[C++] Add type category membership checks

[asfimport]

Currently, type categories are only available as vectors, e.g., the category of integer types is available via arrow::IntTypes(). This issue will add type category membership test, e.g. arrow::IsIntType(type).

Following discussions, this issue ended up covering the following:

• Additional type category predicates
• Convenience predicates accepting a DataType parameter
• Documentation and testing of the predicates

Reporter: Yaron Gvili / @rtpsw
Assignee: Yaron Gvili / @rtpsw

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #13783

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17289. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Have you looked at arrow/type_traits.h ?

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
@rtpsw have you seen the predicates in type_traits.h? e.g. there is is_integer

arrow/cpp/src/arrow/type_traits.h

Line 849 in a9dcaff

static inline bool is_integer(Type::type type_id) {

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
Also where did you search for this? We should improve the docs

[asfimport]

Yaron Gvili / @rtpsw:
This is a small improvement proposal for convenience. Given a std::shared_ptr<DataType> type, it's easy for the user to find IsIntegerType(type). IIUC, using type_traits.h the code would be is_integer(type->id()), which has one more function that the user needs to find. Granted, I overlooked that the proposed implementation could be simplified using the type id.

Regarding documentation, when I search for "apache arrow type is integer", the top results are https://arrow.apache.org/docs/r/reference/data-type.html, https://arrow.apache.org/docs/r/reference/data-type.html, followed by PyArrow results. Adding "C++" to the search doesn't change the results much.

[asfimport]

David Li / @lidavidm:
Overloads to the existing functions that take const DataType& might be reasonable for convenience

For docs, we should promote the cookbook more - this could easily be a set of recipes there (that would hopefully get indexed)

[asfimport]

Yaron Gvili / @rtpsw:
I'll adjust my proposed PR.

Regrading docs, a possible way to promote the cookbook is to add a link to it from many Arrow C++ public headers that would show up in generated reference pages.

[asfimport]

Antoine Pitrou / @pitrou:
Issue resolved by pull request 13783
#13783