[R] Refactor the handle_* utility functions for a better dev experience

[asfimport]

In ARROW-15260, the utility functions for handling different kinds of reading errors (handle_parquet_io_error, handle_csv_read_error, and handle_augmented_field_misuse) were refactored so that multiple ones could be chained together. An issue with this is that other errors may be swallowed if they're used without any errors that they don't capture being raised manually afterwards. We should update the code to prevent this from being possible.

Reporter: Nicola Crane / @thisisnic
Assignee: Nicola Crane / @thisisnic

Related issues:

• [R] Error messages are not helpful of read_csv_arrow with col_types option (fixes)

PRs and other links:

• GitHub Pull Request #14030

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17355. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Nicola Crane / @thisisnic:
Issue resolved by pull request 14030
#14030