ssh.go

/*
Copyright 2015 The Kubernetes Authors.

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/

package ssh

import (
	"bytes"
	"crypto/rand"
	"crypto/rsa"
	"crypto/tls"
	"crypto/x509"
	"encoding/pem"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"io/ioutil"
	mathrand "math/rand"
	"net"
	"net/http"
	"net/url"
	"os"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/golang/glog"
	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"

	utilnet "k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/net"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/runtime"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/wait"
)

var (
	tunnelOpenCounter = prometheus.NewCounter(
		prometheus.CounterOpts{
			Name: "ssh_tunnel_open_count",
			Help: "Counter of ssh tunnel total open attempts",
		},
	)
	tunnelOpenFailCounter = prometheus.NewCounter(
		prometheus.CounterOpts{
			Name: "ssh_tunnel_open_fail_count",
			Help: "Counter of ssh tunnel failed open attempts",
		},
	)
)

func init() {
	prometheus.MustRegister(tunnelOpenCounter)
	prometheus.MustRegister(tunnelOpenFailCounter)
}

// TODO: Unit tests for this code, we can spin up a test SSH server with instructions here:
// https://godoc.org/golang.org/x/crypto/ssh#ServerConn
type SSHTunnel struct {
	Config  *ssh.ClientConfig
	Host    string
	SSHPort string
	running bool
	sock    net.Listener
	client  *ssh.Client
}

func (s *SSHTunnel) copyBytes(out io.Writer, in io.Reader) {
	if _, err := io.Copy(out, in); err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Error in SSH tunnel: %v", err)
	}
}

func NewSSHTunnel(user, keyfile, host string) (*SSHTunnel, error) {
	signer, err := MakePrivateKeySignerFromFile(keyfile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return makeSSHTunnel(user, signer, host)
}

func NewSSHTunnelFromBytes(user string, privateKey []byte, host string) (*SSHTunnel, error) {
	signer, err := MakePrivateKeySignerFromBytes(privateKey)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return makeSSHTunnel(user, signer, host)
}

func makeSSHTunnel(user string, signer ssh.Signer, host string) (*SSHTunnel, error) {
	config := ssh.ClientConfig{
		User: user,
		Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.PublicKeys(signer)},
	}
	return &SSHTunnel{
		Config:  &config,
		Host:    host,
		SSHPort: "22",
	}, nil
}

func (s *SSHTunnel) Open() error {
	var err error
	s.client, err = realTimeoutDialer.Dial("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(s.Host, s.SSHPort), s.Config)
	tunnelOpenCounter.Inc()
	if err != nil {
		tunnelOpenFailCounter.Inc()
	}
	return err
}

func (s *SSHTunnel) Dial(network, address string) (net.Conn, error) {
	if s.client == nil {
		return nil, errors.New("tunnel is not opened.")
	}
	return s.client.Dial(network, address)
}

func (s *SSHTunnel) tunnel(conn net.Conn, remoteHost, remotePort string) error {
	if s.client == nil {
		return errors.New("tunnel is not opened.")
	}
	tunnel, err := s.client.Dial("tcp", net.JoinHostPort(remoteHost, remotePort))
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	go s.copyBytes(tunnel, conn)
	go s.copyBytes(conn, tunnel)
	return nil
}

func (s *SSHTunnel) Close() error {
	if s.client == nil {
		return errors.New("Cannot close tunnel. Tunnel was not opened.")
	}
	if err := s.client.Close(); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// Interface to allow mocking of ssh.Dial, for testing SSH
type sshDialer interface {
	Dial(network, addr string, config *ssh.ClientConfig) (*ssh.Client, error)
}

// Real implementation of sshDialer
type realSSHDialer struct{}

var _ sshDialer = &realSSHDialer{}

func (d *realSSHDialer) Dial(network, addr string, config *ssh.ClientConfig) (*ssh.Client, error) {
	return ssh.Dial(network, addr, config)
}

// timeoutDialer wraps an sshDialer with a timeout around Dial(). The golang
// ssh library can hang indefinitely inside the Dial() call (see issue #23835).
// Wrapping all Dial() calls with a conservative timeout provides safety against
// getting stuck on that.
type timeoutDialer struct {
	dialer  sshDialer
	timeout time.Duration
}

// 150 seconds is longer than the underlying default TCP backoff delay (127
// seconds). This timeout is only intended to catch otherwise uncaught hangs.
const sshDialTimeout = 150 * time.Second

var realTimeoutDialer sshDialer = &timeoutDialer{&realSSHDialer{}, sshDialTimeout}

func (d *timeoutDialer) Dial(network, addr string, config *ssh.ClientConfig) (*ssh.Client, error) {
	var client *ssh.Client
	errCh := make(chan error, 1)
	go func() {
		defer runtime.HandleCrash()
		var err error
		client, err = d.dialer.Dial(network, addr, config)
		errCh <- err
	}()
	select {
	case err := <-errCh:
		return client, err
	case <-time.After(d.timeout):
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("timed out dialing %s:%s", network, addr)
	}
}

// RunSSHCommand returns the stdout, stderr, and exit code from running cmd on
// host as specific user, along with any SSH-level error.
// If user=="", it will default (like SSH) to os.Getenv("USER")
func RunSSHCommand(cmd, user, host string, signer ssh.Signer) (string, string, int, error) {
	return runSSHCommand(realTimeoutDialer, cmd, user, host, signer, true)
}

// Internal implementation of runSSHCommand, for testing
func runSSHCommand(dialer sshDialer, cmd, user, host string, signer ssh.Signer, retry bool) (string, string, int, error) {
	if user == "" {
		user = os.Getenv("USER")
	}
	// Setup the config, dial the server, and open a session.
	config := &ssh.ClientConfig{
		User: user,
		Auth: []ssh.AuthMethod{ssh.PublicKeys(signer)},
	}
	client, err := dialer.Dial("tcp", host, config)
	if err != nil && retry {
		err = wait.Poll(5*time.Second, 20*time.Second, func() (bool, error) {
			fmt.Printf("error dialing %s@%s: '%v', retrying\n", user, host, err)
			if client, err = dialer.Dial("tcp", host, config); err != nil {
				return false, err
			}
			return true, nil
		})
	}
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("error getting SSH client to %s@%s: '%v'", user, host, err)
	}
	session, err := client.NewSession()
	if err != nil {
		return "", "", 0, fmt.Errorf("error creating session to %s@%s: '%v'", user, host, err)
	}
	defer session.Close()

	// Run the command.
	code := 0
	var bout, berr bytes.Buffer
	session.Stdout, session.Stderr = &bout, &berr
	if err = session.Run(cmd); err != nil {
		// Check whether the command failed to run or didn't complete.
		if exiterr, ok := err.(*ssh.ExitError); ok {
			// If we got an ExitError and the exit code is nonzero, we'll
			// consider the SSH itself successful (just that the command run
			// errored on the host).
			if code = exiterr.ExitStatus(); code != 0 {
				err = nil
			}
		} else {
			// Some other kind of error happened (e.g. an IOError); consider the
			// SSH unsuccessful.
			err = fmt.Errorf("failed running `%s` on %s@%s: '%v'", cmd, user, host, err)
		}
	}
	return bout.String(), berr.String(), code, err
}

func MakePrivateKeySignerFromFile(key string) (ssh.Signer, error) {
	// Create an actual signer.
	buffer, err := ioutil.ReadFile(key)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error reading SSH key %s: '%v'", key, err)
	}
	return MakePrivateKeySignerFromBytes(buffer)
}

func MakePrivateKeySignerFromBytes(buffer []byte) (ssh.Signer, error) {
	signer, err := ssh.ParsePrivateKey(buffer)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing SSH key: '%v'", err)
	}
	return signer, nil
}

func ParsePublicKeyFromFile(keyFile string) (*rsa.PublicKey, error) {
	buffer, err := ioutil.ReadFile(keyFile)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error reading SSH key %s: '%v'", keyFile, err)
	}
	keyBlock, _ := pem.Decode(buffer)
	if keyBlock == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing SSH key %s: 'invalid PEM format'", keyFile)
	}
	key, err := x509.ParsePKIXPublicKey(keyBlock.Bytes)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error parsing SSH key %s: '%v'", keyFile, err)
	}
	rsaKey, ok := key.(*rsa.PublicKey)
	if !ok {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("SSH key could not be parsed as rsa public key")
	}
	return rsaKey, nil
}

type tunnel interface {
	Open() error
	Close() error
	Dial(network, address string) (net.Conn, error)
}

type sshTunnelEntry struct {
	Address string
	Tunnel  tunnel
}

type sshTunnelCreator interface {
	NewSSHTunnel(user, keyFile, healthCheckURL string) (tunnel, error)
}

type realTunnelCreator struct{}

func (*realTunnelCreator) NewSSHTunnel(user, keyFile, healthCheckURL string) (tunnel, error) {
	return NewSSHTunnel(user, keyFile, healthCheckURL)
}

type SSHTunnelList struct {
	entries       []sshTunnelEntry
	adding        map[string]bool
	tunnelCreator sshTunnelCreator
	tunnelsLock   sync.Mutex

	user           string
	keyfile        string
	healthCheckURL *url.URL
}

func NewSSHTunnelList(user, keyfile string, healthCheckURL *url.URL, stopChan chan struct{}) *SSHTunnelList {
	l := &SSHTunnelList{
		adding:         make(map[string]bool),
		tunnelCreator:  &realTunnelCreator{},
		user:           user,
		keyfile:        keyfile,
		healthCheckURL: healthCheckURL,
	}
	healthCheckPoll := 1 * time.Minute
	go wait.Until(func() {
		l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
		defer l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
		// Healthcheck each tunnel every minute
		numTunnels := len(l.entries)
		for i, entry := range l.entries {
			// Stagger healthchecks evenly across duration of healthCheckPoll.
			delay := healthCheckPoll * time.Duration(i) / time.Duration(numTunnels)
			l.delayedHealthCheck(entry, delay)
		}
	}, healthCheckPoll, stopChan)
	return l
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) delayedHealthCheck(e sshTunnelEntry, delay time.Duration) {
	go func() {
		defer runtime.HandleCrash()
		time.Sleep(delay)
		if err := l.healthCheck(e); err != nil {
			glog.Errorf("Healthcheck failed for tunnel to %q: %v", e.Address, err)
			glog.Infof("Attempting once to re-establish tunnel to %q", e.Address)
			l.removeAndReAdd(e)
		}
	}()
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) healthCheck(e sshTunnelEntry) error {
	// GET the healthcheck path using the provided tunnel's dial function.
	transport := utilnet.SetTransportDefaults(&http.Transport{
		Dial: e.Tunnel.Dial,
		// TODO(cjcullen): Plumb real TLS options through.
		TLSClientConfig: &tls.Config{InsecureSkipVerify: true},
	})
	client := &http.Client{Transport: transport}
	resp, err := client.Get(l.healthCheckURL.String())
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	resp.Body.Close()
	return nil
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) removeAndReAdd(e sshTunnelEntry) {
	// Find the entry to replace.
	l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
	defer l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
	for i, entry := range l.entries {
		if entry.Tunnel == e.Tunnel {
			l.entries = append(l.entries[:i], l.entries[i+1:]...)
			l.adding[e.Address] = true
			go l.createAndAddTunnel(e.Address)
			return
		}
	}
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) Dial(net, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
	start := time.Now()
	id := mathrand.Int63() // So you can match begins/ends in the log.
	glog.Infof("[%x: %v] Dialing...", id, addr)
	defer func() {
		glog.Infof("[%x: %v] Dialed in %v.", id, addr, time.Now().Sub(start))
	}()
	tunnel, err := l.pickTunnel(strings.Split(addr, ":")[0])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return tunnel.Dial(net, addr)
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) pickTunnel(addr string) (tunnel, error) {
	l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
	defer l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
	if len(l.entries) == 0 {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("No SSH tunnels currently open. Were the targets able to accept an ssh-key for user %q?", l.user)
	}
	// Prefer same tunnel as kubelet
	// TODO: Change l.entries to a map of address->tunnel
	for _, entry := range l.entries {
		if entry.Address == addr {
			return entry.Tunnel, nil
		}
	}
	glog.Warningf("SSH tunnel not found for address %q, picking random node", addr)
	n := mathrand.Intn(len(l.entries))
	return l.entries[n].Tunnel, nil
}

// Update reconciles the list's entries with the specified addresses. Existing
// tunnels that are not in addresses are removed from entries and closed in a
// background goroutine. New tunnels specified in addresses are opened in a
// background goroutine and then added to entries.
func (l *SSHTunnelList) Update(addrs []string) {
	haveAddrsMap := make(map[string]bool)
	wantAddrsMap := make(map[string]bool)
	func() {
		l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
		defer l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
		// Build a map of what we currently have.
		for i := range l.entries {
			haveAddrsMap[l.entries[i].Address] = true
		}
		// Determine any necessary additions.
		for i := range addrs {
			// Add tunnel if it is not in l.entries or l.adding
			if _, ok := haveAddrsMap[addrs[i]]; !ok {
				if _, ok := l.adding[addrs[i]]; !ok {
					l.adding[addrs[i]] = true
					addr := addrs[i]
					go func() {
						defer runtime.HandleCrash()
						// Actually adding tunnel to list will block until lock
						// is released after deletions.
						l.createAndAddTunnel(addr)
					}()
				}
			}
			wantAddrsMap[addrs[i]] = true
		}
		// Determine any necessary deletions.
		var newEntries []sshTunnelEntry
		for i := range l.entries {
			if _, ok := wantAddrsMap[l.entries[i].Address]; !ok {
				tunnelEntry := l.entries[i]
				glog.Infof("Removing tunnel to deleted node at %q", tunnelEntry.Address)
				go func() {
					defer runtime.HandleCrash()
					if err := tunnelEntry.Tunnel.Close(); err != nil {
						glog.Errorf("Failed to close tunnel to %q: %v", tunnelEntry.Address, err)
					}
				}()
			} else {
				newEntries = append(newEntries, l.entries[i])
			}
		}
		l.entries = newEntries
	}()
}

func (l *SSHTunnelList) createAndAddTunnel(addr string) {
	glog.Infof("Trying to add tunnel to %q", addr)
	tunnel, err := l.tunnelCreator.NewSSHTunnel(l.user, l.keyfile, addr)
	if err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Failed to create tunnel for %q: %v", addr, err)
		return
	}
	if err := tunnel.Open(); err != nil {
		glog.Errorf("Failed to open tunnel to %q: %v", addr, err)
		l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
		delete(l.adding, addr)
		l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
		return
	}
	l.tunnelsLock.Lock()
	l.entries = append(l.entries, sshTunnelEntry{addr, tunnel})
	delete(l.adding, addr)
	l.tunnelsLock.Unlock()
	glog.Infof("Successfully added tunnel for %q", addr)
}

func EncodePrivateKey(private *rsa.PrivateKey) []byte {
	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
		Bytes: x509.MarshalPKCS1PrivateKey(private),
		Type:  "RSA PRIVATE KEY",
	})
}

func EncodePublicKey(public *rsa.PublicKey) ([]byte, error) {
	publicBytes, err := x509.MarshalPKIXPublicKey(public)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return pem.EncodeToMemory(&pem.Block{
		Bytes: publicBytes,
		Type:  "PUBLIC KEY",
	}), nil
}

func EncodeSSHKey(public *rsa.PublicKey) ([]byte, error) {
	publicKey, err := ssh.NewPublicKey(public)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return ssh.MarshalAuthorizedKey(publicKey), nil
}

func GenerateKey(bits int) (*rsa.PrivateKey, *rsa.PublicKey, error) {
	private, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, bits)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	return private, &private.PublicKey, nil
}