cast_string_to_decimal should check precision overflow

[jonahgao]

Describe the bug
Casting from string to decimal does not perform a precision overflow check.

To Reproduce

use arrow::array::types::Decimal128Type;
use arrow::array::{AsArray, StringArray};
use arrow::compute::{cast_with_options, CastOptions};
use arrow::datatypes::DataType;

fn main() {
    let str_array = StringArray::from(vec!["1000".to_string()]);
    let output_type = DataType::Decimal128(10, 8);
    let mut option = CastOptions::default();
    option.safe = false;
    let casted_array = cast_with_options(&str_array, &output_type, &option).unwrap();
    let decimal_array = casted_array.as_primitive::<Decimal128Type>();
    println!("{:?}", decimal_array.value_as_string(0));
}

The execution result of the above program is "10.00000000".

Expected behavior

It should panic and report an overflow.

Additional context

[tustvold]

label_issue.py automatically added labels {'arrow'} from #4830