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sql-ref-syntax-qry-select-case.md

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CASE Clause
CASE Clause
Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under the License.

Description

CASE clause uses a rule to return a specific result based on the specified condition, similar to if/else statements in other programming languages.

Syntax

CASE [ expression ] { WHEN boolean_expression THEN then_expression } [ ... ]
    [ ELSE else_expression ]
END

Parameters

  • boolean_expression

    Specifies any expression that evaluates to a result type boolean. Two or more expressions may be combined together using the logical operators ( AND, OR ).

  • then_expression

    Specifies the then expression based on the boolean_expression condition; then_expression and else_expression should all be same type or coercible to a common type.

  • else_expression

    Specifies the default expression; then_expression and else_expression should all be same type or coercible to a common type.

Examples

CREATE TABLE person (id INT, name STRING, age INT);
INSERT INTO person VALUES
    (100, 'John', 30),
    (200, 'Mary', NULL),
    (300, 'Mike', 80),
    (400, 'Dan', 50);

SELECT id, CASE WHEN id > 200 THEN 'bigger' ELSE 'small' END FROM person;
+------+--------------------------------------------------+
|  id  | CASE WHEN (id > 200) THEN bigger ELSE small END  |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+
| 100  | small                                            |
| 200  | small                                            |
| 300  | bigger                                           |
| 400  | bigger                                           |
+------+--------------------------------------------------+

SELECT id, CASE id WHEN 100 then 'bigger' WHEN  id > 300 THEN '300' ELSE 'small' END FROM person;
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  id  | CASE WHEN (id = 100) THEN bigger WHEN (id = CAST((id > 300) AS INT)) THEN 300 ELSE small END  |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 100  | bigger                                                                                        |
| 200  | small                                                                                         |
| 300  | small                                                                                         |
| 400  | small                                                                                         |
+------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+

SELECT * FROM person
    WHERE 
        CASE 1 = 1 
            WHEN 100 THEN 'big' 
            WHEN 200 THEN 'bigger'
            WHEN 300 THEN 'biggest' 
            ELSE 'small'
        END = 'small';
+------+-------+-------+
|  id  | name  |  age  |
+------+-------+-------+
| 100  | John  | 30    |
| 200  | Mary  | NULL  |
| 300  | Mike  | 80    |
| 400  | Dan   | 50    |
+------+-------+-------+

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