[Packaging] Update crossbow to checkout specific git hashes

[asfimport]

Crossbow was originally designed to checkout a specific hash, but the gandiva-jars required a different checkout approach where arrow-sha is omitted. We need to update the checkout step in the macros.jinja file to use specific commit ids rather than the FETCH_HEAD.

Reporter: Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs
Assignee: Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-13408. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Jonathan Keane / @jonkeane:
This is not the exact same, but could be solved at the same time: Should we use -t as the short flag for both arrow-sha and github-token (and also target directory, but I think that's a bit less of a concern and didn't cause the confusion in ARROW-13379)

@click.option('--arrow-sha', '-t', default=None,
              help='Set commit SHA or Tag name explicitly, e.g. f67a515, '
                   'apache-arrow-0.11.1.')

https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/master/dev/archery/archery/crossbow/cli.py#L96-L98

 
@click.option('--github-token', '-t', default=None,
              envvar="CROSSBOW_GITHUB_TOKEN",
              help='OAuth token for GitHub authentication')

https://github.com/apache/arrow/blob/master/dev/archery/archery/crossbow/cli.py#L33-L35

[asfimport]

Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs:
We should use different short flags.

BTW If anyone has time the resolution would be to replace the checkout steps in macros.jinja with:

git clone --no-checkout {{ arrow.remote }} arrow
git -C arrow fetch -t {{ arrow.remote }} {{ arrow.branch }}
git -C arrow checkout {{ arrow.head }}
git -C arrow submodule update --init --recursive

[asfimport]

Krisztian Szucs / @kszucs:
Resolved via #11974