both showed win-stay lose-shift behavior, a type of reinforcement learning. In other words, they tended to stick to the current formation after a win and switch to a different formation after a loss. In addition, formation changes did not statistically improve the results of succeeding matches. The results indicate that a swift implementation of a new formation in the win-stay lose-shift manner may not be a successful managerial rule of thumb.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2019-08-30},
	journal = {EPJ Data Science},
	author = {Tamura, Kohei and Masuda, Naoki},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1--19},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/C4ZI2UHU/s13688-015-0045-1.html:text/html}
}

@article{weizsacker_we_2010,
	title = {Do we follow others when we should? {A} simple test of rational expectations},
	volume = {100},
	issn = {0002-8282},
	shorttitle = {Do we follow others when we should? {A} simple test of rational expectations},
	journal = {American Economic Review},
	author = {Weizsacker, Georg},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {2340--2360}
}

@article{efferson_conformists_2008,
	title = {Conformists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission},
	volume = {29},
	shorttitle = {Conformists and mavericks: the empirics of frequency-dependent cultural transmission},
	doi = {10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.08.003},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior},
	author = {Efferson, C. and Lalive, Rafael and Richerson, Peter J. and McElreath, R. and Lubell, Mark},
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {cultural transmission, social learning, Conformity},
	pages = {56--64}
}


@article{youngblood_conformity_2019,
	title = {Conformity bias in the cultural transmission of music sampling traditions},
	volume = {6},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsos.191149},
	doi = {10.1098/rsos.191149},
	abstract = {One of the fundamental questions of cultural evolutionary research is how individual-level processes scale up to generate population-level patterns. Previous studies in music have revealed that frequency-based bias (e.g. conformity and novelty) drives large-scale cultural diversity in different ways across domains and levels of analysis. Music sampling is an ideal research model for this process because samples are known to be culturally transmitted between collaborating artists, and sampling events are reliably documented in online databases. The aim of the current study was to determine whether frequency-based bias has played a role in the cultural transmission of music sampling traditions, using a longitudinal dataset of sampling events across three decades. Firstly, we assessed whether turn-over rates of popular samples differ from those expected under neutral evolution. Next, we used agent-based simulations in an approximate Bayesian computation framework to infer what level of frequency-based bias likely generated the observed data. Despite anecdotal evidence of novelty bias, we found that sampling patterns at the population-level are most consistent with conformity bias. We conclude with a discussion of how counter-dominance signalling may reconcile individual cases of novelty bias with population-level conformity.},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2019-12-08},
	journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
	author = {Youngblood, Mason},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {191149},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/Alex/Zotero/storage/5XHQ7YYF/rsos.html:text/html}
}

@article{brand_cultural_2019,
	title = {Cultural evolution of emotional expression in 50 years of song lyrics},
	volume = {1},
	issn = {2513-843X},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/evolutionary-human-sciences/article/cultural-evolution-of-emotional-expression-in-50-years-of-song-lyrics/E6E64C02BDB0480DB13B8B6BB7DFF598},
	doi = {10.1017/ehs.2019.11},
	abstract = {, Popular music offers a rich source of data that provides insights into long-term cultural evolutionary dynamics. One major trend in popular music, as well as other cultural products such as literary fiction, is an increase over time in negatively valenced emotional content, and a decrease in positively valenced emotional content. Here we use two large datasets containing lyrics from n = 4913 and n = 159,015 pop songs respectively and spanning 1965–2015, to test whether cultural transmission biases derived from the cultural evolution literature can explain this trend towards emotional negativity. We find some evidence of content bias (negative lyrics do better in the charts), prestige bias (best-selling artists are copied) and success bias (best-selling songs are copied) in the proliferation of negative lyrics. However, the effects of prestige and success bias largely disappear when unbiased transmission is included in the models, which assumes that the occurrence of negative lyrics is predicted by their past frequency. We conclude that the proliferation of negative song lyrics may be explained partly by content bias, and partly by undirected, unbiased cultural transmission.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2019-12-08},
	journal = {Evolutionary Human Sciences},
	author = {Brand, Charlotte O. and Acerbi, Alberto and Mesoudi, Alex},
	year = {2019},
	keywords = {cultural evolution, cultural transmission, popular music, sentiment analysis, transmission biases},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/Alex/Zotero/storage/228V2Z3P/E6E64C02BDB0480DB13B8B6BB7DFF598.html:text/html}
}


@article{wilson_why_2008,
	chapter = {Sport},
	title = {Why has 4-4-2 been superseded by 4-2-3-1?},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	shorttitle = {Jonathan {Wilson}},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2008/dec/18/4231-442-tactics-jonathan-wilson},
	abstract = {Jonathan Wilson: The coming of 4-2-3-1 was a natural progression from 4-4-2, and in the last five years nearly all tactical innovations are developments of the formation},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-03-10},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Wilson, Jonathan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2008},
	keywords = {Football, Football tactics, Sport},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/HBQJUJ3H/4231-442-tactics-jonathan-wilson.html:text/html}
}

@article{wilson_has_2013,
	chapter = {Football},
	title = {Has 4-2-3-1 lost its gloss?},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	shorttitle = {The {Question}},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2013/jan/15/the-question-4231-football-tactics},
	abstract = {Jonathan Wilson: Intelligent wide players can hurt teams that use the 4–2–3–1 system and having seemed so advantageous for so long, now it is just one formation among many},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-03-10},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Wilson, Jonathan},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	keywords = {Football, Football tactics, Sport},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/8SL68VYF/the-question-4231-football-tactics.html:text/html}
}

@article{wilson_tactical_2017,
	chapter = {Football},
	title = {Tactical review of 2017},
	issn = {0261-3077},
	shorttitle = {Tactical review of 2017},
	url = {https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2017/dec/29/tactical-review-2017-pep-guardiola-manchester-city},
	abstract = {It took a while but the Manchester City manager has conquered England with a football that is not merely beautiful but also dominant. The question for 2018 is: can he now do it in Europe?},
	language = {en-GB},
	urldate = {2020-03-10},
	journal = {The Guardian},
	author = {Wilson, Jonathan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Antonio Conte, Barcelona, Chelsea, Football, Football tactics, Manchester City, Pep Guardiola, Real Madrid, Sport},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/4WMPQ8VZ/tactical-review-2017-pep-guardiola-manchester-city.html:text/html}
}


@article{manski_economic_2000,
	title = {Economic analysis of social interactions},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {0895-3309},
	url = {https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.14.3.115},
	doi = {10.1257/jep.14.3.115},
	abstract = {Economics is broadening its scope from analysis of markets to study of general social interactions. Developments in game theory, the economics of the family, and endogenous growth theory have led the way. Economists have also performed new empirical research using observational data on social interactions, but with much less to show. The fundamental problem is that observable outcomes may be generated by many different interaction processes, so empirical findings are open to a wide variety of interpretations. To make sustained progress, empirical research will need richer data, including experiments in controlled environments and subjective data on preferences and expectations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2020-03-29},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Perspectives},
	author = {Manski, Charles F.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2000},
	keywords = {Economic Anthropology, Microeconomics: General, Economic Sociology},
	pages = {115--136},
	file = {Snapshot:/Users/amesoudi/Zotero/storage/DB2BNEM5/articles.html:text/html}
}


@article{angrist_perils_2014,
	series = {Special {Section} articles on "{What} determined the dynamics of labour economics research in the past 25 years? edited by {Joop} {Hartog} and and {European} {Association} of {Labour} {Economists} 25th {Annual} {Conference}, {Turin}, {Italy}, 19-21 {September} 2013 {Edited} by {Michele} {Pellizzari}},
	title = {The perils of peer effects},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {0927-5371},
	url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927537114000712},
	doi = {10.1016/j.labeco.2014.05.008},
	abstract = {Individual outcomes are highly correlated with group average outcomes, a fact often interpreted as a causal peer effect. Without covariates, however, outcome-on-outcome peer effects are vacuous, either unity or, if the average is defined as a leave-out mean, determined by a generic intraclass correlation coefficient. When pre-determined peer characteristics are introduced as covariates in a model linking individual outcomes with group averages, the question of whether peer effects or social spillovers exist is econometrically identical to that of whether a 2SLS estimator using group dummies to instrument individual characteristics differs from OLS estimates of the effect of these characteristics. The interpretation of results from models that rely solely on chance variation in peer groups is therefore complicated by bias from weak instruments. With systematic variation in group composition, the weak IV issue falls away, but the resulting 2SLS estimates can be expected to exceed the corresponding OLS estimates as a result of measurement error and for other reasons unrelated to social effects. Research designs that manipulate peer characteristics in a manner unrelated to individual characteristics provide the most compelling evidence on the nature of social spillovers. As an empirical matter, designs of this sort have mostly uncovered little in the way of socially significant causal effects.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2020-03-29},
	journal = {Labour Economics},
	author = {Angrist, Joshua D.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2014},
	keywords = {Causality, Instrumental variables, Social returns},
	pages = {98--108},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/3598/S0927537114000712.html:text/html}
}