[Go] Implement First Pass Native Go compute

[asfimport]

In the interests of providing native computation ability of Arrow arrays/record batches/etc. to Go users who cannot utilize CGO, we'll need a first pass at providing some infrastructure and framework for an Acero-like compute engine, but using Native Go.

Reporter: Matthew Topol / @zeroshade
Assignee: Matthew Topol / @zeroshade

Subtasks:

• [Go] Implement Initial Function and Kernel architecture
• [Go] Make the Compute module a separate submodule
• [Go] Function Interface and Registry implementation
• [Go] Add ArraySpan and utilities for compute
• [Go] Remove ValueDescr types
• [Go] Shift MakeArrayOfNull to array Package
• [Go] Kernel and KernelContext Interfaces
• [Go] Implement Cast to Boolean Functions
• [Go] Implement Numeric Cast functions
• [Go] Implement temporal cast functions
• [Go] String to Numeric Cast functions
• [Go] Cast from Extension Types
• [Go] Casting to BinaryLike types
• [Go] Implement Casting for Complex Types (List/Struct/etc.)

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17454. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}