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HoodieAvroUtils.java
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HoodieAvroUtils.java
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/*
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.apache.hudi.avro;
import org.apache.hudi.common.model.HoodieRecord;
import org.apache.hudi.common.util.StringUtils;
import org.apache.hudi.common.util.collection.Pair;
import org.apache.hudi.exception.HoodieException;
import org.apache.hudi.exception.HoodieIOException;
import org.apache.hudi.exception.SchemaCompatabilityException;
import org.apache.avro.Conversions.DecimalConversion;
import org.apache.avro.JsonProperties;
import org.apache.avro.LogicalTypes;
import org.apache.avro.LogicalTypes.Decimal;
import org.apache.avro.Schema;
import org.apache.avro.Schema.Field;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericData;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericData.Record;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumReader;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericDatumWriter;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericFixed;
import org.apache.avro.generic.GenericRecord;
import org.apache.avro.generic.IndexedRecord;
import org.apache.avro.io.BinaryDecoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.BinaryEncoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.DatumWriter;
import org.apache.avro.io.DecoderFactory;
import org.apache.avro.io.EncoderFactory;
import org.apache.avro.io.JsonDecoder;
import org.apache.avro.io.JsonEncoder;
import org.codehaus.jackson.node.NullNode;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.zip.DeflaterOutputStream;
import java.util.zip.InflaterInputStream;
/**
* Helper class to do common stuff across Avro.
*/
public class HoodieAvroUtils {
private static ThreadLocal<BinaryEncoder> reuseEncoder = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> null);
private static ThreadLocal<BinaryDecoder> reuseDecoder = ThreadLocal.withInitial(() -> null);
// As per https://avro.apache.org/docs/current/spec.html#names
private static String INVALID_AVRO_CHARS_IN_NAMES = "[^A-Za-z0-9_]";
private static String INVALID_AVRO_FIRST_CHAR_IN_NAMES = "[^A-Za-z_]";
private static String MASK_FOR_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAMES = "__";
// All metadata fields are optional strings.
public static final Schema METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA =
Schema.createUnion(Arrays.asList(Schema.create(Schema.Type.NULL), Schema.create(Schema.Type.STRING)));
public static final Schema RECORD_KEY_SCHEMA = initRecordKeySchema();
/**
* Convert a given avro record to bytes.
*/
public static byte[] avroToBytes(GenericRecord record) {
return indexedRecordToBytes(record);
}
public static <T extends IndexedRecord> byte[] indexedRecordToBytes(T record) {
GenericDatumWriter<T> writer = new GenericDatumWriter<>(record.getSchema());
try (ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream()) {
BinaryEncoder encoder = EncoderFactory.get().binaryEncoder(out, reuseEncoder.get());
reuseEncoder.set(encoder);
writer.write(record, encoder);
encoder.flush();
return out.toByteArray();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HoodieIOException("Cannot convert GenericRecord to bytes", e);
}
}
/**
* Convert a given avro record to json and return the encoded bytes.
*
* @param record The GenericRecord to convert
* @param pretty Whether to pretty-print the json output
*/
public static byte[] avroToJson(GenericRecord record, boolean pretty) throws IOException {
DatumWriter<Object> writer = new GenericDatumWriter<>(record.getSchema());
ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
JsonEncoder jsonEncoder = EncoderFactory.get().jsonEncoder(record.getSchema(), out, pretty);
writer.write(record, jsonEncoder);
jsonEncoder.flush();
return out.toByteArray();
}
/**
* Convert serialized bytes back into avro record.
*/
public static GenericRecord bytesToAvro(byte[] bytes, Schema schema) throws IOException {
return bytesToAvro(bytes, schema, schema);
}
/**
* Convert serialized bytes back into avro record.
*/
public static GenericRecord bytesToAvro(byte[] bytes, Schema writerSchema, Schema readerSchema) throws IOException {
BinaryDecoder decoder = DecoderFactory.get().binaryDecoder(bytes, reuseDecoder.get());
reuseDecoder.set(decoder);
GenericDatumReader<GenericRecord> reader = new GenericDatumReader<>(writerSchema, readerSchema);
return reader.read(null, decoder);
}
/**
* Convert json bytes back into avro record.
*/
public static GenericRecord jsonBytesToAvro(byte[] bytes, Schema schema) throws IOException {
ByteArrayInputStream bio = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
JsonDecoder jsonDecoder = DecoderFactory.get().jsonDecoder(schema, bio);
GenericDatumReader<GenericRecord> reader = new GenericDatumReader<>(schema);
return reader.read(null, jsonDecoder);
}
public static boolean isMetadataField(String fieldName) {
return HoodieRecord.COMMIT_TIME_METADATA_FIELD.equals(fieldName)
|| HoodieRecord.COMMIT_SEQNO_METADATA_FIELD.equals(fieldName)
|| HoodieRecord.RECORD_KEY_METADATA_FIELD.equals(fieldName)
|| HoodieRecord.PARTITION_PATH_METADATA_FIELD.equals(fieldName)
|| HoodieRecord.FILENAME_METADATA_FIELD.equals(fieldName);
}
public static Schema createHoodieWriteSchema(Schema originalSchema) {
return HoodieAvroUtils.addMetadataFields(originalSchema);
}
public static Schema createHoodieWriteSchema(String originalSchema) {
return createHoodieWriteSchema(new Schema.Parser().parse(originalSchema));
}
/**
* Adds the Hoodie metadata fields to the given schema.
*/
public static Schema addMetadataFields(Schema schema) {
List<Schema.Field> parentFields = new ArrayList<>();
Schema.Field commitTimeField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.COMMIT_TIME_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", JsonProperties.NULL_VALUE);
Schema.Field commitSeqnoField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.COMMIT_SEQNO_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", JsonProperties.NULL_VALUE);
Schema.Field recordKeyField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.RECORD_KEY_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", JsonProperties.NULL_VALUE);
Schema.Field partitionPathField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.PARTITION_PATH_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", JsonProperties.NULL_VALUE);
Schema.Field fileNameField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.FILENAME_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", JsonProperties.NULL_VALUE);
parentFields.add(commitTimeField);
parentFields.add(commitSeqnoField);
parentFields.add(recordKeyField);
parentFields.add(partitionPathField);
parentFields.add(fileNameField);
for (Schema.Field field : schema.getFields()) {
if (!isMetadataField(field.name())) {
Schema.Field newField = new Schema.Field(field.name(), field.schema(), field.doc(), field.defaultVal());
for (Map.Entry<String, Object> prop : field.getObjectProps().entrySet()) {
newField.addProp(prop.getKey(), prop.getValue());
}
parentFields.add(newField);
}
}
Schema mergedSchema = Schema.createRecord(schema.getName(), schema.getDoc(), schema.getNamespace(), false);
mergedSchema.setFields(parentFields);
return mergedSchema;
}
public static Schema removeMetadataFields(Schema schema) {
List<Schema.Field> filteredFields = schema.getFields()
.stream()
.filter(field -> !HoodieRecord.HOODIE_META_COLUMNS.contains(field.name()))
.collect(Collectors.toList());
Schema filteredSchema = Schema.createRecord(schema.getName(), schema.getDoc(), schema.getNamespace(), false);
filteredSchema.setFields(filteredFields);
return filteredSchema;
}
public static String addMetadataColumnTypes(String hiveColumnTypes) {
return "string,string,string,string,string," + hiveColumnTypes;
}
private static Schema initRecordKeySchema() {
Schema.Field recordKeyField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.RECORD_KEY_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", NullNode.getInstance());
Schema recordKeySchema = Schema.createRecord("HoodieRecordKey", "", "", false);
recordKeySchema.setFields(Collections.singletonList(recordKeyField));
return recordKeySchema;
}
public static Schema getRecordKeySchema() {
return RECORD_KEY_SCHEMA;
}
/**
* Fetch schema for record key and partition path.
*/
public static Schema getRecordKeyPartitionPathSchema() {
List<Schema.Field> toBeAddedFields = new ArrayList<>();
Schema recordSchema = Schema.createRecord("HoodieRecordKey", "", "", false);
Schema.Field recordKeyField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.RECORD_KEY_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", NullNode.getInstance());
Schema.Field partitionPathField =
new Schema.Field(HoodieRecord.PARTITION_PATH_METADATA_FIELD, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", NullNode.getInstance());
toBeAddedFields.add(recordKeyField);
toBeAddedFields.add(partitionPathField);
recordSchema.setFields(toBeAddedFields);
return recordSchema;
}
public static GenericRecord addHoodieKeyToRecord(GenericRecord record, String recordKey, String partitionPath,
String fileName) {
record.put(HoodieRecord.FILENAME_METADATA_FIELD, fileName);
record.put(HoodieRecord.PARTITION_PATH_METADATA_FIELD, partitionPath);
record.put(HoodieRecord.RECORD_KEY_METADATA_FIELD, recordKey);
return record;
}
/**
* Add null fields to passed in schema. Caller is responsible for ensuring there is no duplicates. As different query
* engines have varying constraints regarding treating the case-sensitivity of fields, its best to let caller
* determine that.
*
* @param schema Passed in schema
* @param newFieldNames Null Field names to be added
*/
public static Schema appendNullSchemaFields(Schema schema, List<String> newFieldNames) {
List<Field> newFields = schema.getFields().stream()
.map(field -> new Field(field.name(), field.schema(), field.doc(), field.defaultValue())).collect(Collectors.toList());
for (String newField : newFieldNames) {
newFields.add(new Schema.Field(newField, METADATA_FIELD_SCHEMA, "", NullNode.getInstance()));
}
Schema newSchema = Schema.createRecord(schema.getName(), schema.getDoc(), schema.getNamespace(), schema.isError());
newSchema.setFields(newFields);
return newSchema;
}
/**
* Adds the Hoodie commit metadata into the provided Generic Record.
*/
public static GenericRecord addCommitMetadataToRecord(GenericRecord record, String instantTime, String commitSeqno) {
record.put(HoodieRecord.COMMIT_TIME_METADATA_FIELD, instantTime);
record.put(HoodieRecord.COMMIT_SEQNO_METADATA_FIELD, commitSeqno);
return record;
}
public static GenericRecord stitchRecords(GenericRecord left, GenericRecord right, Schema stitchedSchema) {
GenericRecord result = new Record(stitchedSchema);
for (Schema.Field f : left.getSchema().getFields()) {
result.put(f.name(), left.get(f.name()));
}
for (Schema.Field f : right.getSchema().getFields()) {
result.put(f.name(), right.get(f.name()));
}
return result;
}
/**
* Given a avro record with a given schema, rewrites it into the new schema while setting fields only from the old
* schema.
*/
public static GenericRecord rewriteRecord(GenericRecord record, Schema newSchema) {
return rewrite(record, getCombinedFieldsToWrite(record.getSchema(), newSchema), newSchema);
}
/**
* Given a avro record with a given schema, rewrites it into the new schema while setting fields only from the new
* schema.
*/
public static GenericRecord rewriteRecordWithOnlyNewSchemaFields(GenericRecord record, Schema newSchema) {
return rewrite(record, new LinkedHashSet<>(newSchema.getFields()), newSchema);
}
private static GenericRecord rewrite(GenericRecord record, LinkedHashSet<Field> fieldsToWrite, Schema newSchema) {
GenericRecord newRecord = new GenericData.Record(newSchema);
for (Schema.Field f : fieldsToWrite) {
if (record.get(f.name()) == null) {
if (f.defaultVal() instanceof JsonProperties.Null) {
newRecord.put(f.name(), null);
} else {
newRecord.put(f.name(), f.defaultVal());
}
} else {
newRecord.put(f.name(), record.get(f.name()));
}
}
if (!GenericData.get().validate(newSchema, newRecord)) {
throw new SchemaCompatabilityException(
"Unable to validate the rewritten record " + record + " against schema " + newSchema);
}
return newRecord;
}
/**
* Generates a super set of fields from both old and new schema.
*/
private static LinkedHashSet<Field> getCombinedFieldsToWrite(Schema oldSchema, Schema newSchema) {
LinkedHashSet<Field> allFields = new LinkedHashSet<>(oldSchema.getFields());
for (Schema.Field f : newSchema.getFields()) {
if (!allFields.contains(f) && !isMetadataField(f.name())) {
allFields.add(f);
}
}
return allFields;
}
public static byte[] compress(String text) {
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
try {
OutputStream out = new DeflaterOutputStream(baos);
out.write(text.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
out.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HoodieIOException("IOException while compressing text " + text, e);
}
return baos.toByteArray();
}
public static String decompress(byte[] bytes) {
InputStream in = new InflaterInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes));
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
try {
byte[] buffer = new byte[8192];
int len;
while ((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0) {
baos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
return new String(baos.toByteArray(), StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new HoodieIOException("IOException while decompressing text", e);
}
}
/**
* Generate a reader schema off the provided writeSchema, to just project out the provided columns.
*/
public static Schema generateProjectionSchema(Schema originalSchema, List<String> fieldNames) {
Map<String, Field> schemaFieldsMap = originalSchema.getFields().stream()
.map(r -> Pair.of(r.name().toLowerCase(), r)).collect(Collectors.toMap(Pair::getLeft, Pair::getRight));
List<Schema.Field> projectedFields = new ArrayList<>();
for (String fn : fieldNames) {
Schema.Field field = schemaFieldsMap.get(fn.toLowerCase());
if (field == null) {
throw new HoodieException("Field " + fn + " not found in log schema. Query cannot proceed! "
+ "Derived Schema Fields: " + new ArrayList<>(schemaFieldsMap.keySet()));
} else {
projectedFields.add(new Schema.Field(field.name(), field.schema(), field.doc(), field.defaultValue()));
}
}
Schema projectedSchema = Schema.createRecord(originalSchema.getName(), originalSchema.getDoc(),
originalSchema.getNamespace(), originalSchema.isError());
projectedSchema.setFields(projectedFields);
return projectedSchema;
}
/**
* Obtain value of the provided field as string, denoted by dot notation. e.g: a.b.c
*/
public static String getNestedFieldValAsString(GenericRecord record, String fieldName, boolean returnNullIfNotFound) {
Object obj = getNestedFieldVal(record, fieldName, returnNullIfNotFound);
return StringUtils.objToString(obj);
}
/**
* Obtain value of the provided field, denoted by dot notation. e.g: a.b.c
*/
public static Object getNestedFieldVal(GenericRecord record, String fieldName, boolean returnNullIfNotFound) {
String[] parts = fieldName.split("\\.");
GenericRecord valueNode = record;
int i = 0;
for (; i < parts.length; i++) {
String part = parts[i];
Object val = valueNode.get(part);
if (val == null) {
break;
}
// return, if last part of name
if (i == parts.length - 1) {
Schema fieldSchema = valueNode.getSchema().getField(part).schema();
return convertValueForSpecificDataTypes(fieldSchema, val);
} else {
// VC: Need a test here
if (!(val instanceof GenericRecord)) {
throw new HoodieException("Cannot find a record at part value :" + part);
}
valueNode = (GenericRecord) val;
}
}
if (returnNullIfNotFound) {
return null;
} else {
throw new HoodieException(
fieldName + "(Part -" + parts[i] + ") field not found in record. Acceptable fields were :"
+ valueNode.getSchema().getFields().stream().map(Field::name).collect(Collectors.toList()));
}
}
/**
* This method converts values for fields with certain Avro/Parquet data types that require special handling.
*
* @param fieldSchema avro field schema
* @param fieldValue avro field value
* @return field value either converted (for certain data types) or as it is.
*/
private static Object convertValueForSpecificDataTypes(Schema fieldSchema, Object fieldValue) {
if (fieldSchema == null) {
return fieldValue;
}
if (fieldSchema.getType() == Schema.Type.UNION) {
for (Schema schema : fieldSchema.getTypes()) {
if (schema.getType() != Schema.Type.NULL) {
return convertValueForAvroLogicalTypes(schema, fieldValue);
}
}
}
return convertValueForAvroLogicalTypes(fieldSchema, fieldValue);
}
/**
* This method converts values for fields with certain Avro Logical data types that require special handling.
*
* Logical Date Type is converted to actual Date value instead of Epoch Integer which is how it is
* represented/stored in parquet.
*
* Decimal Data Type is converted to actual decimal value instead of bytes/fixed which is how it is
* represented/stored in parquet.
*
* @param fieldSchema avro field schema
* @param fieldValue avro field value
* @return field value either converted (for certain data types) or as it is.
*/
private static Object convertValueForAvroLogicalTypes(Schema fieldSchema, Object fieldValue) {
if (fieldSchema.getLogicalType() == LogicalTypes.date()) {
return LocalDate.ofEpochDay(Long.parseLong(fieldValue.toString()));
} else if (fieldSchema.getLogicalType() instanceof LogicalTypes.Decimal) {
Decimal dc = (Decimal) fieldSchema.getLogicalType();
DecimalConversion decimalConversion = new DecimalConversion();
if (fieldSchema.getType() == Schema.Type.FIXED) {
return decimalConversion.fromFixed((GenericFixed) fieldValue, fieldSchema,
LogicalTypes.decimal(dc.getPrecision(), dc.getScale()));
} else if (fieldSchema.getType() == Schema.Type.BYTES) {
return decimalConversion.fromBytes((ByteBuffer) fieldValue, fieldSchema,
LogicalTypes.decimal(dc.getPrecision(), dc.getScale()));
}
}
return fieldValue;
}
public static Schema getNullSchema() {
return Schema.create(Schema.Type.NULL);
}
/**
* Sanitizes Name according to Avro rule for names.
* Removes characters other than the ones mentioned in https://avro.apache.org/docs/current/spec.html#names .
* @param name input name
* @return sanitized name
*/
public static String sanitizeName(String name) {
if (name.substring(0,1).matches(INVALID_AVRO_FIRST_CHAR_IN_NAMES)) {
name = name.replaceFirst(INVALID_AVRO_FIRST_CHAR_IN_NAMES, MASK_FOR_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAMES);
}
return name.replaceAll(INVALID_AVRO_CHARS_IN_NAMES, MASK_FOR_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAMES);
}
}