glasgow_maastricht_foot_model.md

# The Glasgow-Maastricht Foot Model (GM Foot)

:::{admonition} **External model:** 
:class: caution 
The model is under development and not yet included in the managed model repository.
You can find this model in a public [repository on GitHub](https://github.com/AnyBody/gm-foot).
:::

AnyBody Technology developed in corporation with Glasgow Caledonian
University and University of Maastricht inside the [AFootprint EU project](https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001603/https://www.afootprint.eu/)
a detailed multisegmental foot model, which is fully dynamic and
contains 26 segments representing all the foot bones, muscles,
ligaments, and joints connecting them.

The model can be used with the
anatomy and recorded motion from different subjects. It has been through
a validation process comparing it with other experimental and computational studies.

:::{admonition} **Complex model:**
:class: warning
The GM Foot model is very complex and not recommended for
beginners in musculoskeletal modeling and AnyBody.
:::

```{raw} html
<video width="45%" style="display:block; margin: 0 auto;" controls autoplay loop>
    <source src="../_static/footgm.mp4" type="video/mp4">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
```




## Usage:

The model can added to the TLEM 2.0 leg model and requires AMMR 2.0.1 or later.

To use the GM foot model the file GM_Foot_libdef.any must be included before the first Main statement.

```AnyScriptDoc
// Include before the first Main
#include "path/to/GM_Foot/GM_Foot_libdef.any"

Main = {

   // Add body model configuration. E.g.
   #define BM_ARM_RIGHT OFF
   #define BM_ARM_LEFT OFF

   // Include the GM foot model. It handles inlcuding the human model as well.
   #include "<GM_FOOT_PATH>/GM_foot_model.any"
```

## Model structure

The foot model includes 26 rigid segments representing all the bones of
the human foot (except the sesamoid bones), namely:

> Talus, Calcaneus,
> Cuboid, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral
> cuneiform, First metatarsal, Second metatarsal, Third metatarsal, Fourth
> metatarsal, Fifth metatarsal, First proximal phalange, First distal
> phalange, Second proximal phalange, Second medial phalange, Second
> distal phalange, Third proximal phalange, Third medial phalange, Third
> distal phalange, Fourth proximal phalange, Fourth medial phalange,
> Fourth distal phalange, Fifth proximal phalange, Fifth medial phalange,
> Fifth distal phalange.

It includes the following joints and kinematic constraints:

> *Talocrural*  *and Subtalar joint \[20\],*  *Talonavicular joint,*
> *Calcaneocuboid joint,*  *Medialcuneonavicular joint,*
> *Intermediate and lateral cuneonavicular joints,*  *First
> tarsometatarsal joint,*  *Second, third and fourth tarsometatarsal
> joints,*  *Fifth tarsometatarsal joint,*  *Metatarsophalangeal
> joints,*  *Interphalangeal joints,*  *Toe flexion rhythm,*
> *Intertarsal contact,*  *Metatarsal head contact,*  *Metatarsal
> transverse arch,*  *Tarsal transverse arch,*  *Longitudinal medial
> arch,*  *Longitudinal lateral arch.*

The GM-Foot model includes following additional ligaments:

> Collateral
> (tibiotalar anterior, tibiotalar posterior, tibiocalcaneal and
> tibionavicular, and the lateral group constituted of the talofibular
> anterior, talofibular posterior and talocalcaneal), Deep metatarsal
> transverse, Plantar fascia, Long plantar, Calcaneo cuboid plantar,
> Calcaneo navicular plantar, Tarsal ligaments ( Talonavicular dorsal,
> Bifurcate, Calcaneocuboid dorsal, Cuneonavicular dorsal 1, 2 and 3,
> Cuneonavicular plantar 1, 2 and 3, Intercuneiform dorsal 1 and 2,
> Cuneocuboid dorsal, Intercuneiform plantar 1 and 2, Cuneocuboid plantar,
> Cuboideonavicular dorsal, Cuboideonavicular plantar, Tarsometatarsal
> dorsal 1 to 8, Tarsometatarsal plantar 1 to 7, Intermetatarsal dorsal 1,
> 2 and 3, Intermetatarsal plantar 1, 2 and 3) and Phalangeal ligaments

The muscles of the foot can be divided into two groups: the intrinsic
muscles and the extrinsic muscles. All the extrinsic muscles come from
the TLEM leg model of the AMMR. The intrinsic foot musculature is
constituted of the following muscles:

> abductor hallucis (ABDH), flexor hallucis brevis medialis (FHBM) and
> lateralis (FHBL), adductor hallucis transverse (ADHT) and oblique
> (ADHO), abductor digiti minimi (ABDM), flexor digiti minimi brevis
> (FDMB), dorsal interosseous (DI), plantar interosseous (PI), flexor
> digitorum brevis (FDB), lumbricals (LB), quadratus plantar medialis
> (QPM) and lateralis (QPL), extensor hallucis brevis (EHB), extensor
> digitorum brevis (EDB)

More information can be found online:

- **The new Glasgow-Maastricht AnyBody foot model** (Sylvain Carbes,
  20\. September, 2012)

  [Presentation
  (2Mb)](https://www.anybodytech.com/the-new-glasgow-maastricht-anybody-foot-model/?wpdmdl=3101&ind=0),
  [YouTube](https://www.anybodytech.com/download/the-new-glasgow-maastricht-anybody-foot-model/)

  This webcast presents a detailed AnyBody musculoskeletal foot model
  which includes all bones and joints of a real foot. Developed in
  collaboration with Glasgow Caledonian University and University
  Hospital Maastricht and referred to as the "Glasgow-Maastricht foot
  model" this model can be driven by motion capture data and uses
  combined force plate/pressure plate for accurate loading of the
  different joints. Built-in scaling allows the user to reproduce
  principal foot deformities such as flat foot and hallux valgus. The
  high detail level of the model and a built-in scaling protocol allows
  the user to investigate a wide range of parameters like joints motion
  and load, muscles activation, both in healthy and pathologic feet.

References used as input:

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- Bandholm, T et al., Foot medial longitudinal-arch deformation during
  quiet standing and gait in subjects with medial tibial stress
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- Bloome, DM et al., Variations on the insertion of the posterior
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  Oct 2003.
- Cailliet, R. The Illustrated Guide to Functional Anatomy of the
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