[Go][CI] Add new Go CI job with -asan

[asfimport]

go1.18 added a "-asan" build option to leverage an equivalent to Address Sanitizer in C++. Currently we only build the Go code and run tests using go1.16 which does not have the "-asan" option.

Since we want to maintain the backwards compatibility and not yet upgrade to go1.18, we should create a new job that runs the tests using go1.18 and the "-asan" option to perform additional safety checking.

Reporter: Matthew Topol / @zeroshade
Assignee: Matthew Topol / @zeroshade

Related issues:

• [Go][CI] Pre-install the go dependencies in the dockerfile using go get (fixes)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #13867

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17324. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Matthew Topol / @zeroshade:
Issue resolved by pull request 13867
#13867