[C++][Docs] Improve C++ Cookbook

[asfimport]

1. Add ARROW_ASSIGN_OR_RAISE to utility macros.
2. Use auto when it improves readability.
3. Adopt C++ 14/17's idioms.
4. Add Visitor classes to visitor pattern.

Reporter: Jin Shang / @js8544

_{Note: This issue was originally created as ARROW-17851. Please see the migration documentation for further details.}

[asfimport]

Jin Shang / @js8544:
apache/arrow-cookbook#261

[asfimport]

Apache Arrow JIRA Bot:
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