functions.py

#
# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
# contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
# this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
# The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
# (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
# the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
#

"""
A collections of builtin functions
"""
import inspect
import sys
import functools
import warnings
from typing import (
    Any,
    cast,
    Callable,
    Dict,
    List,
    Iterable,
    overload,
    Optional,
    Tuple,
    TYPE_CHECKING,
    Union,
    ValuesView,
)

from py4j.java_gateway import JVMView

from pyspark import SparkContext
from pyspark.errors import PySparkTypeError, PySparkValueError
from pyspark.rdd import PythonEvalType
from pyspark.sql.column import Column, _to_java_column, _to_seq, _create_column_from_literal
from pyspark.sql.dataframe import DataFrame
from pyspark.sql.types import ArrayType, DataType, StringType, StructType, _from_numpy_type

# Keep UserDefinedFunction import for backwards compatible import; moved in SPARK-22409
from pyspark.sql.udf import UserDefinedFunction, _create_py_udf  # noqa: F401

# Keep pandas_udf and PandasUDFType import for backwards compatible import; moved in SPARK-28264
from pyspark.sql.pandas.functions import pandas_udf, PandasUDFType  # noqa: F401
from pyspark.sql.utils import (
    to_str,
    has_numpy,
    try_remote_functions,
    get_active_spark_context,
)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from pyspark.sql._typing import (
        ColumnOrName,
        ColumnOrName_,
        DataTypeOrString,
        UserDefinedFunctionLike,
    )

if has_numpy:
    import numpy as np

# Note to developers: all of PySpark functions here take string as column names whenever possible.
# Namely, if columns are referred as arguments, they can always be both Column or string,
# even though there might be few exceptions for legacy or inevitable reasons.
# If you are fixing other language APIs together, also please note that Scala side is not the case
# since it requires making every single overridden definition.


def _get_jvm_function(name: str, sc: SparkContext) -> Callable:
    """
    Retrieves JVM function identified by name from
    Java gateway associated with sc.
    """
    assert sc._jvm is not None
    return getattr(sc._jvm.functions, name)


def _invoke_function(name: str, *args: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Invokes JVM function identified by name with args
    and wraps the result with :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`.
    """
    assert SparkContext._active_spark_context is not None
    jf = _get_jvm_function(name, SparkContext._active_spark_context)
    return Column(jf(*args))


def _invoke_function_over_columns(name: str, *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Invokes n-ary JVM function identified by name
    and wraps the result with :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`.
    """
    return _invoke_function(name, *(_to_java_column(col) for col in cols))


def _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns(name: str, cols: "Iterable[ColumnOrName]") -> Column:
    """
    Invokes unary JVM function identified by name with
    and wraps the result with :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`.
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function(name, _to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column))


def _invoke_binary_math_function(name: str, col1: Any, col2: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Invokes binary JVM math function identified by name
    and wraps the result with :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`.
    """

    # For legacy reasons, the arguments here can be implicitly converted into column
    cols = [
        _to_java_column(c) if isinstance(c, (str, Column)) else _create_column_from_literal(c)
        for c in (col1, col2)
    ]
    return _invoke_function(name, *cols)


def _options_to_str(options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> Dict[str, Optional[str]]:
    if options:
        return {key: to_str(value) for (key, value) in options.items()}
    return {}


@try_remote_functions
def lit(col: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Creates a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` of literal value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, str, int, float, bool or list, NumPy literals or ndarray.
        the value to make it as a PySpark literal. If a column is passed,
        it returns the column as is.

        .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
            Since 3.4.0, it supports the list type.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the literal instance.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(lit(5).alias('height'), df.id).show()
    +------+---+
    |height| id|
    +------+---+
    |     5|  0|
    +------+---+

    Create a literal from a list.

    >>> spark.range(1).select(lit([1, 2, 3])).show()
    +--------------+
    |array(1, 2, 3)|
    +--------------+
    |     [1, 2, 3]|
    +--------------+
    """
    if isinstance(col, Column):
        return col
    elif isinstance(col, list):
        if any(isinstance(c, Column) for c in col):
            raise PySparkValueError(
                error_class="COLUMN_IN_LIST", message_parameters={"func_name": "lit"}
            )
        return array(*[lit(item) for item in col])
    else:
        if has_numpy and isinstance(col, np.generic):
            dt = _from_numpy_type(col.dtype)
            if dt is not None:
                return _invoke_function("lit", col).astype(dt).alias(str(col))
        return _invoke_function("lit", col)


@try_remote_functions
def col(col: str) -> Column:
    """
    Returns a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` based on the given column name.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : str
        the name for the column

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the corresponding column instance.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> col('x')
    Column<'x'>
    >>> column('x')
    Column<'x'>
    """
    return _invoke_function("col", col)


column = col


@try_remote_functions
def asc(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the given column name.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the ascending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    Sort by the column 'id' in the descending order.

    >>> df = spark.range(5)
    >>> df = df.sort(desc("id"))
    >>> df.show()
    +---+
    | id|
    +---+
    |  4|
    |  3|
    |  2|
    |  1|
    |  0|
    +---+

    Sort by the column 'id' in the ascending order.

    >>> df.orderBy(asc("id")).show()
    +---+
    | id|
    +---+
    |  0|
    |  1|
    |  2|
    |  3|
    |  4|
    +---+
    """
    return col.asc() if isinstance(col, Column) else _invoke_function("asc", col)


@try_remote_functions
def desc(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the given column name.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the descending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    Sort by the column 'id' in the descending order.

    >>> spark.range(5).orderBy(desc("id")).show()
    +---+
    | id|
    +---+
    |  4|
    |  3|
    |  2|
    |  1|
    |  0|
    +---+
    """
    return col.desc() if isinstance(col, Column) else _invoke_function("desc", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sqrt(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the square root of the specified float value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(sqrt(lit(4))).show()
    +-------+
    |SQRT(4)|
    +-------+
    |    2.0|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sqrt", col)


@try_remote_functions
def abs(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the absolute value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(abs(lit(-1))).show()
    +-------+
    |abs(-1)|
    +-------+
    |      1|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("abs", col)


@try_remote_functions
def mode(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the most frequent value in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the most frequent value in a group.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 20000), ("dotNET", 2012, 5000),
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 20000), ("dotNET", 2012, 5000),
    ...     ("dotNET", 2013, 48000), ("Java", 2013, 30000)],
    ...     schema=("course", "year", "earnings"))
    >>> df.groupby("course").agg(mode("year")).show()
    +------+----------+
    |course|mode(year)|
    +------+----------+
    |  Java|      2012|
    |dotNET|      2012|
    +------+----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("mode", col)


@try_remote_functions
def max(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the maximum value of the expression in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(10)
    >>> df.select(max(col("id"))).show()
    +-------+
    |max(id)|
    +-------+
    |      9|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("max", col)


@try_remote_functions
def min(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the minimum value of the expression in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(10)
    >>> df.select(min(df.id)).show()
    +-------+
    |min(id)|
    +-------+
    |      0|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("min", col)


@try_remote_functions
def max_by(col: "ColumnOrName", ord: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the value associated with the maximum value of ord.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.
    ord : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to be maximized

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value associated with the maximum value of ord.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 20000), ("dotNET", 2012, 5000),
    ...     ("dotNET", 2013, 48000), ("Java", 2013, 30000)],
    ...     schema=("course", "year", "earnings"))
    >>> df.groupby("course").agg(max_by("year", "earnings")).show()
    +------+----------------------+
    |course|max_by(year, earnings)|
    +------+----------------------+
    |  Java|                  2013|
    |dotNET|                  2013|
    +------+----------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("max_by", col, ord)


@try_remote_functions
def min_by(col: "ColumnOrName", ord: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the value associated with the minimum value of ord.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.
    ord : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to be minimized

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value associated with the minimum value of ord.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 20000), ("dotNET", 2012, 5000),
    ...     ("dotNET", 2013, 48000), ("Java", 2013, 30000)],
    ...     schema=("course", "year", "earnings"))
    >>> df.groupby("course").agg(min_by("year", "earnings")).show()
    +------+----------------------+
    |course|min_by(year, earnings)|
    +------+----------------------+
    |  Java|                  2012|
    |dotNET|                  2012|
    +------+----------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("min_by", col, ord)


@try_remote_functions
def count(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the number of items in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    Count by all columns (start), and by a column that does not count ``None``.

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(None,), ("a",), ("b",), ("c",)], schema=["alphabets"])
    >>> df.select(count(expr("*")), count(df.alphabets)).show()
    +--------+----------------+
    |count(1)|count(alphabets)|
    +--------+----------------+
    |       4|               3|
    +--------+----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("count", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sum(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the sum of all values in the expression.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(10)
    >>> df.select(sum(df["id"])).show()
    +-------+
    |sum(id)|
    +-------+
    |     45|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sum", col)


@try_remote_functions
def avg(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the average of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(10)
    >>> df.select(avg(col("id"))).show()
    +-------+
    |avg(id)|
    +-------+
    |    4.5|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("avg", col)


@try_remote_functions
def mean(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the average of the values in a group.
    An alias of :func:`avg`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(10)
    >>> df.select(mean(df.id)).show()
    +-------+
    |avg(id)|
    +-------+
    |    4.5|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("mean", col)


@try_remote_functions
def median(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the median of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the median of the values in a group.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 20000), ("dotNET", 2012, 5000),
    ...     ("Java", 2012, 22000), ("dotNET", 2012, 10000),
    ...     ("dotNET", 2013, 48000), ("Java", 2013, 30000)],
    ...     schema=("course", "year", "earnings"))
    >>> df.groupby("course").agg(median("earnings")).show()
    +------+----------------+
    |course|median(earnings)|
    +------+----------------+
    |  Java|         22000.0|
    |dotNET|         10000.0|
    +------+----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("median", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sumDistinct(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the sum of distinct values in the expression.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 3.2.0
        Use :func:`sum_distinct` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 3.2, use sum_distinct instead.", FutureWarning)
    return sum_distinct(col)


@try_remote_functions
def sum_distinct(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the sum of distinct values in the expression.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(None,), (1,), (1,), (2,)], schema=["numbers"])
    >>> df.select(sum_distinct(col("numbers"))).show()
    +---------------------+
    |sum(DISTINCT numbers)|
    +---------------------+
    |                    3|
    +---------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sum_distinct", col)


@try_remote_functions
def product(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the product of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : str, :class:`Column`
        column containing values to be multiplied together

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1, 10).toDF('x').withColumn('mod3', col('x') % 3)
    >>> prods = df.groupBy('mod3').agg(product('x').alias('product'))
    >>> prods.orderBy('mod3').show()
    +----+-------+
    |mod3|product|
    +----+-------+
    |   0|  162.0|
    |   1|   28.0|
    |   2|   80.0|
    +----+-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("product", col)


@try_remote_functions
def acos(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes inverse cosine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        inverse cosine of `col`, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.acos()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1, 3)
    >>> df.select(acos(df.id)).show()
    +--------+
    |ACOS(id)|
    +--------+
    |     0.0|
    |     NaN|
    +--------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("acos", col)


@try_remote_functions
def acosh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes inverse hyperbolic cosine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(2)
    >>> df.select(acosh(col("id"))).show()
    +---------+
    |ACOSH(id)|
    +---------+
    |      NaN|
    |      0.0|
    +---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("acosh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def asin(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes inverse sine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        inverse sine of `col`, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.asin()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(0,), (2,)])
    >>> df.select(asin(df.schema.fieldNames()[0])).show()
    +--------+
    |ASIN(_1)|
    +--------+
    |     0.0|
    |     NaN|
    +--------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("asin", col)


@try_remote_functions
def asinh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes inverse hyperbolic sine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(asinh(col("id"))).show()
    +---------+
    |ASINH(id)|
    +---------+
    |      0.0|
    +---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("asinh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def atan(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Compute inverse tangent of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        inverse tangent of `col`, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.atan()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(atan(df.id)).show()
    +--------+
    |ATAN(id)|
    +--------+
    |     0.0|
    +--------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("atan", col)


@try_remote_functions
def atanh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes inverse hyperbolic tangent of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(0,), (2,)], schema=["numbers"])
    >>> df.select(atanh(df["numbers"])).show()
    +--------------+
    |ATANH(numbers)|
    +--------------+
    |           0.0|
    |           NaN|
    +--------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("atanh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def cbrt(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the cube-root of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(cbrt(lit(27))).show()
    +--------+
    |CBRT(27)|
    +--------+
    |     3.0|
    +--------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("cbrt", col)


@try_remote_functions
def ceil(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the ceiling of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(ceil(lit(-0.1))).show()
    +----------+
    |CEIL(-0.1)|
    +----------+
    |         0|
    +----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("ceil", col)


@try_remote_functions
def cos(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes cosine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in radians

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cos()`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(cos(lit(math.pi))).first()
    Row(COS(3.14159...)=-1.0)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("cos", col)


@try_remote_functions
def cosh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes hyperbolic cosine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        hyperbolic angle

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hyperbolic cosine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.cosh()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(cosh(lit(1))).first()
    Row(COSH(1)=1.54308...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("cosh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def cot(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes cotangent of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in radians.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        cotangent of the angle.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(cot(lit(math.radians(45)))).first()
    Row(COT(0.78539...)=1.00000...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("cot", col)


@try_remote_functions
def csc(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes cosecant of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in radians.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        cosecant of the angle.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(csc(lit(math.radians(90)))).first()
    Row(CSC(1.57079...)=1.0)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("csc", col)


@try_remote_functions
def exp(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the exponential of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to calculate exponential for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        exponential of the given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(exp(lit(0))).show()
    +------+
    |EXP(0)|
    +------+
    |   1.0|
    +------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("exp", col)


@try_remote_functions
def expm1(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the exponential of the given value minus one.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to calculate exponential for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        exponential less one.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(expm1(lit(1))).first()
    Row(EXPM1(1)=1.71828...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("expm1", col)


@try_remote_functions
def floor(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the floor of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to find floor for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        nearest integer that is less than or equal to given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(floor(lit(2.5))).show()
    +----------+
    |FLOOR(2.5)|
    +----------+
    |         2|
    +----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("floor", col)


@try_remote_functions
def log(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the natural logarithm of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to calculate natural logarithm for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        natural logarithm of the given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(log(lit(math.e))).first()
    Row(ln(2.71828...)=1.0)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("log", col)


@try_remote_functions
def log10(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the logarithm of the given value in Base 10.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to calculate logarithm for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        logarithm of the given value in Base 10.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(log10(lit(100))).show()
    +----------+
    |LOG10(100)|
    +----------+
    |       2.0|
    +----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("log10", col)


@try_remote_functions
def log1p(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the natural logarithm of the "given value plus one".

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to calculate natural logarithm for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        natural logarithm of the "given value plus one".

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(log1p(lit(math.e))).first()
    Row(LOG1P(2.71828...)=1.31326...)

    Same as:

    >>> df.select(log(lit(math.e+1))).first()
    Row(ln(3.71828...)=1.31326...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("log1p", col)


@try_remote_functions
def rint(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the double value that is closest in value to the argument and
    is equal to a mathematical integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(rint(lit(10.6))).show()
    +----------+
    |rint(10.6)|
    +----------+
    |      11.0|
    +----------+

    >>> df.select(rint(lit(10.3))).show()
    +----------+
    |rint(10.3)|
    +----------+
    |      10.0|
    +----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("rint", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sec(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes secant of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        Angle in radians

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        Secant of the angle.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(sec(lit(1.5))).first()
    Row(SEC(1.5)=14.13683...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sec", col)


@try_remote_functions
def signum(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the signum of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(signum(lit(-5))).show()
    +----------+
    |SIGNUM(-5)|
    +----------+
    |      -1.0|
    +----------+

    >>> df.select(signum(lit(6))).show()
    +---------+
    |SIGNUM(6)|
    +---------+
    |      1.0|
    +---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("signum", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sin(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes sine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        sine of the angle, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sin()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(sin(lit(math.radians(90)))).first()
    Row(SIN(1.57079...)=1.0)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sin", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sinh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes hyperbolic sine of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        hyperbolic angle.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hyperbolic sine of the given value,
        as if computed by `java.lang.Math.sinh()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(sinh(lit(1.1))).first()
    Row(SINH(1.1)=1.33564...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sinh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def tan(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes tangent of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in radians

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        tangent of the given value, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.tan()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(tan(lit(math.radians(45)))).first()
    Row(TAN(0.78539...)=0.99999...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("tan", col)


@try_remote_functions
def tanh(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes hyperbolic tangent of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        hyperbolic angle

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hyperbolic tangent of the given value
        as if computed by `java.lang.Math.tanh()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(tanh(lit(math.radians(90)))).first()
    Row(TANH(1.57079...)=0.91715...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("tanh", col)


@try_remote_functions
def toDegrees(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 2.1.0
        Use :func:`degrees` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 2.1, use degrees instead.", FutureWarning)
    return degrees(col)


@try_remote_functions
def toRadians(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 2.1.0
        Use :func:`radians` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 2.1, use radians instead.", FutureWarning)
    return radians(col)


@try_remote_functions
def bitwiseNOT(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes bitwise not.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 3.2.0
        Use :func:`bitwise_not` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 3.2, use bitwise_not instead.", FutureWarning)
    return bitwise_not(col)


@try_remote_functions
def bitwise_not(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes bitwise not.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(bitwise_not(lit(0))).show()
    +---+
    | ~0|
    +---+
    | -1|
    +---+
    >>> df.select(bitwise_not(lit(1))).show()
    +---+
    | ~1|
    +---+
    | -2|
    +---+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("bitwise_not", col)


@try_remote_functions
def asc_nulls_first(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the given
    column name, and null values return before non-null values.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the ascending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([(1, "Bob"),
    ...                              (0, None),
    ...                              (2, "Alice")], ["age", "name"])
    >>> df1.sort(asc_nulls_first(df1.name)).show()
    +---+-----+
    |age| name|
    +---+-----+
    |  0| null|
    |  2|Alice|
    |  1|  Bob|
    +---+-----+

    """
    return (
        col.asc_nulls_first()
        if isinstance(col, Column)
        else _invoke_function("asc_nulls_first", col)
    )


@try_remote_functions
def asc_nulls_last(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the ascending order of the given
    column name, and null values appear after non-null values.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the ascending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([(0, None),
    ...                              (1, "Bob"),
    ...                              (2, "Alice")], ["age", "name"])
    >>> df1.sort(asc_nulls_last(df1.name)).show()
    +---+-----+
    |age| name|
    +---+-----+
    |  2|Alice|
    |  1|  Bob|
    |  0| null|
    +---+-----+

    """
    return (
        col.asc_nulls_last() if isinstance(col, Column) else _invoke_function("asc_nulls_last", col)
    )


@try_remote_functions
def desc_nulls_first(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the given
    column name, and null values appear before non-null values.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the descending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([(0, None),
    ...                              (1, "Bob"),
    ...                              (2, "Alice")], ["age", "name"])
    >>> df1.sort(desc_nulls_first(df1.name)).show()
    +---+-----+
    |age| name|
    +---+-----+
    |  0| null|
    |  1|  Bob|
    |  2|Alice|
    +---+-----+

    """
    return (
        col.desc_nulls_first()
        if isinstance(col, Column)
        else _invoke_function("desc_nulls_first", col)
    )


@try_remote_functions
def desc_nulls_last(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a sort expression based on the descending order of the given
    column name, and null values appear after non-null values.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to sort by in the descending order.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column specifying the order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([(0, None),
    ...                              (1, "Bob"),
    ...                              (2, "Alice")], ["age", "name"])
    >>> df1.sort(desc_nulls_last(df1.name)).show()
    +---+-----+
    |age| name|
    +---+-----+
    |  1|  Bob|
    |  2|Alice|
    |  0| null|
    +---+-----+

    """
    return (
        col.desc_nulls_last()
        if isinstance(col, Column)
        else _invoke_function("desc_nulls_last", col)
    )


@try_remote_functions
def stddev(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: alias for stddev_samp.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        standard deviation of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(stddev(df.id)).first()
    Row(stddev_samp(id)=1.87082...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("stddev", col)


@try_remote_functions
def stddev_samp(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the unbiased sample standard deviation of
    the expression in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        standard deviation of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(stddev_samp(df.id)).first()
    Row(stddev_samp(id)=1.87082...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("stddev_samp", col)


@try_remote_functions
def stddev_pop(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns population standard deviation of
    the expression in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        standard deviation of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(stddev_pop(df.id)).first()
    Row(stddev_pop(id)=1.70782...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("stddev_pop", col)


@try_remote_functions
def variance(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: alias for var_samp

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        variance of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(variance(df.id)).show()
    +------------+
    |var_samp(id)|
    +------------+
    |         3.5|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("variance", col)


@try_remote_functions
def var_samp(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the unbiased sample variance of
    the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        variance of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(var_samp(df.id)).show()
    +------------+
    |var_samp(id)|
    +------------+
    |         3.5|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("var_samp", col)


@try_remote_functions
def var_pop(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the population variance of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        variance of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(6)
    >>> df.select(var_pop(df.id)).first()
    Row(var_pop(id)=2.91666...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("var_pop", col)


@try_remote_functions
def skewness(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the skewness of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        skewness of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([[1],[1],[2]], ["c"])
    >>> df.select(skewness(df.c)).first()
    Row(skewness(c)=0.70710...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("skewness", col)


@try_remote_functions
def kurtosis(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the kurtosis of the values in a group.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        kurtosis of given column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([[1],[1],[2]], ["c"])
    >>> df.select(kurtosis(df.c)).show()
    +-----------+
    |kurtosis(c)|
    +-----------+
    |       -1.5|
    +-----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("kurtosis", col)


@try_remote_functions
def collect_list(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns a list of objects with duplicates.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic because the order of collected results depends
    on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        list of objects with duplicates.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df2 = spark.createDataFrame([(2,), (5,), (5,)], ('age',))
    >>> df2.agg(collect_list('age')).collect()
    [Row(collect_list(age)=[2, 5, 5])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("collect_list", col)


@try_remote_functions
def collect_set(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns a set of objects with duplicate elements eliminated.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic because the order of collected results depends
    on the order of the rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        list of objects with no duplicates.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df2 = spark.createDataFrame([(2,), (5,), (5,)], ('age',))
    >>> df2.agg(array_sort(collect_set('age')).alias('c')).collect()
    [Row(c=[2, 5])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("collect_set", col)


@try_remote_functions
def degrees(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Converts an angle measured in radians to an approximately equivalent angle
    measured in degrees.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in radians

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        angle in degrees, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.toDegrees()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import math
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(degrees(lit(math.pi))).first()
    Row(DEGREES(3.14159...)=180.0)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("degrees", col)


@try_remote_functions
def radians(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Converts an angle measured in degrees to an approximately equivalent angle
    measured in radians.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        angle in degrees

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        angle in radians, as if computed by `java.lang.Math.toRadians()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(radians(lit(180))).first()
    Row(RADIANS(180)=3.14159...)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("radians", col)


@try_remote_functions
def atan2(col1: Union["ColumnOrName", float], col2: Union["ColumnOrName", float]) -> Column:
    """
    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        coordinate on y-axis
    col2 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        coordinate on x-axis

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the `theta` component of the point
        (`r`, `theta`)
        in polar coordinates that corresponds to the point
        (`x`, `y`) in Cartesian coordinates,
        as if computed by `java.lang.Math.atan2()`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(atan2(lit(1), lit(2))).first()
    Row(ATAN2(1, 2)=0.46364...)
    """
    return _invoke_binary_math_function("atan2", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def hypot(col1: Union["ColumnOrName", float], col2: Union["ColumnOrName", float]) -> Column:
    """
    Computes ``sqrt(a^2 + b^2)`` without intermediate overflow or underflow.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        a leg.
    col2 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        b leg.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        length of the hypotenuse.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(hypot(lit(1), lit(2))).first()
    Row(HYPOT(1, 2)=2.23606...)
    """
    return _invoke_binary_math_function("hypot", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def pow(col1: Union["ColumnOrName", float], col2: Union["ColumnOrName", float]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the value of the first argument raised to the power of the second argument.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        the base number.
    col2 : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        the exponent number.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the base rased to the power the argument.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(pow(lit(3), lit(2))).first()
    Row(POWER(3, 2)=9.0)
    """
    return _invoke_binary_math_function("pow", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def pmod(dividend: Union["ColumnOrName", float], divisor: Union["ColumnOrName", float]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the positive value of dividend mod divisor.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    dividend : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        the column that contains dividend, or the specified dividend value
    divisor : str, :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        the column that contains divisor, or the specified divisor value

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        positive value of dividend mod divisor.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import pmod
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     (1.0, float('nan')), (float('nan'), 2.0), (10.0, 3.0),
    ...     (float('nan'), float('nan')), (-3.0, 4.0), (-10.0, 3.0),
    ...     (-5.0, -6.0), (7.0, -8.0), (1.0, 2.0)],
    ...     ("a", "b"))
    >>> df.select(pmod("a", "b")).show()
    +----------+
    |pmod(a, b)|
    +----------+
    |       NaN|
    |       NaN|
    |       1.0|
    |       NaN|
    |       1.0|
    |       2.0|
    |      -5.0|
    |       7.0|
    |       1.0|
    +----------+
    """
    return _invoke_binary_math_function("pmod", dividend, divisor)


@try_remote_functions
def row_number() -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns a sequential number starting at 1 within a window partition.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for calculating row numbers.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window
    >>> df = spark.range(3)
    >>> w = Window.orderBy(df.id.desc())
    >>> df.withColumn("desc_order", row_number().over(w)).show()
    +---+----------+
    | id|desc_order|
    +---+----------+
    |  2|         1|
    |  1|         2|
    |  0|         3|
    +---+----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("row_number")


@try_remote_functions
def dense_rank() -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the rank of rows within a window partition, without any gaps.

    The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking
    sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank
    and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second
    place and that the next person came in third. Rank would give me sequential numbers, making
    the person that came in third place (after the ties) would register as coming in fifth.

    This is equivalent to the DENSE_RANK function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for calculating ranks.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window, types
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4], types.IntegerType())
    >>> w = Window.orderBy("value")
    >>> df.withColumn("drank", dense_rank().over(w)).show()
    +-----+-----+
    |value|drank|
    +-----+-----+
    |    1|    1|
    |    1|    1|
    |    2|    2|
    |    3|    3|
    |    3|    3|
    |    4|    4|
    +-----+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function("dense_rank")


@try_remote_functions
def rank() -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the rank of rows within a window partition.

    The difference between rank and dense_rank is that dense_rank leaves no gaps in ranking
    sequence when there are ties. That is, if you were ranking a competition using dense_rank
    and had three people tie for second place, you would say that all three were in second
    place and that the next person came in third. Rank would give me sequential numbers, making
    the person that came in third place (after the ties) would register as coming in fifth.

    This is equivalent to the RANK function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for calculating ranks.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window, types
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4], types.IntegerType())
    >>> w = Window.orderBy("value")
    >>> df.withColumn("drank", rank().over(w)).show()
    +-----+-----+
    |value|drank|
    +-----+-----+
    |    1|    1|
    |    1|    1|
    |    2|    3|
    |    3|    4|
    |    3|    4|
    |    4|    6|
    +-----+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function("rank")


@try_remote_functions
def cume_dist() -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the cumulative distribution of values within a window partition,
    i.e. the fraction of rows that are below the current row.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for calculating cumulative distribution.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window, types
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1, 2, 3, 3, 4], types.IntegerType())
    >>> w = Window.orderBy("value")
    >>> df.withColumn("cd", cume_dist().over(w)).show()
    +-----+---+
    |value| cd|
    +-----+---+
    |    1|0.2|
    |    2|0.4|
    |    3|0.8|
    |    3|0.8|
    |    4|1.0|
    +-----+---+
    """
    return _invoke_function("cume_dist")


@try_remote_functions
def percent_rank() -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the relative rank (i.e. percentile) of rows within a window partition.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for calculating relative rank.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window, types
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 4], types.IntegerType())
    >>> w = Window.orderBy("value")
    >>> df.withColumn("pr", percent_rank().over(w)).show()
    +-----+---+
    |value| pr|
    +-----+---+
    |    1|0.0|
    |    1|0.0|
    |    2|0.4|
    |    3|0.6|
    |    3|0.6|
    |    4|1.0|
    +-----+---+
    """
    return _invoke_function("percent_rank")


@try_remote_functions
def approxCountDistinct(col: "ColumnOrName", rsd: Optional[float] = None) -> Column:
    """
    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 2.1.0
        Use :func:`approx_count_distinct` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 2.1, use approx_count_distinct instead.", FutureWarning)
    return approx_count_distinct(col, rsd)


@try_remote_functions
def approx_count_distinct(col: "ColumnOrName", rsd: Optional[float] = None) -> Column:
    """Aggregate function: returns a new :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` for approximate distinct count
    of column `col`.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
    rsd : float, optional
        maximum relative standard deviation allowed (default = 0.05).
        For rsd < 0.01, it is more efficient to use :func:`count_distinct`

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column of computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1,2,2,3], "INT")
    >>> df.agg(approx_count_distinct("value").alias('distinct_values')).show()
    +---------------+
    |distinct_values|
    +---------------+
    |              3|
    +---------------+
    """
    if rsd is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("approx_count_distinct", col)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("approx_count_distinct", _to_java_column(col), rsd)


@try_remote_functions
def broadcast(df: DataFrame) -> DataFrame:
    """
    Marks a DataFrame as small enough for use in broadcast joins.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.DataFrame`
        DataFrame marked as ready for broadcast join.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import types
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([1, 2, 3, 3, 4], types.IntegerType())
    >>> df_small = spark.range(3)
    >>> df_b = broadcast(df_small)
    >>> df.join(df_b, df.value == df_small.id).show()
    +-----+---+
    |value| id|
    +-----+---+
    |    1|  1|
    |    2|  2|
    +-----+---+
    """

    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return DataFrame(cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).functions.broadcast(df._jdf), df.sparkSession)


@try_remote_functions
def coalesce(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns the first column that is not null.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        list of columns to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value of the first column that is not null.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> cDf = spark.createDataFrame([(None, None), (1, None), (None, 2)], ("a", "b"))
    >>> cDf.show()
    +----+----+
    |   a|   b|
    +----+----+
    |null|null|
    |   1|null|
    |null|   2|
    +----+----+

    >>> cDf.select(coalesce(cDf["a"], cDf["b"])).show()
    +--------------+
    |coalesce(a, b)|
    +--------------+
    |          null|
    |             1|
    |             2|
    +--------------+

    >>> cDf.select('*', coalesce(cDf["a"], lit(0.0))).show()
    +----+----+----------------+
    |   a|   b|coalesce(a, 0.0)|
    +----+----+----------------+
    |null|null|             0.0|
    |   1|null|             1.0|
    |null|   2|             0.0|
    +----+----+----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("coalesce", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def corr(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns a new :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` for the Pearson Correlation Coefficient for
    ``col1`` and ``col2``.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column to calculate correlation.
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second column to calculate correlation.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        Pearson Correlation Coefficient of these two column values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> a = range(20)
    >>> b = [2 * x for x in range(20)]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(zip(a, b), ["a", "b"])
    >>> df.agg(corr("a", "b").alias('c')).collect()
    [Row(c=1.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("corr", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def covar_pop(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns a new :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` for the population covariance of ``col1`` and
    ``col2``.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column to calculate covariance.
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second column to calculate covariance.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        covariance of these two column values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> a = [1] * 10
    >>> b = [1] * 10
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(zip(a, b), ["a", "b"])
    >>> df.agg(covar_pop("a", "b").alias('c')).collect()
    [Row(c=0.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("covar_pop", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def covar_samp(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns a new :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` for the sample covariance of ``col1`` and
    ``col2``.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column to calculate covariance.
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second column to calculate covariance.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        sample covariance of these two column values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> a = [1] * 10
    >>> b = [1] * 10
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(zip(a, b), ["a", "b"])
    >>> df.agg(covar_samp("a", "b").alias('c')).collect()
    [Row(c=0.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("covar_samp", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def countDistinct(col: "ColumnOrName", *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns a new :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` for distinct count of ``col`` or ``cols``.

    An alias of :func:`count_distinct`, and it is encouraged to use :func:`count_distinct`
    directly.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.
    """
    return count_distinct(col, *cols)


@try_remote_functions
def count_distinct(col: "ColumnOrName", *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns a new :class:`Column` for distinct count of ``col`` or ``cols``.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column to compute on.
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        other columns to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        distinct values of these two column values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import types
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([1, 1, 3], types.IntegerType())
    >>> df2 = spark.createDataFrame([1, 2], types.IntegerType())
    >>> df1.join(df2).show()
    +-----+-----+
    |value|value|
    +-----+-----+
    |    1|    1|
    |    1|    2|
    |    1|    1|
    |    1|    2|
    |    3|    1|
    |    3|    2|
    +-----+-----+
    >>> df1.join(df2).select(count_distinct(df1.value, df2.value)).show()
    +----------------------------+
    |count(DISTINCT value, value)|
    +----------------------------+
    |                           4|
    +----------------------------+
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function(
        "count_distinct", _to_java_column(col), _to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column)
    )


@try_remote_functions
def first(col: "ColumnOrName", ignorenulls: bool = False) -> Column:
    """Aggregate function: returns the first value in a group.

    The function by default returns the first values it sees. It will return the first non-null
    value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true. If all values are null, then null is returned.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the
    rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to fetch first value for.
    ignorenulls : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        if first value is null then look for first non-null value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        first value of the group.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5), ("Alice", None)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df = df.orderBy(df.age)
    >>> df.groupby("name").agg(first("age")).orderBy("name").show()
    +-----+----------+
    | name|first(age)|
    +-----+----------+
    |Alice|      null|
    |  Bob|         5|
    +-----+----------+

    Now, to ignore any nulls we needs to set ``ignorenulls`` to `True`

    >>> df.groupby("name").agg(first("age", ignorenulls=True)).orderBy("name").show()
    +-----+----------+
    | name|first(age)|
    +-----+----------+
    |Alice|         2|
    |  Bob|         5|
    +-----+----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("first", _to_java_column(col), ignorenulls)


@try_remote_functions
def grouping(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: indicates whether a specified column in a GROUP BY list is aggregated
    or not, returns 1 for aggregated or 0 for not aggregated in the result set.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to check if it's aggregated.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        returns 1 for aggregated or 0 for not aggregated in the result set.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df.cube("name").agg(grouping("name"), sum("age")).orderBy("name").show()
    +-----+--------------+--------+
    | name|grouping(name)|sum(age)|
    +-----+--------------+--------+
    | null|             1|       7|
    |Alice|             0|       2|
    |  Bob|             0|       5|
    +-----+--------------+--------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("grouping", col)


@try_remote_functions
def grouping_id(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Aggregate function: returns the level of grouping, equals to

       (grouping(c1) << (n-1)) + (grouping(c2) << (n-2)) + ... + grouping(cn)

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The list of columns should match with grouping columns exactly, or empty (means all
    the grouping columns).

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        columns to check for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        returns level of the grouping it relates to.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, "a", "a"),
    ...                             (3, "a", "a"),
    ...                             (4, "b", "c")], ["c1", "c2", "c3"])
    >>> df.cube("c2", "c3").agg(grouping_id(), sum("c1")).orderBy("c2", "c3").show()
    +----+----+-------------+-------+
    |  c2|  c3|grouping_id()|sum(c1)|
    +----+----+-------------+-------+
    |null|null|            3|      8|
    |null|   a|            2|      4|
    |null|   c|            2|      4|
    |   a|null|            1|      4|
    |   a|   a|            0|      4|
    |   b|null|            1|      4|
    |   b|   c|            0|      4|
    +----+----+-------------+-------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("grouping_id", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def input_file_name() -> Column:
    """
    Creates a string column for the file name of the current Spark task.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        file names.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import os
    >>> path = os.path.abspath(__file__)
    >>> df = spark.read.text(path)
    >>> df.select(input_file_name()).first()
    Row(input_file_name()='file:///...')
    """
    return _invoke_function("input_file_name")


@try_remote_functions
def isnan(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """An expression that returns true if the column is NaN.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        True if value is NaN and False otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1.0, float('nan')), (float('nan'), 2.0)], ("a", "b"))
    >>> df.select("a", "b", isnan("a").alias("r1"), isnan(df.b).alias("r2")).show()
    +---+---+-----+-----+
    |  a|  b|   r1|   r2|
    +---+---+-----+-----+
    |1.0|NaN|false| true|
    |NaN|2.0| true|false|
    +---+---+-----+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("isnan", col)


@try_remote_functions
def isnull(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """An expression that returns true if the column is null.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        True if value is null and False otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, None), (None, 2)], ("a", "b"))
    >>> df.select("a", "b", isnull("a").alias("r1"), isnull(df.b).alias("r2")).show()
    +----+----+-----+-----+
    |   a|   b|   r1|   r2|
    +----+----+-----+-----+
    |   1|null|false| true|
    |null|   2| true|false|
    +----+----+-----+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("isnull", col)


@try_remote_functions
def last(col: "ColumnOrName", ignorenulls: bool = False) -> Column:
    """Aggregate function: returns the last value in a group.

    The function by default returns the last values it sees. It will return the last non-null
    value it sees when ignoreNulls is set to true. If all values are null, then null is returned.

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic because its results depends on the order of the
    rows which may be non-deterministic after a shuffle.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column to fetch last value for.
    ignorenulls : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        if last value is null then look for non-null value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        last value of the group.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5), ("Alice", None)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df = df.orderBy(df.age.desc())
    >>> df.groupby("name").agg(last("age")).orderBy("name").show()
    +-----+---------+
    | name|last(age)|
    +-----+---------+
    |Alice|     null|
    |  Bob|        5|
    +-----+---------+

    Now, to ignore any nulls we needs to set ``ignorenulls`` to `True`

    >>> df.groupby("name").agg(last("age", ignorenulls=True)).orderBy("name").show()
    +-----+---------+
    | name|last(age)|
    +-----+---------+
    |Alice|        2|
    |  Bob|        5|
    +-----+---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("last", _to_java_column(col), ignorenulls)


@try_remote_functions
def monotonically_increasing_id() -> Column:
    """A column that generates monotonically increasing 64-bit integers.

    The generated ID is guaranteed to be monotonically increasing and unique, but not consecutive.
    The current implementation puts the partition ID in the upper 31 bits, and the record number
    within each partition in the lower 33 bits. The assumption is that the data frame has
    less than 1 billion partitions, and each partition has less than 8 billion records.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic because its result depends on partition IDs.

    As an example, consider a :class:`DataFrame` with two partitions, each with 3 records.
    This expression would return the following IDs:
    0, 1, 2, 8589934592 (1L << 33), 8589934593, 8589934594.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        last value of the group.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df0 = sc.parallelize(range(2), 2).mapPartitions(lambda x: [(1,), (2,), (3,)]).toDF(['col1'])
    >>> df0.select(monotonically_increasing_id().alias('id')).collect()
    [Row(id=0), Row(id=1), Row(id=2), Row(id=8589934592), Row(id=8589934593), Row(id=8589934594)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("monotonically_increasing_id")


@try_remote_functions
def nanvl(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns col1 if it is not NaN, or col2 if col1 is NaN.

    Both inputs should be floating point columns (:class:`DoubleType` or :class:`FloatType`).

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column to check.
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second column to return if first is NaN.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value from first column or second if first is NaN .

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1.0, float('nan')), (float('nan'), 2.0)], ("a", "b"))
    >>> df.select(nanvl("a", "b").alias("r1"), nanvl(df.a, df.b).alias("r2")).collect()
    [Row(r1=1.0, r2=1.0), Row(r1=2.0, r2=2.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("nanvl", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def percentile_approx(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    percentage: Union[Column, float, List[float], Tuple[float]],
    accuracy: Union[Column, float] = 10000,
) -> Column:
    """Returns the approximate `percentile` of the numeric column `col` which is the smallest value
    in the ordered `col` values (sorted from least to greatest) such that no more than `percentage`
    of `col` values is less than the value or equal to that value.


    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column.
    percentage : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, float, list of floats or tuple of floats
        percentage in decimal (must be between 0.0 and 1.0).
        When percentage is an array, each value of the percentage array must be between 0.0 and 1.0.
        In this case, returns the approximate percentile array of column col
        at the given percentage array.
    accuracy : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or float
        is a positive numeric literal which controls approximation accuracy
        at the cost of memory. Higher value of accuracy yields better accuracy,
        1.0/accuracy is the relative error of the approximation. (default: 10000).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        approximate `percentile` of the numeric column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> key = (col("id") % 3).alias("key")
    >>> value = (randn(42) + key * 10).alias("value")
    >>> df = spark.range(0, 1000, 1, 1).select(key, value)
    >>> df.select(
    ...     percentile_approx("value", [0.25, 0.5, 0.75], 1000000).alias("quantiles")
    ... ).printSchema()
    root
     |-- quantiles: array (nullable = true)
     |    |-- element: double (containsNull = false)

    >>> df.groupBy("key").agg(
    ...     percentile_approx("value", 0.5, lit(1000000)).alias("median")
    ... ).printSchema()
    root
     |-- key: long (nullable = true)
     |-- median: double (nullable = true)
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()

    if isinstance(percentage, (list, tuple)):
        # A local list
        percentage = _invoke_function(
            "array", _to_seq(sc, [_create_column_from_literal(x) for x in percentage])
        )._jc
    elif isinstance(percentage, Column):
        # Already a Column
        percentage = _to_java_column(percentage)
    else:
        # Probably scalar
        percentage = _create_column_from_literal(percentage)

    accuracy = (
        _to_java_column(accuracy)
        if isinstance(accuracy, Column)
        else _create_column_from_literal(accuracy)
    )

    return _invoke_function("percentile_approx", _to_java_column(col), percentage, accuracy)


@try_remote_functions
def rand(seed: Optional[int] = None) -> Column:
    """Generates a random column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples
    uniformly distributed in [0.0, 1.0).

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic in general case.

    Parameters
    ----------
    seed : int (default: None)
        seed value for random generator.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        random values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(2)
    >>> df.withColumn('rand', rand(seed=42) * 3).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    +---+------------------+
    | id|              rand|
    +---+------------------+
    |  0|1.4385751892400076|
    |  1|1.7082186019706387|
    +---+------------------+
    """
    if seed is not None:
        return _invoke_function("rand", seed)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("rand")


@try_remote_functions
def randn(seed: Optional[int] = None) -> Column:
    """Generates a column with independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples from
    the standard normal distribution.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic in general case.

    Parameters
    ----------
    seed : int (default: None)
        seed value for random generator.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        random values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(2)
    >>> df.withColumn('randn', randn(seed=42)).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    +---+--------------------+
    | id|               randn|
    +---+--------------------+
    |  0|-0.04167221574820542|
    |  1| 0.15241403986452778|
    +---+--------------------+
    """
    if seed is not None:
        return _invoke_function("randn", seed)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("randn")


@try_remote_functions
def round(col: "ColumnOrName", scale: int = 0) -> Column:
    """
    Round the given value to `scale` decimal places using HALF_UP rounding mode if `scale` >= 0
    or at integral part when `scale` < 0.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column to round.
    scale : int optional default 0
        scale value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        rounded values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([(2.5,)], ['a']).select(round('a', 0).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=3.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("round", _to_java_column(col), scale)


@try_remote_functions
def bround(col: "ColumnOrName", scale: int = 0) -> Column:
    """
    Round the given value to `scale` decimal places using HALF_EVEN rounding mode if `scale` >= 0
    or at integral part when `scale` < 0.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column to round.
    scale : int optional default 0
        scale value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        rounded values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([(2.5,)], ['a']).select(bround('a', 0).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=2.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("bround", _to_java_column(col), scale)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftLeft(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """Shift the given value numBits left.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 3.2.0
        Use :func:`shiftleft` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 3.2, use shiftleft instead.", FutureWarning)
    return shiftleft(col, numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftleft(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """Shift the given value numBits left.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to shift.
    numBits : int
        number of bits to shift.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        shifted value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([(21,)], ['a']).select(shiftleft('a', 1).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=42)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("shiftleft", _to_java_column(col), numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftRight(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """(Signed) shift the given value numBits right.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 3.2.0
        Use :func:`shiftright` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 3.2, use shiftright instead.", FutureWarning)
    return shiftright(col, numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftright(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """(Signed) shift the given value numBits right.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to shift.
    numBits : int
        number of bits to shift.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        shifted values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([(42,)], ['a']).select(shiftright('a', 1).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=21)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("shiftright", _to_java_column(col), numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftRightUnsigned(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """Unsigned shift the given value numBits right.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    .. deprecated:: 3.2.0
        Use :func:`shiftrightunsigned` instead.
    """
    warnings.warn("Deprecated in 3.2, use shiftrightunsigned instead.", FutureWarning)
    return shiftrightunsigned(col, numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def shiftrightunsigned(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """Unsigned shift the given value numBits right.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to shift.
    numBits : int
        number of bits to shift.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        shifted value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(-42,)], ['a'])
    >>> df.select(shiftrightunsigned('a', 1).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=9223372036854775787)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("shiftrightunsigned", _to_java_column(col), numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def spark_partition_id() -> Column:
    """A column for partition ID.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    This is non deterministic because it depends on data partitioning and task scheduling.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        partition id the record belongs to.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(2)
    >>> df.repartition(1).select(spark_partition_id().alias("pid")).collect()
    [Row(pid=0), Row(pid=0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("spark_partition_id")


@try_remote_functions
def expr(str: str) -> Column:
    """Parses the expression string into the column that it represents

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : str
        expression defined in string.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column representing the expression.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([["Alice"], ["Bob"]], ["name"])
    >>> df.select("name", expr("length(name)")).show()
    +-----+------------+
    | name|length(name)|
    +-----+------------+
    |Alice|           5|
    |  Bob|           3|
    +-----+------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("expr", str)


@overload
def struct(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def struct(__cols: Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def struct(
    *cols: Union["ColumnOrName", Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]]
) -> Column:
    """Creates a new struct column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : list, set, str or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s to contain in the output struct.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a struct type column of given columns.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df.select(struct('age', 'name').alias("struct")).collect()
    [Row(struct=Row(age=2, name='Alice')), Row(struct=Row(age=5, name='Bob'))]
    >>> df.select(struct([df.age, df.name]).alias("struct")).collect()
    [Row(struct=Row(age=2, name='Alice')), Row(struct=Row(age=5, name='Bob'))]
    """
    if len(cols) == 1 and isinstance(cols[0], (list, set)):
        cols = cols[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("struct", cols)  # type: ignore[arg-type]


@try_remote_functions
def greatest(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the greatest value of the list of column names, skipping null values.
    This function takes at least 2 parameters. It will return null if all parameters are null.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        columns to check for gratest value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        gratest value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, 4, 3)], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
    >>> df.select(greatest(df.a, df.b, df.c).alias("greatest")).collect()
    [Row(greatest=4)]
    """
    if len(cols) < 2:
        raise PySparkValueError(
            error_class="WRONG_NUM_COLUMNS",
            message_parameters={"func_name": "greatest", "num_cols": "2"},
        )
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("greatest", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def least(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the least value of the list of column names, skipping null values.
    This function takes at least 2 parameters. It will return null if all parameters are null.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or columns to be compared

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        least value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, 4, 3)], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
    >>> df.select(least(df.a, df.b, df.c).alias("least")).collect()
    [Row(least=1)]
    """
    if len(cols) < 2:
        raise PySparkValueError(
            error_class="WRONG_NUM_COLUMNS",
            message_parameters={"func_name": "least", "num_cols": "2"},
        )
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("least", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def when(condition: Column, value: Any) -> Column:
    """Evaluates a list of conditions and returns one of multiple possible result expressions.
    If :func:`pyspark.sql.Column.otherwise` is not invoked, None is returned for unmatched
    conditions.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    condition : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a boolean :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` expression.
    value :
        a literal value, or a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` expression.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        column representing when expression.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(3)
    >>> df.select(when(df['id'] == 2, 3).otherwise(4).alias("age")).show()
    +---+
    |age|
    +---+
    |  4|
    |  4|
    |  3|
    +---+

    >>> df.select(when(df.id == 2, df.id + 1).alias("age")).show()
    +----+
    | age|
    +----+
    |null|
    |null|
    |   3|
    +----+
    """
    # Explicitly not using ColumnOrName type here to make reading condition less opaque
    if not isinstance(condition, Column):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "condition", "arg_type": type(condition).__name__},
        )
    v = value._jc if isinstance(value, Column) else value

    return _invoke_function("when", condition._jc, v)


@overload  # type: ignore[no-redef]
def log(arg1: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def log(arg1: float, arg2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def log(arg1: Union["ColumnOrName", float], arg2: Optional["ColumnOrName"] = None) -> Column:
    """Returns the first argument-based logarithm of the second argument.

    If there is only one argument, then this takes the natural logarithm of the argument.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    arg1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, str or float
        base number or actual number (in this case base is `e`)
    arg2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, str or float
        number to calculate logariphm for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        logariphm of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([10, 100, 1000], "INT")
    >>> df.select(log(10.0, df.value).alias('ten')).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    +---+
    |ten|
    +---+
    |1.0|
    |2.0|
    |3.0|
    +---+

    And Natural logarithm

    >>> df.select(log(df.value)).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    +-----------------+
    |        ln(value)|
    +-----------------+
    |2.302585092994046|
    |4.605170185988092|
    |4.605170185988092|
    +-----------------+
    """
    if arg2 is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("log", cast("ColumnOrName", arg1))
    else:
        return _invoke_function("log", arg1, _to_java_column(arg2))


@try_remote_functions
def log2(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns the base-2 logarithm of the argument.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column to calculate logariphm for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        logariphm of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(4,)], ['a'])
    >>> df.select(log2('a').alias('log2')).show()
    +----+
    |log2|
    +----+
    | 2.0|
    +----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("log2", col)


@try_remote_functions
def conv(col: "ColumnOrName", fromBase: int, toBase: int) -> Column:
    """
    Convert a number in a string column from one base to another.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column to convert base for.
    fromBase: int
        from base number.
    toBase: int
        to base number.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        logariphm of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("010101",)], ['n'])
    >>> df.select(conv(df.n, 2, 16).alias('hex')).collect()
    [Row(hex='15')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("conv", _to_java_column(col), fromBase, toBase)


@try_remote_functions
def factorial(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the factorial of the given value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column to calculate factorial for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        factorial of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(5,)], ['n'])
    >>> df.select(factorial(df.n).alias('f')).collect()
    [Row(f=120)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("factorial", col)


# ---------------  Window functions ------------------------


@try_remote_functions
def lag(col: "ColumnOrName", offset: int = 1, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the value that is `offset` rows before the current row, and
    `default` if there is less than `offset` rows before the current row. For example,
    an `offset` of one will return the previous row at any given point in the window partition.

    This is equivalent to the LAG function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    offset : int, optional default 1
        number of row to extend
    default : optional
        default value

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value before current row based on `offset`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("a", 1),
    ...                             ("a", 2),
    ...                             ("a", 3),
    ...                             ("b", 8),
    ...                             ("b", 2)], ["c1", "c2"])
    >>> df.show()
    +---+---+
    | c1| c2|
    +---+---+
    |  a|  1|
    |  a|  2|
    |  a|  3|
    |  b|  8|
    |  b|  2|
    +---+---+
    >>> w = Window.partitionBy("c1").orderBy("c2")
    >>> df.withColumn("previos_value", lag("c2").over(w)).show()
    +---+---+-------------+
    | c1| c2|previos_value|
    +---+---+-------------+
    |  a|  1|         null|
    |  a|  2|            1|
    |  a|  3|            2|
    |  b|  2|         null|
    |  b|  8|            2|
    +---+---+-------------+
    >>> df.withColumn("previos_value", lag("c2", 1, 0).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+-------------+
    | c1| c2|previos_value|
    +---+---+-------------+
    |  a|  1|            0|
    |  a|  2|            1|
    |  a|  3|            2|
    |  b|  2|            0|
    |  b|  8|            2|
    +---+---+-------------+
    >>> df.withColumn("previos_value", lag("c2", 2, -1).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+-------------+
    | c1| c2|previos_value|
    +---+---+-------------+
    |  a|  1|           -1|
    |  a|  2|           -1|
    |  a|  3|            1|
    |  b|  2|           -1|
    |  b|  8|           -1|
    +---+---+-------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("lag", _to_java_column(col), offset, default)


@try_remote_functions
def lead(col: "ColumnOrName", offset: int = 1, default: Optional[Any] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the value that is `offset` rows after the current row, and
    `default` if there is less than `offset` rows after the current row. For example,
    an `offset` of one will return the next row at any given point in the window partition.

    This is equivalent to the LEAD function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    offset : int, optional default 1
        number of row to extend
    default : optional
        default value

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value after current row based on `offset`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("a", 1),
    ...                             ("a", 2),
    ...                             ("a", 3),
    ...                             ("b", 8),
    ...                             ("b", 2)], ["c1", "c2"])
    >>> df.show()
    +---+---+
    | c1| c2|
    +---+---+
    |  a|  1|
    |  a|  2|
    |  a|  3|
    |  b|  8|
    |  b|  2|
    +---+---+
    >>> w = Window.partitionBy("c1").orderBy("c2")
    >>> df.withColumn("next_value", lead("c2").over(w)).show()
    +---+---+----------+
    | c1| c2|next_value|
    +---+---+----------+
    |  a|  1|         2|
    |  a|  2|         3|
    |  a|  3|      null|
    |  b|  2|         8|
    |  b|  8|      null|
    +---+---+----------+
    >>> df.withColumn("next_value", lead("c2", 1, 0).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+----------+
    | c1| c2|next_value|
    +---+---+----------+
    |  a|  1|         2|
    |  a|  2|         3|
    |  a|  3|         0|
    |  b|  2|         8|
    |  b|  8|         0|
    +---+---+----------+
    >>> df.withColumn("next_value", lead("c2", 2, -1).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+----------+
    | c1| c2|next_value|
    +---+---+----------+
    |  a|  1|         3|
    |  a|  2|        -1|
    |  a|  3|        -1|
    |  b|  2|        -1|
    |  b|  8|        -1|
    +---+---+----------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("lead", _to_java_column(col), offset, default)


@try_remote_functions
def nth_value(col: "ColumnOrName", offset: int, ignoreNulls: Optional[bool] = False) -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the value that is the `offset`\\th row of the window frame
    (counting from 1), and `null` if the size of window frame is less than `offset` rows.

    It will return the `offset`\\th non-null value it sees when `ignoreNulls` is set to
    true. If all values are null, then null is returned.

    This is equivalent to the nth_value function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    offset : int
        number of row to use as the value
    ignoreNulls : bool, optional
        indicates the Nth value should skip null in the
        determination of which row to use

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value of nth row.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("a", 1),
    ...                             ("a", 2),
    ...                             ("a", 3),
    ...                             ("b", 8),
    ...                             ("b", 2)], ["c1", "c2"])
    >>> df.show()
    +---+---+
    | c1| c2|
    +---+---+
    |  a|  1|
    |  a|  2|
    |  a|  3|
    |  b|  8|
    |  b|  2|
    +---+---+
    >>> w = Window.partitionBy("c1").orderBy("c2")
    >>> df.withColumn("nth_value", nth_value("c2", 1).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+---------+
    | c1| c2|nth_value|
    +---+---+---------+
    |  a|  1|        1|
    |  a|  2|        1|
    |  a|  3|        1|
    |  b|  2|        2|
    |  b|  8|        2|
    +---+---+---------+
    >>> df.withColumn("nth_value", nth_value("c2", 2).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+---------+
    | c1| c2|nth_value|
    +---+---+---------+
    |  a|  1|     null|
    |  a|  2|        2|
    |  a|  3|        2|
    |  b|  2|     null|
    |  b|  8|        8|
    +---+---+---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("nth_value", _to_java_column(col), offset, ignoreNulls)


@try_remote_functions
def ntile(n: int) -> Column:
    """
    Window function: returns the ntile group id (from 1 to `n` inclusive)
    in an ordered window partition. For example, if `n` is 4, the first
    quarter of the rows will get value 1, the second quarter will get 2,
    the third quarter will get 3, and the last quarter will get 4.

    This is equivalent to the NTILE function in SQL.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    n : int
        an integer

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        portioned group id.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Window
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("a", 1),
    ...                             ("a", 2),
    ...                             ("a", 3),
    ...                             ("b", 8),
    ...                             ("b", 2)], ["c1", "c2"])
    >>> df.show()
    +---+---+
    | c1| c2|
    +---+---+
    |  a|  1|
    |  a|  2|
    |  a|  3|
    |  b|  8|
    |  b|  2|
    +---+---+
    >>> w = Window.partitionBy("c1").orderBy("c2")
    >>> df.withColumn("ntile", ntile(2).over(w)).show()
    +---+---+-----+
    | c1| c2|ntile|
    +---+---+-----+
    |  a|  1|    1|
    |  a|  2|    1|
    |  a|  3|    2|
    |  b|  2|    1|
    |  b|  8|    2|
    +---+---+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function("ntile", int(n))


# ---------------------- Date/Timestamp functions ------------------------------


@try_remote_functions
def current_date() -> Column:
    """
    Returns the current date at the start of query evaluation as a :class:`DateType` column.
    All calls of current_date within the same query return the same value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        current date.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(current_date()).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    +--------------+
    |current_date()|
    +--------------+
    |    2022-08-26|
    +--------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("current_date")


@try_remote_functions
def current_timestamp() -> Column:
    """
    Returns the current timestamp at the start of query evaluation as a :class:`TimestampType`
    column. All calls of current_timestamp within the same query return the same value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        current date and time.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(current_timestamp()).show(truncate=False) # doctest: +SKIP
    +-----------------------+
    |current_timestamp()    |
    +-----------------------+
    |2022-08-26 21:23:22.716|
    +-----------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("current_timestamp")


@try_remote_functions
def localtimestamp() -> Column:
    """
    Returns the current timestamp without time zone at the start of query evaluation
    as a timestamp without time zone column. All calls of localtimestamp within the
    same query return the same value.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        current local date and time.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(localtimestamp()).show(truncate=False) # doctest: +SKIP
    +-----------------------+
    |localtimestamp()       |
    +-----------------------+
    |2022-08-26 21:28:34.639|
    +-----------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("localtimestamp")


@try_remote_functions
def date_format(date: "ColumnOrName", format: str) -> Column:
    """
    Converts a date/timestamp/string to a value of string in the format specified by the date
    format given by the second argument.

    A pattern could be for instance `dd.MM.yyyy` and could return a string like '18.03.1993'. All
    pattern letters of `datetime pattern`_. can be used.

    .. _datetime pattern: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    Whenever possible, use specialized functions like `year`.

    Parameters
    ----------
    date : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to format.
    format: str
        format to use to represent datetime values.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string value representing formatted datetime.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(date_format('dt', 'MM/dd/yyy').alias('date')).collect()
    [Row(date='04/08/2015')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("date_format", _to_java_column(date), format)


@try_remote_functions
def year(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the year of a given date/timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        year part of the date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(year('dt').alias('year')).collect()
    [Row(year=2015)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("year", col)


@try_remote_functions
def quarter(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the quarter of a given date/timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        quarter of the date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(quarter('dt').alias('quarter')).collect()
    [Row(quarter=2)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("quarter", col)


@try_remote_functions
def month(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the month of a given date/timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        month part of the date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(month('dt').alias('month')).collect()
    [Row(month=4)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("month", col)


@try_remote_functions
def dayofweek(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the day of the week of a given date/timestamp as integer.
    Ranges from 1 for a Sunday through to 7 for a Saturday

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        day of the week for given date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(dayofweek('dt').alias('day')).collect()
    [Row(day=4)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("dayofweek", col)


@try_remote_functions
def dayofmonth(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the day of the month of a given date/timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        day of the month for given date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(dayofmonth('dt').alias('day')).collect()
    [Row(day=8)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("dayofmonth", col)


@try_remote_functions
def dayofyear(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the day of the year of a given date/timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        day of the year for given date/timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(dayofyear('dt').alias('day')).collect()
    [Row(day=98)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("dayofyear", col)


@try_remote_functions
def hour(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the hours of a given timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hour part of the timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import datetime
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 8, 13, 8, 15),)], ['ts'])
    >>> df.select(hour('ts').alias('hour')).collect()
    [Row(hour=13)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("hour", col)


@try_remote_functions
def minute(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the minutes of a given timestamp as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        minutes part of the timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import datetime
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 8, 13, 8, 15),)], ['ts'])
    >>> df.select(minute('ts').alias('minute')).collect()
    [Row(minute=8)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("minute", col)


@try_remote_functions
def second(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the seconds of a given date as integer.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date/timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        `seconds` part of the timestamp as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import datetime
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(datetime.datetime(2015, 4, 8, 13, 8, 15),)], ['ts'])
    >>> df.select(second('ts').alias('second')).collect()
    [Row(second=15)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("second", col)


@try_remote_functions
def weekofyear(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Extract the week number of a given date as integer.
    A week is considered to start on a Monday and week 1 is the first week with more than 3 days,
    as defined by ISO 8601

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        `week` of the year for given date as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> df.select(weekofyear(df.dt).alias('week')).collect()
    [Row(week=15)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("weekofyear", col)


@try_remote_functions
def make_date(year: "ColumnOrName", month: "ColumnOrName", day: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a column with a date built from the year, month and day columns.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    year : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        The year to build the date
    month : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        The month to build the date
    day : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        The day to build the date

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a date built from given parts.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(2020, 6, 26)], ['Y', 'M', 'D'])
    >>> df.select(make_date(df.Y, df.M, df.D).alias("datefield")).collect()
    [Row(datefield=datetime.date(2020, 6, 26))]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("make_date", year, month, day)


@try_remote_functions
def date_add(start: "ColumnOrName", days: Union["ColumnOrName", int]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the date that is `days` days after `start`. If `days` is a negative value
    then these amount of days will be deducted from `start`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        date column to work on.
    days : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        how many days after the given date to calculate.
        Accepts negative value as well to calculate backwards in time.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a date after/before given number of days.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08', 2,)], ['dt', 'add'])
    >>> df.select(date_add(df.dt, 1).alias('next_date')).collect()
    [Row(next_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 9))]
    >>> df.select(date_add(df.dt, df.add.cast('integer')).alias('next_date')).collect()
    [Row(next_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 10))]
    >>> df.select(date_add('dt', -1).alias('prev_date')).collect()
    [Row(prev_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 7))]
    """
    days = lit(days) if isinstance(days, int) else days
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("date_add", start, days)


@try_remote_functions
def date_sub(start: "ColumnOrName", days: Union["ColumnOrName", int]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the date that is `days` days before `start`. If `days` is a negative value
    then these amount of days will be added to `start`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        date column to work on.
    days : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        how many days before the given date to calculate.
        Accepts negative value as well to calculate forward in time.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a date before/after given number of days.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08', 2,)], ['dt', 'sub'])
    >>> df.select(date_sub(df.dt, 1).alias('prev_date')).collect()
    [Row(prev_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 7))]
    >>> df.select(date_sub(df.dt, df.sub.cast('integer')).alias('prev_date')).collect()
    [Row(prev_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 6))]
    >>> df.select(date_sub('dt', -1).alias('next_date')).collect()
    [Row(next_date=datetime.date(2015, 4, 9))]
    """
    days = lit(days) if isinstance(days, int) else days
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("date_sub", start, days)


@try_remote_functions
def datediff(end: "ColumnOrName", start: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the number of days from `start` to `end`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    end : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        to date column to work on.
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        from date column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        difference in days between two dates.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08','2015-05-10')], ['d1', 'd2'])
    >>> df.select(datediff(df.d2, df.d1).alias('diff')).collect()
    [Row(diff=32)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("datediff", end, start)


@try_remote_functions
def add_months(start: "ColumnOrName", months: Union["ColumnOrName", int]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the date that is `months` months after `start`. If `months` is a negative value
    then these amount of months will be deducted from the `start`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        date column to work on.
    months : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        how many months after the given date to calculate.
        Accepts negative value as well to calculate backwards.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a date after/before given number of months.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08', 2)], ['dt', 'add'])
    >>> df.select(add_months(df.dt, 1).alias('next_month')).collect()
    [Row(next_month=datetime.date(2015, 5, 8))]
    >>> df.select(add_months(df.dt, df.add.cast('integer')).alias('next_month')).collect()
    [Row(next_month=datetime.date(2015, 6, 8))]
    >>> df.select(add_months('dt', -2).alias('prev_month')).collect()
    [Row(prev_month=datetime.date(2015, 2, 8))]
    """
    months = lit(months) if isinstance(months, int) else months
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("add_months", start, months)


@try_remote_functions
def months_between(date1: "ColumnOrName", date2: "ColumnOrName", roundOff: bool = True) -> Column:
    """
    Returns number of months between dates date1 and date2.
    If date1 is later than date2, then the result is positive.
    A whole number is returned if both inputs have the same day of month or both are the last day
    of their respective months. Otherwise, the difference is calculated assuming 31 days per month.
    The result is rounded off to 8 digits unless `roundOff` is set to `False`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    date1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first date column.
    date2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second date column.
    roundOff : bool, optional
        whether to round (to 8 digits) the final value or not (default: True).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        number of months between two dates.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00', '1996-10-30')], ['date1', 'date2'])
    >>> df.select(months_between(df.date1, df.date2).alias('months')).collect()
    [Row(months=3.94959677)]
    >>> df.select(months_between(df.date1, df.date2, False).alias('months')).collect()
    [Row(months=3.9495967741935485)]
    """
    return _invoke_function(
        "months_between", _to_java_column(date1), _to_java_column(date2), roundOff
    )


@try_remote_functions
def to_date(col: "ColumnOrName", format: Optional[str] = None) -> Column:
    """Converts a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` into :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DateType`
    using the optionally specified format. Specify formats according to `datetime pattern`_.
    By default, it follows casting rules to :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DateType` if the format
    is omitted. Equivalent to ``col.cast("date")``.

    .. _datetime pattern: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html

    .. versionadded:: 2.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to convert.
    format: str, optional
        format to use to convert date values.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        date value as :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DateType` type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00',)], ['t'])
    >>> df.select(to_date(df.t).alias('date')).collect()
    [Row(date=datetime.date(1997, 2, 28))]

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00',)], ['t'])
    >>> df.select(to_date(df.t, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss').alias('date')).collect()
    [Row(date=datetime.date(1997, 2, 28))]
    """
    if format is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("to_date", col)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("to_date", _to_java_column(col), format)


@overload
def to_timestamp(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def to_timestamp(col: "ColumnOrName", format: str) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def to_timestamp(col: "ColumnOrName", format: Optional[str] = None) -> Column:
    """Converts a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` into :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType`
    using the optionally specified format. Specify formats according to `datetime pattern`_.
    By default, it follows casting rules to :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType` if the format
    is omitted. Equivalent to ``col.cast("timestamp")``.

    .. _datetime pattern: https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-ref-datetime-pattern.html

    .. versionadded:: 2.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column values to convert.
    format: str, optional
        format to use to convert timestamp values.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        timestamp value as :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType` type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00',)], ['t'])
    >>> df.select(to_timestamp(df.t).alias('dt')).collect()
    [Row(dt=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 10, 30))]

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00',)], ['t'])
    >>> df.select(to_timestamp(df.t, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss').alias('dt')).collect()
    [Row(dt=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 10, 30))]
    """
    if format is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("to_timestamp", col)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("to_timestamp", _to_java_column(col), format)


@try_remote_functions
def trunc(date: "ColumnOrName", format: str) -> Column:
    """
    Returns date truncated to the unit specified by the format.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    date : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to truncate.
    format : str
        'year', 'yyyy', 'yy' to truncate by year,
        or 'month', 'mon', 'mm' to truncate by month
        Other options are: 'week', 'quarter'

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        truncated date.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28',)], ['d'])
    >>> df.select(trunc(df.d, 'year').alias('year')).collect()
    [Row(year=datetime.date(1997, 1, 1))]
    >>> df.select(trunc(df.d, 'mon').alias('month')).collect()
    [Row(month=datetime.date(1997, 2, 1))]
    """
    return _invoke_function("trunc", _to_java_column(date), format)


@try_remote_functions
def date_trunc(format: str, timestamp: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns timestamp truncated to the unit specified by the format.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    format : str
        'year', 'yyyy', 'yy' to truncate by year,
        'month', 'mon', 'mm' to truncate by month,
        'day', 'dd' to truncate by day,
        Other options are:
        'microsecond', 'millisecond', 'second', 'minute', 'hour', 'week', 'quarter'
    timestamp : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to truncate.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        truncated timestamp.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 05:02:11',)], ['t'])
    >>> df.select(date_trunc('year', df.t).alias('year')).collect()
    [Row(year=datetime.datetime(1997, 1, 1, 0, 0))]
    >>> df.select(date_trunc('mon', df.t).alias('month')).collect()
    [Row(month=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 1, 0, 0))]
    """
    return _invoke_function("date_trunc", format, _to_java_column(timestamp))


@try_remote_functions
def next_day(date: "ColumnOrName", dayOfWeek: str) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the first date which is later than the value of the date column
    based on second `week day` argument.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    date : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.
    dayOfWeek : str
        day of the week, case-insensitive, accepts:
            "Mon", "Tue", "Wed", "Thu", "Fri", "Sat", "Sun"

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column of computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-07-27',)], ['d'])
    >>> df.select(next_day(df.d, 'Sun').alias('date')).collect()
    [Row(date=datetime.date(2015, 8, 2))]
    """
    return _invoke_function("next_day", _to_java_column(date), dayOfWeek)


@try_remote_functions
def last_day(date: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the last day of the month which the given date belongs to.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    date : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        last day of the month.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-10',)], ['d'])
    >>> df.select(last_day(df.d).alias('date')).collect()
    [Row(date=datetime.date(1997, 2, 28))]
    """
    return _invoke_function("last_day", _to_java_column(date))


@try_remote_functions
def from_unixtime(timestamp: "ColumnOrName", format: str = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss") -> Column:
    """
    Converts the number of seconds from unix epoch (1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to a string
    representing the timestamp of that moment in the current system time zone in the given
    format.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timestamp : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column of unix time values.
    format : str, optional
        format to use to convert to (default: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss)

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        formatted timestamp as string.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.conf.set("spark.sql.session.timeZone", "America/Los_Angeles")
    >>> time_df = spark.createDataFrame([(1428476400,)], ['unix_time'])
    >>> time_df.select(from_unixtime('unix_time').alias('ts')).collect()
    [Row(ts='2015-04-08 00:00:00')]
    >>> spark.conf.unset("spark.sql.session.timeZone")
    """
    return _invoke_function("from_unixtime", _to_java_column(timestamp), format)


@overload
def unix_timestamp(timestamp: "ColumnOrName", format: str = ...) -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def unix_timestamp() -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def unix_timestamp(
    timestamp: Optional["ColumnOrName"] = None, format: str = "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss"
) -> Column:
    """
    Convert time string with given pattern ('yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss', by default)
    to Unix time stamp (in seconds), using the default timezone and the default
    locale, returns null if failed.

    if `timestamp` is None, then it returns current timestamp.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timestamp : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str, optional
        timestamps of string values.
    format : str, optional
        alternative format to use for converting (default: yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        unix time as long integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.conf.set("spark.sql.session.timeZone", "America/Los_Angeles")
    >>> time_df = spark.createDataFrame([('2015-04-08',)], ['dt'])
    >>> time_df.select(unix_timestamp('dt', 'yyyy-MM-dd').alias('unix_time')).collect()
    [Row(unix_time=1428476400)]
    >>> spark.conf.unset("spark.sql.session.timeZone")
    """
    if timestamp is None:
        return _invoke_function("unix_timestamp")
    return _invoke_function("unix_timestamp", _to_java_column(timestamp), format)


@try_remote_functions
def from_utc_timestamp(timestamp: "ColumnOrName", tz: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    This is a common function for databases supporting TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE. This function
    takes a timestamp which is timezone-agnostic, and interprets it as a timestamp in UTC, and
    renders that timestamp as a timestamp in the given time zone.

    However, timestamp in Spark represents number of microseconds from the Unix epoch, which is not
    timezone-agnostic. So in Spark this function just shift the timestamp value from UTC timezone to
    the given timezone.

    This function may return confusing result if the input is a string with timezone, e.g.
    '2018-03-13T06:18:23+00:00'. The reason is that, Spark firstly cast the string to timestamp
    according to the timezone in the string, and finally display the result by converting the
    timestamp to string according to the session local timezone.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timestamp : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        the column that contains timestamps
    tz : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        A string detailing the time zone ID that the input should be adjusted to. It should
        be in the format of either region-based zone IDs or zone offsets. Region IDs must
        have the form 'area/city', such as 'America/Los_Angeles'. Zone offsets must be in
        the format '(+|-)HH:mm', for example '-08:00' or '+01:00'. Also 'UTC' and 'Z' are
        supported as aliases of '+00:00'. Other short names are not recommended to use
        because they can be ambiguous.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.4
           `tz` can take a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` containing timezone ID strings.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        timestamp value represented in given timezone.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00', 'JST')], ['ts', 'tz'])
    >>> df.select(from_utc_timestamp(df.ts, "PST").alias('local_time')).collect()
    [Row(local_time=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 2, 30))]
    >>> df.select(from_utc_timestamp(df.ts, df.tz).alias('local_time')).collect()
    [Row(local_time=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 19, 30))]
    """
    if isinstance(tz, Column):
        tz = _to_java_column(tz)
    return _invoke_function("from_utc_timestamp", _to_java_column(timestamp), tz)


@try_remote_functions
def to_utc_timestamp(timestamp: "ColumnOrName", tz: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    This is a common function for databases supporting TIMESTAMP WITHOUT TIMEZONE. This function
    takes a timestamp which is timezone-agnostic, and interprets it as a timestamp in the given
    timezone, and renders that timestamp as a timestamp in UTC.

    However, timestamp in Spark represents number of microseconds from the Unix epoch, which is not
    timezone-agnostic. So in Spark this function just shift the timestamp value from the given
    timezone to UTC timezone.

    This function may return confusing result if the input is a string with timezone, e.g.
    '2018-03-13T06:18:23+00:00'. The reason is that, Spark firstly cast the string to timestamp
    according to the timezone in the string, and finally display the result by converting the
    timestamp to string according to the session local timezone.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timestamp : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        the column that contains timestamps
    tz : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        A string detailing the time zone ID that the input should be adjusted to. It should
        be in the format of either region-based zone IDs or zone offsets. Region IDs must
        have the form 'area/city', such as 'America/Los_Angeles'. Zone offsets must be in
        the format '(+|-)HH:mm', for example '-08:00' or '+01:00'. Also 'UTC' and 'Z' are
        supported as aliases of '+00:00'. Other short names are not recommended to use
        because they can be ambiguous.

        .. versionchanged:: 2.4.0
           `tz` can take a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` containing timezone ID strings.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        timestamp value represented in UTC timezone.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('1997-02-28 10:30:00', 'JST')], ['ts', 'tz'])
    >>> df.select(to_utc_timestamp(df.ts, "PST").alias('utc_time')).collect()
    [Row(utc_time=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 18, 30))]
    >>> df.select(to_utc_timestamp(df.ts, df.tz).alias('utc_time')).collect()
    [Row(utc_time=datetime.datetime(1997, 2, 28, 1, 30))]
    """
    if isinstance(tz, Column):
        tz = _to_java_column(tz)
    return _invoke_function("to_utc_timestamp", _to_java_column(timestamp), tz)


@try_remote_functions
def timestamp_seconds(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Converts the number of seconds from the Unix epoch (1970-01-01T00:00:00Z)
    to a timestamp.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        unix time values.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        converted timestamp value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import timestamp_seconds
    >>> spark.conf.set("spark.sql.session.timeZone", "UTC")
    >>> time_df = spark.createDataFrame([(1230219000,)], ['unix_time'])
    >>> time_df.select(timestamp_seconds(time_df.unix_time).alias('ts')).show()
    +-------------------+
    |                 ts|
    +-------------------+
    |2008-12-25 15:30:00|
    +-------------------+
    >>> time_df.select(timestamp_seconds('unix_time').alias('ts')).printSchema()
    root
     |-- ts: timestamp (nullable = true)
    >>> spark.conf.unset("spark.sql.session.timeZone")
    """

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("timestamp_seconds", col)


@try_remote_functions
def window(
    timeColumn: "ColumnOrName",
    windowDuration: str,
    slideDuration: Optional[str] = None,
    startTime: Optional[str] = None,
) -> Column:
    """Bucketize rows into one or more time windows given a timestamp specifying column. Window
    starts are inclusive but the window ends are exclusive, e.g. 12:05 will be in the window
    [12:05,12:10) but not in [12:00,12:05). Windows can support microsecond precision. Windows in
    the order of months are not supported.

    The time column must be of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType`.

    Durations are provided as strings, e.g. '1 second', '1 day 12 hours', '2 minutes'. Valid
    interval strings are 'week', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second', 'millisecond', 'microsecond'.
    If the ``slideDuration`` is not provided, the windows will be tumbling windows.

    The startTime is the offset with respect to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC with which to start
    window intervals. For example, in order to have hourly tumbling windows that start 15 minutes
    past the hour, e.g. 12:15-13:15, 13:15-14:15... provide `startTime` as `15 minutes`.

    The output column will be a struct called 'window' by default with the nested columns 'start'
    and 'end', where 'start' and 'end' will be of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType`.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timeColumn : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        The column or the expression to use as the timestamp for windowing by time.
        The time column must be of TimestampType or TimestampNTZType.
    windowDuration : str
        A string specifying the width of the window, e.g. `10 minutes`,
        `1 second`. Check `org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.CalendarInterval` for
        valid duration identifiers. Note that the duration is a fixed length of
        time, and does not vary over time according to a calendar. For example,
        `1 day` always means 86,400,000 milliseconds, not a calendar day.
    slideDuration : str, optional
        A new window will be generated every `slideDuration`. Must be less than
        or equal to the `windowDuration`. Check
        `org.apache.spark.unsafe.types.CalendarInterval` for valid duration
        identifiers. This duration is likewise absolute, and does not vary
        according to a calendar.
    startTime : str, optional
        The offset with respect to 1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC with which to start
        window intervals. For example, in order to have hourly tumbling windows that
        start 15 minutes past the hour, e.g. 12:15-13:15, 13:15-14:15... provide
        `startTime` as `15 minutes`.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import datetime
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(datetime.datetime(2016, 3, 11, 9, 0, 7), 1)],
    ... ).toDF("date", "val")
    >>> w = df.groupBy(window("date", "5 seconds")).agg(sum("val").alias("sum"))
    >>> w.select(w.window.start.cast("string").alias("start"),
    ...          w.window.end.cast("string").alias("end"), "sum").collect()
    [Row(start='2016-03-11 09:00:05', end='2016-03-11 09:00:10', sum=1)]
    """

    def check_string_field(field, fieldName):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
        if not field or type(field) is not str:
            raise PySparkTypeError(
                error_class="NOT_STR",
                message_parameters={"arg_name": fieldName, "arg_type": type(field).__name__},
            )

    time_col = _to_java_column(timeColumn)
    check_string_field(windowDuration, "windowDuration")
    if slideDuration and startTime:
        check_string_field(slideDuration, "slideDuration")
        check_string_field(startTime, "startTime")
        return _invoke_function("window", time_col, windowDuration, slideDuration, startTime)
    elif slideDuration:
        check_string_field(slideDuration, "slideDuration")
        return _invoke_function("window", time_col, windowDuration, slideDuration)
    elif startTime:
        check_string_field(startTime, "startTime")
        return _invoke_function("window", time_col, windowDuration, windowDuration, startTime)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("window", time_col, windowDuration)


@try_remote_functions
def window_time(
    windowColumn: "ColumnOrName",
) -> Column:
    """Computes the event time from a window column. The column window values are produced
    by window aggregating operators and are of type `STRUCT<start: TIMESTAMP, end: TIMESTAMP>`
    where start is inclusive and end is exclusive. The event time of records produced by window
    aggregating operators can be computed as ``window_time(window)`` and are
    ``window.end - lit(1).alias("microsecond")`` (as microsecond is the minimal supported event
    time precision). The window column must be one produced by a window aggregating operator.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    windowColumn : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        The window column of a window aggregate records.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> import datetime
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(datetime.datetime(2016, 3, 11, 9, 0, 7), 1)],
    ... ).toDF("date", "val")

    Group the data into 5 second time windows and aggregate as sum.

    >>> w = df.groupBy(window("date", "5 seconds")).agg(sum("val").alias("sum"))

    Extract the window event time using the window_time function.

    >>> w.select(
    ...     w.window.end.cast("string").alias("end"),
    ...     window_time(w.window).cast("string").alias("window_time"),
    ...     "sum"
    ... ).collect()
    [Row(end='2016-03-11 09:00:10', window_time='2016-03-11 09:00:09.999999', sum=1)]
    """
    window_col = _to_java_column(windowColumn)
    return _invoke_function("window_time", window_col)


@try_remote_functions
def session_window(timeColumn: "ColumnOrName", gapDuration: Union[Column, str]) -> Column:
    """
    Generates session window given a timestamp specifying column.
    Session window is one of dynamic windows, which means the length of window is varying
    according to the given inputs. The length of session window is defined as "the timestamp
    of latest input of the session + gap duration", so when the new inputs are bound to the
    current session window, the end time of session window can be expanded according to the new
    inputs.
    Windows can support microsecond precision. Windows in the order of months are not supported.
    For a streaming query, you may use the function `current_timestamp` to generate windows on
    processing time.
    gapDuration is provided as strings, e.g. '1 second', '1 day 12 hours', '2 minutes'. Valid
    interval strings are 'week', 'day', 'hour', 'minute', 'second', 'millisecond', 'microsecond'.
    It could also be a Column which can be evaluated to gap duration dynamically based on the
    input row.
    The output column will be a struct called 'session_window' by default with the nested columns
    'start' and 'end', where 'start' and 'end' will be of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.TimestampType`.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    timeColumn : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        The column name or column to use as the timestamp for windowing by time.
        The time column must be of TimestampType or TimestampNTZType.
    gapDuration : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        A Python string literal or column specifying the timeout of the session. It could be
        static value, e.g. `10 minutes`, `1 second`, or an expression/UDF that specifies gap
        duration dynamically based on the input row.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("2016-03-11 09:00:07", 1)]).toDF("date", "val")
    >>> w = df.groupBy(session_window("date", "5 seconds")).agg(sum("val").alias("sum"))
    >>> w.select(w.session_window.start.cast("string").alias("start"),
    ...          w.session_window.end.cast("string").alias("end"), "sum").collect()
    [Row(start='2016-03-11 09:00:07', end='2016-03-11 09:00:12', sum=1)]
    >>> w = df.groupBy(session_window("date", lit("5 seconds"))).agg(sum("val").alias("sum"))
    >>> w.select(w.session_window.start.cast("string").alias("start"),
    ...          w.session_window.end.cast("string").alias("end"), "sum").collect()
    [Row(start='2016-03-11 09:00:07', end='2016-03-11 09:00:12', sum=1)]
    """

    def check_field(field: Union[Column, str], fieldName: str) -> None:
        if field is None or not isinstance(field, (str, Column)):
            raise PySparkTypeError(
                error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
                message_parameters={"arg_name": fieldName, "arg_type": type(field).__name__},
            )

    time_col = _to_java_column(timeColumn)
    check_field(gapDuration, "gapDuration")
    gap_duration = gapDuration if isinstance(gapDuration, str) else _to_java_column(gapDuration)
    return _invoke_function("session_window", time_col, gap_duration)


# ---------------------------- misc functions ----------------------------------


@try_remote_functions
def crc32(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Calculates the cyclic redundancy check value  (CRC32) of a binary column and
    returns the value as a bigint.

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ABC',)], ['a']).select(crc32('a').alias('crc32')).collect()
    [Row(crc32=2743272264)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("crc32", col)


@try_remote_functions
def md5(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Calculates the MD5 digest and returns the value as a 32 character hex string.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ABC',)], ['a']).select(md5('a').alias('hash')).collect()
    [Row(hash='902fbdd2b1df0c4f70b4a5d23525e932')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("md5", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sha1(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns the hex string result of SHA-1.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ABC',)], ['a']).select(sha1('a').alias('hash')).collect()
    [Row(hash='3c01bdbb26f358bab27f267924aa2c9a03fcfdb8')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sha1", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sha2(col: "ColumnOrName", numBits: int) -> Column:
    """Returns the hex string result of SHA-2 family of hash functions (SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384,
    and SHA-512). The numBits indicates the desired bit length of the result, which must have a
    value of 224, 256, 384, 512, or 0 (which is equivalent to 256).

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to compute on.
    numBits : int
        the desired bit length of the result, which must have a
        value of 224, 256, 384, 512, or 0 (which is equivalent to 256).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([["Alice"], ["Bob"]], ["name"])
    >>> df.withColumn("sha2", sha2(df.name, 256)).show(truncate=False)
    +-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |name |sha2                                                            |
    +-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
    |Alice|3bc51062973c458d5a6f2d8d64a023246354ad7e064b1e4e009ec8a0699a3043|
    |Bob  |cd9fb1e148ccd8442e5aa74904cc73bf6fb54d1d54d333bd596aa9bb4bb4e961|
    +-----+----------------------------------------------------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("sha2", _to_java_column(col), numBits)


@try_remote_functions
def hash(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Calculates the hash code of given columns, and returns the result as an int column.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        one or more columns to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hash value as int column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('ABC', 'DEF')], ['c1', 'c2'])

    Hash for one column

    >>> df.select(hash('c1').alias('hash')).show()
    +----------+
    |      hash|
    +----------+
    |-757602832|
    +----------+

    Two or more columns

    >>> df.select(hash('c1', 'c2').alias('hash')).show()
    +---------+
    |     hash|
    +---------+
    |599895104|
    +---------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("hash", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def xxhash64(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Calculates the hash code of given columns using the 64-bit variant of the xxHash algorithm,
    and returns the result as a long column. The hash computation uses an initial seed of 42.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        one or more columns to compute on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hash value as long column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('ABC', 'DEF')], ['c1', 'c2'])

    Hash for one column

    >>> df.select(xxhash64('c1').alias('hash')).show()
    +-------------------+
    |               hash|
    +-------------------+
    |4105715581806190027|
    +-------------------+

    Two or more columns

    >>> df.select(xxhash64('c1', 'c2').alias('hash')).show()
    +-------------------+
    |               hash|
    +-------------------+
    |3233247871021311208|
    +-------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("xxhash64", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def assert_true(col: "ColumnOrName", errMsg: Optional[Union[Column, str]] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Returns `null` if the input column is `true`; throws an exception
    with the provided error message otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column that represents the input column to test
    errMsg : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str, optional
        A Python string literal or column containing the error message

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        `null` if the input column is `true` otherwise throws an error with specified message.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(0,1)], ['a', 'b'])
    >>> df.select(assert_true(df.a < df.b).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=None)]
    >>> df.select(assert_true(df.a < df.b, df.a).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=None)]
    >>> df.select(assert_true(df.a < df.b, 'error').alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=None)]
    >>> df.select(assert_true(df.a > df.b, 'My error msg').alias('r')).collect() # doctest: +SKIP
    ...
    java.lang.RuntimeException: My error msg
    ...
    """
    if errMsg is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("assert_true", col)
    if not isinstance(errMsg, (str, Column)):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "errMsg", "arg_type": type(errMsg).__name__},
        )

    errMsg = (
        _create_column_from_literal(errMsg) if isinstance(errMsg, str) else _to_java_column(errMsg)
    )
    return _invoke_function("assert_true", _to_java_column(col), errMsg)


@try_remote_functions
def raise_error(errMsg: Union[Column, str]) -> Column:
    """
    Throws an exception with the provided error message.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    errMsg : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        A Python string literal or column containing the error message

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        throws an error with specified message.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(raise_error("My error message")).show() # doctest: +SKIP
    ...
    java.lang.RuntimeException: My error message
    ...
    """
    if not isinstance(errMsg, (str, Column)):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "errMsg", "arg_type": type(errMsg).__name__},
        )

    errMsg = (
        _create_column_from_literal(errMsg) if isinstance(errMsg, str) else _to_java_column(errMsg)
    )
    return _invoke_function("raise_error", errMsg)


# ---------------------- String/Binary functions ------------------------------


@try_remote_functions
def upper(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Converts a string expression to upper case.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        upper case values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["Spark", "PySpark", "Pandas API"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(upper("value")).show()
    +------------+
    |upper(value)|
    +------------+
    |       SPARK|
    |     PYSPARK|
    |  PANDAS API|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("upper", col)


@try_remote_functions
def lower(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Converts a string expression to lower case.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        lower case values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["Spark", "PySpark", "Pandas API"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(lower("value")).show()
    +------------+
    |lower(value)|
    +------------+
    |       spark|
    |     pyspark|
    |  pandas api|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("lower", col)


@try_remote_functions
def ascii(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the numeric value of the first character of the string column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        numeric value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["Spark", "PySpark", "Pandas API"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(ascii("value")).show()
    +------------+
    |ascii(value)|
    +------------+
    |          83|
    |          80|
    |          80|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("ascii", col)


@try_remote_functions
def base64(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Computes the BASE64 encoding of a binary column and returns it as a string column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        BASE64 encoding of string value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["Spark", "PySpark", "Pandas API"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(base64("value")).show()
    +----------------+
    |   base64(value)|
    +----------------+
    |        U3Bhcms=|
    |    UHlTcGFyaw==|
    |UGFuZGFzIEFQSQ==|
    +----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("base64", col)


@try_remote_functions
def unbase64(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Decodes a BASE64 encoded string column and returns it as a binary column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        encoded string value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["U3Bhcms=",
    ...                             "UHlTcGFyaw==",
    ...                             "UGFuZGFzIEFQSQ=="], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(unbase64("value")).show()
    +--------------------+
    |     unbase64(value)|
    +--------------------+
    |    [53 70 61 72 6B]|
    |[50 79 53 70 61 7...|
    |[50 61 6E 64 61 7...|
    +--------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("unbase64", col)


@try_remote_functions
def ltrim(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Trim the spaces from left end for the specified string value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        left trimmed values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["   Spark", "Spark  ", " Spark"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(ltrim("value").alias("r")).withColumn("length", length("r")).show()
    +-------+------+
    |      r|length|
    +-------+------+
    |  Spark|     5|
    |Spark  |     7|
    |  Spark|     5|
    +-------+------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("ltrim", col)


@try_remote_functions
def rtrim(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Trim the spaces from right end for the specified string value.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        right trimmed values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["   Spark", "Spark  ", " Spark"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(rtrim("value").alias("r")).withColumn("length", length("r")).show()
    +--------+------+
    |       r|length|
    +--------+------+
    |   Spark|     8|
    |   Spark|     5|
    |   Spark|     6|
    +--------+------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("rtrim", col)


@try_remote_functions
def trim(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Trim the spaces from both ends for the specified string column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        trimmed values from both sides.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(["   Spark", "Spark  ", " Spark"], "STRING")
    >>> df.select(trim("value").alias("r")).withColumn("length", length("r")).show()
    +-----+------+
    |    r|length|
    +-----+------+
    |Spark|     5|
    |Spark|     5|
    |Spark|     5|
    +-----+------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("trim", col)


@try_remote_functions
def concat_ws(sep: str, *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Concatenates multiple input string columns together into a single string column,
    using the given separator.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    sep : str
        words separator.
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        list of columns to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string of concatenated words.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd','123')], ['s', 'd'])
    >>> df.select(concat_ws('-', df.s, df.d).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='abcd-123')]
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function("concat_ws", sep, _to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column))


@try_remote_functions
def decode(col: "ColumnOrName", charset: str) -> Column:
    """
    Computes the first argument into a string from a binary using the provided character set
    (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16').

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    charset : str
        charset to use to decode to.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['a'])
    >>> df.select(decode("a", "UTF-8")).show()
    +----------------+
    |decode(a, UTF-8)|
    +----------------+
    |            abcd|
    +----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("decode", _to_java_column(col), charset)


@try_remote_functions
def encode(col: "ColumnOrName", charset: str) -> Column:
    """
    Computes the first argument into a binary from a string using the provided character set
    (one of 'US-ASCII', 'ISO-8859-1', 'UTF-8', 'UTF-16BE', 'UTF-16LE', 'UTF-16').

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    charset : str
        charset to use to encode.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column for computed results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['c'])
    >>> df.select(encode("c", "UTF-8")).show()
    +----------------+
    |encode(c, UTF-8)|
    +----------------+
    |   [61 62 63 64]|
    +----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("encode", _to_java_column(col), charset)


@try_remote_functions
def format_number(col: "ColumnOrName", d: int) -> Column:
    """
    Formats the number X to a format like '#,--#,--#.--', rounded to d decimal places
    with HALF_EVEN round mode, and returns the result as a string.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        the column name of the numeric value to be formatted
    d : int
        the N decimal places

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column of formatted results.

    >>> spark.createDataFrame([(5,)], ['a']).select(format_number('a', 4).alias('v')).collect()
    [Row(v='5.0000')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("format_number", _to_java_column(col), d)


@try_remote_functions
def format_string(format: str, *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Formats the arguments in printf-style and returns the result as a string column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    format : str
        string that can contain embedded format tags and used as result column's value
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s to be used in formatting

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        the column of formatted results.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(5, "hello")], ['a', 'b'])
    >>> df.select(format_string('%d %s', df.a, df.b).alias('v')).collect()
    [Row(v='5 hello')]
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function("format_string", format, _to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column))


@try_remote_functions
def instr(str: "ColumnOrName", substr: str) -> Column:
    """
    Locate the position of the first occurrence of substr column in the given string.
    Returns null if either of the arguments are null.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if substr
    could not be found in str.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    substr : str
        substring to look for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        location of the first occurence of the substring as integer.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(instr(df.s, 'b').alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s=2)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("instr", _to_java_column(str), substr)


@try_remote_functions
def overlay(
    src: "ColumnOrName",
    replace: "ColumnOrName",
    pos: Union["ColumnOrName", int],
    len: Union["ColumnOrName", int] = -1,
) -> Column:
    """
    Overlay the specified portion of `src` with `replace`,
    starting from byte position `pos` of `src` and proceeding for `len` bytes.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    src : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column containing the string that will be replaced
    replace : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column containing the substitution string
    pos : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        column name, column, or int containing the starting position in src
    len : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int, optional
        column name, column, or int containing the number of bytes to replace in src
        string by 'replace' defaults to -1, which represents the length of the 'replace' string

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string with replaced values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("SPARK_SQL", "CORE")], ("x", "y"))
    >>> df.select(overlay("x", "y", 7).alias("overlayed")).collect()
    [Row(overlayed='SPARK_CORE')]
    >>> df.select(overlay("x", "y", 7, 0).alias("overlayed")).collect()
    [Row(overlayed='SPARK_CORESQL')]
    >>> df.select(overlay("x", "y", 7, 2).alias("overlayed")).collect()
    [Row(overlayed='SPARK_COREL')]
    """
    if not isinstance(pos, (int, str, Column)):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_INT_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "pos", "arg_type": type(pos).__name__},
        )
    if len is not None and not isinstance(len, (int, str, Column)):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_INT_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "len", "arg_type": type(len).__name__},
        )

    pos = _create_column_from_literal(pos) if isinstance(pos, int) else _to_java_column(pos)
    len = _create_column_from_literal(len) if isinstance(len, int) else _to_java_column(len)

    return _invoke_function("overlay", _to_java_column(src), _to_java_column(replace), pos, len)


@try_remote_functions
def sentences(
    string: "ColumnOrName",
    language: Optional["ColumnOrName"] = None,
    country: Optional["ColumnOrName"] = None,
) -> Column:
    """
    Splits a string into arrays of sentences, where each sentence is an array of words.
    The 'language' and 'country' arguments are optional, and if omitted, the default locale is used.

    .. versionadded:: 3.2.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    string : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a string to be split
    language : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str, optional
        a language of the locale
    country : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str, optional
        a country of the locale

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        arrays of split sentences.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([["This is an example sentence."]], ["string"])
    >>> df.select(sentences(df.string, lit("en"), lit("US"))).show(truncate=False)
    +-----------------------------------+
    |sentences(string, en, US)          |
    +-----------------------------------+
    |[[This, is, an, example, sentence]]|
    +-----------------------------------+
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([["Hello world. How are you?"]], ["s"])
    >>> df.select(sentences("s")).show(truncate=False)
    +---------------------------------+
    |sentences(s, , )                 |
    +---------------------------------+
    |[[Hello, world], [How, are, you]]|
    +---------------------------------+
    """
    if language is None:
        language = lit("")
    if country is None:
        country = lit("")

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("sentences", string, language, country)


@try_remote_functions
def substring(str: "ColumnOrName", pos: int, len: int) -> Column:
    """
    Substring starts at `pos` and is of length `len` when str is String type or
    returns the slice of byte array that starts at `pos` in byte and is of length `len`
    when str is Binary type.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not zero based, but 1 based index.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    pos : int
        starting position in str.
    len : int
        length of chars.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        substring of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(substring(df.s, 1, 2).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='ab')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("substring", _to_java_column(str), pos, len)


@try_remote_functions
def substring_index(str: "ColumnOrName", delim: str, count: int) -> Column:
    """
    Returns the substring from string str before count occurrences of the delimiter delim.
    If count is positive, everything the left of the final delimiter (counting from left) is
    returned. If count is negative, every to the right of the final delimiter (counting from the
    right) is returned. substring_index performs a case-sensitive match when searching for delim.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    delim : str
        delimiter of values.
    count : int
        number of occurences.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        substring of given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('a.b.c.d',)], ['s'])
    >>> df.select(substring_index(df.s, '.', 2).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='a.b')]
    >>> df.select(substring_index(df.s, '.', -3).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='b.c.d')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("substring_index", _to_java_column(str), delim, count)


@try_remote_functions
def levenshtein(left: "ColumnOrName", right: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Computes the Levenshtein distance of the two given strings.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    left : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        first column value.
    right : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        second column value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        Levenshtein distance as integer value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df0 = spark.createDataFrame([('kitten', 'sitting',)], ['l', 'r'])
    >>> df0.select(levenshtein('l', 'r').alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d=3)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("levenshtein", left, right)


@try_remote_functions
def locate(substr: str, str: "ColumnOrName", pos: int = 1) -> Column:
    """
    Locate the position of the first occurrence of substr in a string column, after position pos.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    substr : str
        a string
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a Column of :class:`pyspark.sql.types.StringType`
    pos : int, optional
        start position (zero based)

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        position of the substring.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if substr
    could not be found in str.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(locate('b', df.s, 1).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s=2)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("locate", substr, _to_java_column(str), pos)


@try_remote_functions
def lpad(col: "ColumnOrName", len: int, pad: str) -> Column:
    """
    Left-pad the string column to width `len` with `pad`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    len : int
        length of the final string.
    pad : str
        chars to prepend.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        left padded result.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(lpad(df.s, 6, '#').alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='##abcd')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("lpad", _to_java_column(col), len, pad)


@try_remote_functions
def rpad(col: "ColumnOrName", len: int, pad: str) -> Column:
    """
    Right-pad the string column to width `len` with `pad`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    len : int
        length of the final string.
    pad : str
        chars to append.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        right padded result.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(rpad(df.s, 6, '#').alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='abcd##')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("rpad", _to_java_column(col), len, pad)


@try_remote_functions
def repeat(col: "ColumnOrName", n: int) -> Column:
    """
    Repeats a string column n times, and returns it as a new string column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    n : int
        number of times to repeat value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string with repeated values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('ab',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(repeat(df.s, 3).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='ababab')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("repeat", _to_java_column(col), n)


@try_remote_functions
def split(str: "ColumnOrName", pattern: str, limit: int = -1) -> Column:
    """
    Splits str around matches of the given pattern.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a string expression to split
    pattern : str
        a string representing a regular expression. The regex string should be
        a Java regular expression.
    limit : int, optional
        an integer which controls the number of times `pattern` is applied.

        * ``limit > 0``: The resulting array's length will not be more than `limit`, and the
                         resulting array's last entry will contain all input beyond the last
                         matched pattern.
        * ``limit <= 0``: `pattern` will be applied as many times as possible, and the resulting
                          array can be of any size.

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0
           `split` now takes an optional `limit` field. If not provided, default limit value is -1.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        array of separated strings.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('oneAtwoBthreeC',)], ['s',])
    >>> df.select(split(df.s, '[ABC]', 2).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s=['one', 'twoBthreeC'])]
    >>> df.select(split(df.s, '[ABC]', -1).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s=['one', 'two', 'three', ''])]
    """
    return _invoke_function("split", _to_java_column(str), pattern, limit)


@try_remote_functions
def regexp_extract(str: "ColumnOrName", pattern: str, idx: int) -> Column:
    r"""Extract a specific group matched by a Java regex, from the specified string column.
    If the regex did not match, or the specified group did not match, an empty string is returned.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    str : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    pattern : str
        regex pattern to apply.
    idx : int
        matched group id.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        matched value specified by `idx` group id.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('100-200',)], ['str'])
    >>> df.select(regexp_extract('str', r'(\d+)-(\d+)', 1).alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d='100')]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('foo',)], ['str'])
    >>> df.select(regexp_extract('str', r'(\d+)', 1).alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d='')]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('aaaac',)], ['str'])
    >>> df.select(regexp_extract('str', '(a+)(b)?(c)', 2).alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d='')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("regexp_extract", _to_java_column(str), pattern, idx)


@try_remote_functions
def regexp_replace(
    string: "ColumnOrName", pattern: Union[str, Column], replacement: Union[str, Column]
) -> Column:
    r"""Replace all substrings of the specified string value that match regexp with replacement.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    string : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column containing the string value
    pattern : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column object or str containing the regexp pattern
    replacement : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column object or str containing the replacement

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string with all substrings replaced.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("100-200", r"(\d+)", "--")], ["str", "pattern", "replacement"])
    >>> df.select(regexp_replace('str', r'(\d+)', '--').alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d='-----')]
    >>> df.select(regexp_replace("str", col("pattern"), col("replacement")).alias('d')).collect()
    [Row(d='-----')]
    """
    if isinstance(pattern, str):
        pattern_col = _create_column_from_literal(pattern)
    else:
        pattern_col = _to_java_column(pattern)
    if isinstance(replacement, str):
        replacement_col = _create_column_from_literal(replacement)
    else:
        replacement_col = _to_java_column(replacement)
    return _invoke_function("regexp_replace", _to_java_column(string), pattern_col, replacement_col)


@try_remote_functions
def initcap(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Translate the first letter of each word to upper case in the sentence.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string with all first letters are uppercase in each word.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ab cd',)], ['a']).select(initcap("a").alias('v')).collect()
    [Row(v='Ab Cd')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("initcap", col)


@try_remote_functions
def soundex(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns the SoundEx encoding for a string

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        SoundEx encoded string.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Peters",),("Uhrbach",)], ['name'])
    >>> df.select(soundex(df.name).alias("soundex")).collect()
    [Row(soundex='P362'), Row(soundex='U612')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("soundex", col)


@try_remote_functions
def bin(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Returns the string representation of the binary value of the given column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        binary representation of given value as string.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([2,5], "INT")
    >>> df.select(bin(df.value).alias('c')).collect()
    [Row(c='10'), Row(c='101')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("bin", col)


@try_remote_functions
def hex(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Computes hex value of the given column, which could be :class:`pyspark.sql.types.StringType`,
    :class:`pyspark.sql.types.BinaryType`, :class:`pyspark.sql.types.IntegerType` or
    :class:`pyspark.sql.types.LongType`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        hexadecimal representation of given value as string.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ABC', 3)], ['a', 'b']).select(hex('a'), hex('b')).collect()
    [Row(hex(a)='414243', hex(b)='3')]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("hex", col)


@try_remote_functions
def unhex(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Inverse of hex. Interprets each pair of characters as a hexadecimal number
    and converts to the byte representation of number.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string representation of given hexadecimal value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('414243',)], ['a']).select(unhex('a')).collect()
    [Row(unhex(a)=bytearray(b'ABC'))]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("unhex", col)


@try_remote_functions
def length(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Computes the character length of string data or number of bytes of binary data.
    The length of character data includes the trailing spaces. The length of binary data
    includes binary zeros.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        length of the value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('ABC ',)], ['a']).select(length('a').alias('length')).collect()
    [Row(length=4)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("length", col)


@try_remote_functions
def octet_length(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Calculates the byte length for the specified string column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        Source column or strings

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        Byte length of the col

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import octet_length
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('cat',), ( '\U0001F408',)], ['cat']) \\
    ...      .select(octet_length('cat')).collect()
        [Row(octet_length(cat)=3), Row(octet_length(cat)=4)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("octet_length", col)


@try_remote_functions
def bit_length(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Calculates the bit length for the specified string column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        Source column or strings

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        Bit length of the col

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import bit_length
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('cat',), ( '\U0001F408',)], ['cat']) \\
    ...      .select(bit_length('cat')).collect()
        [Row(bit_length(cat)=24), Row(bit_length(cat)=32)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("bit_length", col)


@try_remote_functions
def translate(srcCol: "ColumnOrName", matching: str, replace: str) -> Column:
    """A function translate any character in the `srcCol` by a character in `matching`.
    The characters in `replace` is corresponding to the characters in `matching`.
    Translation will happen whenever any character in the string is matching with the character
    in the `matching`.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    srcCol : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        Source column or strings
    matching : str
        matching characters.
    replace : str
        characters for replacement. If this is shorter than `matching` string then
        those chars that don't have replacement will be dropped.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        replaced value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> spark.createDataFrame([('translate',)], ['a']).select(translate('a', "rnlt", "123") \\
    ...     .alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r='1a2s3ae')]
    """
    return _invoke_function("translate", _to_java_column(srcCol), matching, replace)


# ---------------------- Collection functions ------------------------------


@overload
def create_map(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def create_map(__cols: Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def create_map(
    *cols: Union["ColumnOrName", Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]]
) -> Column:
    """Creates a new map column.

    .. versionadded:: 2.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s that are
        grouped as key-value pairs, e.g. (key1, value1, key2, value2, ...).

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df.select(create_map('name', 'age').alias("map")).collect()
    [Row(map={'Alice': 2}), Row(map={'Bob': 5})]
    >>> df.select(create_map([df.name, df.age]).alias("map")).collect()
    [Row(map={'Alice': 2}), Row(map={'Bob': 5})]
    """
    if len(cols) == 1 and isinstance(cols[0], (list, set)):
        cols = cols[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("map", cols)  # type: ignore[arg-type]


@try_remote_functions
def map_from_arrays(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """Creates a new map from two arrays.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing a set of keys. All elements should not be null
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing a set of values

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of map type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 5], ['a', 'b'])], ['k', 'v'])
    >>> df = df.select(map_from_arrays(df.k, df.v).alias("col"))
    >>> df.show()
    +----------------+
    |             col|
    +----------------+
    |{2 -> a, 5 -> b}|
    +----------------+
    >>> df.printSchema()
    root
     |-- col: map (nullable = true)
     |    |-- key: long
     |    |-- value: string (valueContainsNull = true)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("map_from_arrays", col1, col2)


@overload
def array(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def array(__cols: Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def array(
    *cols: Union["ColumnOrName", Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]]
) -> Column:
    """Creates a new array column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s that have
        the same data type.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of array type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([("Alice", 2), ("Bob", 5)], ("name", "age"))
    >>> df.select(array('age', 'age').alias("arr")).collect()
    [Row(arr=[2, 2]), Row(arr=[5, 5])]
    >>> df.select(array([df.age, df.age]).alias("arr")).collect()
    [Row(arr=[2, 2]), Row(arr=[5, 5])]
    >>> df.select(array('age', 'age').alias("col")).printSchema()
    root
     |-- col: array (nullable = false)
     |    |-- element: long (containsNull = true)
    """
    if len(cols) == 1 and isinstance(cols[0], (list, set)):
        cols = cols[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("array", cols)  # type: ignore[arg-type]


@try_remote_functions
def array_contains(col: "ColumnOrName", value: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns null if the array is null, true if the array contains the
    given value, and false otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    value :
        value or column to check for in array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of Boolean type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["a", "b", "c"],), ([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_contains(df.data, "a")).collect()
    [Row(array_contains(data, a)=True), Row(array_contains(data, a)=False)]
    >>> df.select(array_contains(df.data, lit("a"))).collect()
    [Row(array_contains(data, a)=True), Row(array_contains(data, a)=False)]
    """
    value = value._jc if isinstance(value, Column) else value
    return _invoke_function("array_contains", _to_java_column(col), value)


@try_remote_functions
def arrays_overlap(a1: "ColumnOrName", a2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns true if the arrays contain any common non-null element; if not,
    returns null if both the arrays are non-empty and any of them contains a null element; returns
    false otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of Boolean type.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["a", "b"], ["b", "c"]), (["a"], ["b", "c"])], ['x', 'y'])
    >>> df.select(arrays_overlap(df.x, df.y).alias("overlap")).collect()
    [Row(overlap=True), Row(overlap=False)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("arrays_overlap", a1, a2)


@try_remote_functions
def slice(
    x: "ColumnOrName", start: Union["ColumnOrName", int], length: Union["ColumnOrName", int]
) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns an array containing all the elements in `x` from index `start`
    (array indices start at 1, or from the end if `start` is negative) with the specified `length`.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    x : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column containing the array to be sliced
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        column name, column, or int containing the starting index
    length : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        column name, column, or int containing the length of the slice

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of array type. Subset of array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 2, 3],), ([4, 5],)], ['x'])
    >>> df.select(slice(df.x, 2, 2).alias("sliced")).collect()
    [Row(sliced=[2, 3]), Row(sliced=[5])]
    """
    start = lit(start) if isinstance(start, int) else start
    length = lit(length) if isinstance(length, int) else length

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("slice", x, start, length)


@try_remote_functions
def array_join(
    col: "ColumnOrName", delimiter: str, null_replacement: Optional[str] = None
) -> Column:
    """
    Concatenates the elements of `column` using the `delimiter`. Null values are replaced with
    `null_replacement` if set, otherwise they are ignored.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    delimiter : str
        delimiter used to concatenate elements
    null_replacement : str, optional
        if set then null values will be replaced by this value

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of string type. Concatenated values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["a", "b", "c"],), (["a", None],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_join(df.data, ",").alias("joined")).collect()
    [Row(joined='a,b,c'), Row(joined='a')]
    >>> df.select(array_join(df.data, ",", "NULL").alias("joined")).collect()
    [Row(joined='a,b,c'), Row(joined='a,NULL')]
    """
    get_active_spark_context()
    if null_replacement is None:
        return _invoke_function("array_join", _to_java_column(col), delimiter)
    else:
        return _invoke_function("array_join", _to_java_column(col), delimiter, null_replacement)


@try_remote_functions
def concat(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Concatenates multiple input columns together into a single column.
    The function works with strings, numeric, binary and compatible array columns.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column or columns to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        concatenated values. Type of the `Column` depends on input columns' type.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`pyspark.sql.functions.array_join` : to concatenate string columns with delimiter

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('abcd','123')], ['s', 'd'])
    >>> df = df.select(concat(df.s, df.d).alias('s'))
    >>> df.collect()
    [Row(s='abcd123')]
    >>> df
    DataFrame[s: string]

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 2], [3, 4], [5]), ([1, 2], None, [3])], ['a', 'b', 'c'])
    >>> df = df.select(concat(df.a, df.b, df.c).alias("arr"))
    >>> df.collect()
    [Row(arr=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]), Row(arr=None)]
    >>> df
    DataFrame[arr: array<bigint>]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("concat", cols)


@try_remote_functions
def array_position(col: "ColumnOrName", value: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Locates the position of the first occurrence of the given value
    in the given array. Returns null if either of the arguments are null.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not zero based, but 1 based index. Returns 0 if the given
    value could not be found in the array.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.
    value : Any
        value to look for.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        position of the value in the given array if found and 0 otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["c", "b", "a"],), ([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_position(df.data, "a")).collect()
    [Row(array_position(data, a)=3), Row(array_position(data, a)=0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("array_position", _to_java_column(col), value)


@try_remote_functions
def element_at(col: "ColumnOrName", extraction: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns element of array at given index in `extraction` if col is array.
    Returns value for the given key in `extraction` if col is map. If position is negative
    then location of the element will start from end, if number is outside the
    array boundaries then None will be returned.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array or map
    extraction :
        index to check for in array or key to check for in map

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value at given position.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not zero based, but 1 based index.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`get`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["a", "b", "c"],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(element_at(df.data, 1)).collect()
    [Row(element_at(data, 1)='a')]
    >>> df.select(element_at(df.data, -1)).collect()
    [Row(element_at(data, -1)='c')]

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([({"a": 1.0, "b": 2.0},)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(element_at(df.data, lit("a"))).collect()
    [Row(element_at(data, a)=1.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("element_at", col, lit(extraction))


@try_remote_functions
def get(col: "ColumnOrName", index: Union["ColumnOrName", int]) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns element of array at given (0-based) index.
    If the index points outside of the array boundaries, then this function
    returns NULL.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    index : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        index to check for in array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        value at given position.

    Notes
    -----
    The position is not 1 based, but 0 based index.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`element_at`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["a", "b", "c"], 1)], ['data', 'index'])
    >>> df.select(get(df.data, 1)).show()
    +------------+
    |get(data, 1)|
    +------------+
    |           b|
    +------------+

    >>> df.select(get(df.data, -1)).show()
    +-------------+
    |get(data, -1)|
    +-------------+
    |         null|
    +-------------+

    >>> df.select(get(df.data, 3)).show()
    +------------+
    |get(data, 3)|
    +------------+
    |        null|
    +------------+

    >>> df.select(get(df.data, "index")).show()
    +----------------+
    |get(data, index)|
    +----------------+
    |               b|
    +----------------+

    >>> df.select(get(df.data, col("index") - 1)).show()
    +----------------------+
    |get(data, (index - 1))|
    +----------------------+
    |                     a|
    +----------------------+
    """
    index = lit(index) if isinstance(index, int) else index

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("get", col, index)


@try_remote_functions
def array_remove(col: "ColumnOrName", element: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Remove all elements that equal to element from the given array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    element :
        element to be removed from the array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array excluding given value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 2, 3, 1, 1],), ([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_remove(df.data, 1)).collect()
    [Row(array_remove(data, 1)=[2, 3]), Row(array_remove(data, 1)=[])]
    """
    return _invoke_function("array_remove", _to_java_column(col), element)


@try_remote_functions
def array_distinct(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: removes duplicate values from the array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of unique values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 2, 3, 2],), ([4, 5, 5, 4],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_distinct(df.data)).collect()
    [Row(array_distinct(data)=[1, 2, 3]), Row(array_distinct(data)=[4, 5])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_distinct", col)


@try_remote_functions
def array_insert(arr: "ColumnOrName", pos: Union["ColumnOrName", int], value: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: adds an item into a given array at a specified array index.
    Array indices start at 1, or start from the end if index is negative.
    Index above array size appends the array, or prepends the array if index is negative,
    with 'null' elements.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    arr : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing an array
    pos : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        name of Numeric type column indicating position of insertion
        (starting at index 1, negative position is a start from the back of the array)
    value :
        a literal value, or a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` expression.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of values, including the new specified value

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(['a', 'b', 'c'], 2, 'd'), (['c', 'b', 'a'], -2, 'd')],
    ...     ['data', 'pos', 'val']
    ... )
    >>> df.select(array_insert(df.data, df.pos.cast('integer'), df.val).alias('data')).collect()
    [Row(data=['a', 'd', 'b', 'c']), Row(data=['c', 'd', 'b', 'a'])]
    >>> df.select(array_insert(df.data, 5, 'hello').alias('data')).collect()
    [Row(data=['a', 'b', 'c', None, 'hello']), Row(data=['c', 'b', 'a', None, 'hello'])]
    """
    pos = lit(pos) if isinstance(pos, int) else pos

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_insert", arr, pos, lit(value))


@try_remote_functions
def array_intersect(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns an array of the elements in the intersection of col1 and col2,
    without duplicates.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of values in the intersection of two arrays.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([Row(c1=["b", "a", "c"], c2=["c", "d", "a", "f"])])
    >>> df.select(array_intersect(df.c1, df.c2)).collect()
    [Row(array_intersect(c1, c2)=['a', 'c'])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_intersect", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def array_union(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns an array of the elements in the union of col1 and col2,
    without duplicates.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of values in union of two arrays.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([Row(c1=["b", "a", "c"], c2=["c", "d", "a", "f"])])
    >>> df.select(array_union(df.c1, df.c2)).collect()
    [Row(array_union(c1, c2)=['b', 'a', 'c', 'd', 'f'])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_union", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def array_except(col1: "ColumnOrName", col2: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns an array of the elements in col1 but not in col2,
    without duplicates.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of values from first array that are not in the second.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([Row(c1=["b", "a", "c"], c2=["c", "d", "a", "f"])])
    >>> df.select(array_except(df.c1, df.c2)).collect()
    [Row(array_except(c1, c2)=['b'])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_except", col1, col2)


@try_remote_functions
def array_compact(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: removes null values from the array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array by exluding the null values.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, None, 2, 3],), ([4, 5, None, 4],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_compact(df.data)).collect()
    [Row(array_compact(data)=[1, 2, 3]), Row(array_compact(data)=[4, 5, 4])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_compact", col)


@try_remote_functions
def array_append(col: "ColumnOrName", value: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns an array of the elements in col1 along
    with the added element in col2 at the last of the array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing array
    value :
        a literal value, or a :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` expression.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of values from first array along with the element.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([Row(c1=["b", "a", "c"], c2="c")])
    >>> df.select(array_append(df.c1, df.c2)).collect()
    [Row(array_append(c1, c2)=['b', 'a', 'c', 'c'])]
    >>> df.select(array_append(df.c1, 'x')).collect()
    [Row(array_append(c1, x)=['b', 'a', 'c', 'x'])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_append", col, lit(value))


@try_remote_functions
def explode(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a new row for each element in the given array or map.
    Uses the default column name `col` for elements in the array and
    `key` and `value` for elements in the map unless specified otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 1.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        one row per array item or map key value.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`pyspark.functions.posexplode`
    :meth:`pyspark.functions.explode_outer`
    :meth:`pyspark.functions.posexplode_outer`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> eDF = spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=1, intlist=[1,2,3], mapfield={"a": "b"})])
    >>> eDF.select(explode(eDF.intlist).alias("anInt")).collect()
    [Row(anInt=1), Row(anInt=2), Row(anInt=3)]

    >>> eDF.select(explode(eDF.mapfield).alias("key", "value")).show()
    +---+-----+
    |key|value|
    +---+-----+
    |  a|    b|
    +---+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("explode", col)


@try_remote_functions
def posexplode(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a new row for each element with position in the given array or map.
    Uses the default column name `pos` for position, and `col` for elements in the
    array and `key` and `value` for elements in the map unless specified otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        one row per array item or map key value including positions as a separate column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> eDF = spark.createDataFrame([Row(a=1, intlist=[1,2,3], mapfield={"a": "b"})])
    >>> eDF.select(posexplode(eDF.intlist)).collect()
    [Row(pos=0, col=1), Row(pos=1, col=2), Row(pos=2, col=3)]

    >>> eDF.select(posexplode(eDF.mapfield)).show()
    +---+---+-----+
    |pos|key|value|
    +---+---+-----+
    |  0|  a|    b|
    +---+---+-----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("posexplode", col)


@try_remote_functions
def inline(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Explodes an array of structs into a table.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to explode.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        generator expression with the inline exploded result.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`explode`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([Row(structlist=[Row(a=1, b=2), Row(a=3, b=4)])])
    >>> df.select(inline(df.structlist)).show()
    +---+---+
    |  a|  b|
    +---+---+
    |  1|  2|
    |  3|  4|
    +---+---+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("inline", col)


@try_remote_functions
def explode_outer(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a new row for each element in the given array or map.
    Unlike explode, if the array/map is null or empty then null is produced.
    Uses the default column name `col` for elements in the array and
    `key` and `value` for elements in the map unless specified otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        one row per array item or map key value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(1, ["foo", "bar"], {"x": 1.0}), (2, [], {}), (3, None, None)],
    ...     ("id", "an_array", "a_map")
    ... )
    >>> df.select("id", "an_array", explode_outer("a_map")).show()
    +---+----------+----+-----+
    | id|  an_array| key|value|
    +---+----------+----+-----+
    |  1|[foo, bar]|   x|  1.0|
    |  2|        []|null| null|
    |  3|      null|null| null|
    +---+----------+----+-----+

    >>> df.select("id", "a_map", explode_outer("an_array")).show()
    +---+----------+----+
    | id|     a_map| col|
    +---+----------+----+
    |  1|{x -> 1.0}| foo|
    |  1|{x -> 1.0}| bar|
    |  2|        {}|null|
    |  3|      null|null|
    +---+----------+----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("explode_outer", col)


@try_remote_functions
def posexplode_outer(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Returns a new row for each element with position in the given array or map.
    Unlike posexplode, if the array/map is null or empty then the row (null, null) is produced.
    Uses the default column name `pos` for position, and `col` for elements in the
    array and `key` and `value` for elements in the map unless specified otherwise.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        one row per array item or map key value including positions as a separate column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(1, ["foo", "bar"], {"x": 1.0}), (2, [], {}), (3, None, None)],
    ...     ("id", "an_array", "a_map")
    ... )
    >>> df.select("id", "an_array", posexplode_outer("a_map")).show()
    +---+----------+----+----+-----+
    | id|  an_array| pos| key|value|
    +---+----------+----+----+-----+
    |  1|[foo, bar]|   0|   x|  1.0|
    |  2|        []|null|null| null|
    |  3|      null|null|null| null|
    +---+----------+----+----+-----+
    >>> df.select("id", "a_map", posexplode_outer("an_array")).show()
    +---+----------+----+----+
    | id|     a_map| pos| col|
    +---+----------+----+----+
    |  1|{x -> 1.0}|   0| foo|
    |  1|{x -> 1.0}|   1| bar|
    |  2|        {}|null|null|
    |  3|      null|null|null|
    +---+----------+----+----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("posexplode_outer", col)


@try_remote_functions
def inline_outer(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Explodes an array of structs into a table.
    Unlike inline, if the array is null or empty then null is produced for each nested column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        input column of values to explode.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        generator expression with the inline exploded result.

    See Also
    --------
    :meth:`explode_outer`
    :meth:`inline`

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     Row(id=1, structlist=[Row(a=1, b=2), Row(a=3, b=4)]),
    ...     Row(id=2, structlist=[])
    ... ])
    >>> df.select('id', inline_outer(df.structlist)).show()
    +---+----+----+
    | id|   a|   b|
    +---+----+----+
    |  1|   1|   2|
    |  1|   3|   4|
    |  2|null|null|
    +---+----+----+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("inline_outer", col)


@try_remote_functions
def get_json_object(col: "ColumnOrName", path: str) -> Column:
    """
    Extracts json object from a json string based on json `path` specified, and returns json string
    of the extracted json object. It will return null if the input json string is invalid.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        string column in json format
    path : str
        path to the json object to extract

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        string representation of given JSON object value.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> data = [("1", '''{"f1": "value1", "f2": "value2"}'''), ("2", '''{"f1": "value12"}''')]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "jstring"))
    >>> df.select(df.key, get_json_object(df.jstring, '$.f1').alias("c0"), \\
    ...                   get_json_object(df.jstring, '$.f2').alias("c1") ).collect()
    [Row(key='1', c0='value1', c1='value2'), Row(key='2', c0='value12', c1=None)]
    """
    return _invoke_function("get_json_object", _to_java_column(col), path)


@try_remote_functions
def json_tuple(col: "ColumnOrName", *fields: str) -> Column:
    """Creates a new row for a json column according to the given field names.

    .. versionadded:: 1.6.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        string column in json format
    fields : str
        a field or fields to extract

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a new row for each given field value from json object

    Examples
    --------
    >>> data = [("1", '''{"f1": "value1", "f2": "value2"}'''), ("2", '''{"f1": "value12"}''')]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "jstring"))
    >>> df.select(df.key, json_tuple(df.jstring, 'f1', 'f2')).collect()
    [Row(key='1', c0='value1', c1='value2'), Row(key='2', c0='value12', c1=None)]
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function("json_tuple", _to_java_column(col), _to_seq(sc, fields))


@try_remote_functions
def from_json(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    schema: Union[ArrayType, StructType, Column, str],
    options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
) -> Column:
    """
    Parses a column containing a JSON string into a :class:`MapType` with :class:`StringType`
    as keys type, :class:`StructType` or :class:`ArrayType` with
    the specified schema. Returns `null`, in the case of an unparseable string.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column or column name in JSON format
    schema : :class:`DataType` or str
        a StructType, ArrayType of StructType or Python string literal with a DDL-formatted string
        to use when parsing the json column
    options : dict, optional
        options to control parsing. accepts the same options as the json datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-json.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.

        .. # noqa

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a new column of complex type from given JSON object.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.types import *
    >>> data = [(1, '''{"a": 1}''')]
    >>> schema = StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType())])
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, schema).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json=Row(a=1))]
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, "a INT").alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json=Row(a=1))]
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, "MAP<STRING,INT>").alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json={'a': 1})]
    >>> data = [(1, '''[{"a": 1}]''')]
    >>> schema = ArrayType(StructType([StructField("a", IntegerType())]))
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, schema).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json=[Row(a=1)])]
    >>> schema = schema_of_json(lit('''{"a": 0}'''))
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, schema).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json=Row(a=None))]
    >>> data = [(1, '''[1, 2, 3]''')]
    >>> schema = ArrayType(IntegerType())
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(from_json(df.value, schema).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json=[1, 2, 3])]
    """

    if isinstance(schema, DataType):
        schema = schema.json()
    elif isinstance(schema, Column):
        schema = _to_java_column(schema)
    return _invoke_function("from_json", _to_java_column(col), schema, _options_to_str(options))


@try_remote_functions
def to_json(col: "ColumnOrName", options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Converts a column containing a :class:`StructType`, :class:`ArrayType` or a :class:`MapType`
    into a JSON string. Throws an exception, in the case of an unsupported type.

    .. versionadded:: 2.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing a struct, an array or a map.
    options : dict, optional
        options to control converting. accepts the same options as the JSON datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-json.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.
        Additionally the function supports the `pretty` option which enables
        pretty JSON generation.

        .. # noqa

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        JSON object as string column.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> from pyspark.sql.types import *
    >>> data = [(1, Row(age=2, name='Alice'))]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_json(df.value).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='{"age":2,"name":"Alice"}')]
    >>> data = [(1, [Row(age=2, name='Alice'), Row(age=3, name='Bob')])]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_json(df.value).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='[{"age":2,"name":"Alice"},{"age":3,"name":"Bob"}]')]
    >>> data = [(1, {"name": "Alice"})]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_json(df.value).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='{"name":"Alice"}')]
    >>> data = [(1, [{"name": "Alice"}, {"name": "Bob"}])]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_json(df.value).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='[{"name":"Alice"},{"name":"Bob"}]')]
    >>> data = [(1, ["Alice", "Bob"])]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_json(df.value).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='["Alice","Bob"]')]
    """

    return _invoke_function("to_json", _to_java_column(col), _options_to_str(options))


@try_remote_functions
def schema_of_json(json: "ColumnOrName", options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Parses a JSON string and infers its schema in DDL format.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    json : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a JSON string or a foldable string column containing a JSON string.
    options : dict, optional
        options to control parsing. accepts the same options as the JSON datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-json.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.

        .. # noqa

        .. versionchanged:: 3.0.0
           It accepts `options` parameter to control schema inferring.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a string representation of a :class:`StructType` parsed from given JSON.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(schema_of_json(lit('{"a": 0}')).alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='STRUCT<a: BIGINT>')]
    >>> schema = schema_of_json('{a: 1}', {'allowUnquotedFieldNames':'true'})
    >>> df.select(schema.alias("json")).collect()
    [Row(json='STRUCT<a: BIGINT>')]
    """
    if isinstance(json, str):
        col = _create_column_from_literal(json)
    elif isinstance(json, Column):
        col = _to_java_column(json)
    else:
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "json", "arg_type": type(json).__name__},
        )

    return _invoke_function("schema_of_json", col, _options_to_str(options))


@try_remote_functions
def schema_of_csv(csv: "ColumnOrName", options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Parses a CSV string and infers its schema in DDL format.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    csv : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a CSV string or a foldable string column containing a CSV string.
    options : dict, optional
        options to control parsing. accepts the same options as the CSV datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-csv.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.

        .. # noqa

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a string representation of a :class:`StructType` parsed from given CSV.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.range(1)
    >>> df.select(schema_of_csv(lit('1|a'), {'sep':'|'}).alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv='STRUCT<_c0: INT, _c1: STRING>')]
    >>> df.select(schema_of_csv('1|a', {'sep':'|'}).alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv='STRUCT<_c0: INT, _c1: STRING>')]
    """
    if isinstance(csv, str):
        col = _create_column_from_literal(csv)
    elif isinstance(csv, Column):
        col = _to_java_column(csv)
    else:
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "csv", "arg_type": type(csv).__name__},
        )

    return _invoke_function("schema_of_csv", col, _options_to_str(options))


@try_remote_functions
def to_csv(col: "ColumnOrName", options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None) -> Column:
    """
    Converts a column containing a :class:`StructType` into a CSV string.
    Throws an exception, in the case of an unsupported type.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column containing a struct.
    options: dict, optional
        options to control converting. accepts the same options as the CSV datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-csv.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.

        .. # noqa

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a CSV string converted from given :class:`StructType`.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql import Row
    >>> data = [(1, Row(age=2, name='Alice'))]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("key", "value"))
    >>> df.select(to_csv(df.value).alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv='2,Alice')]
    """

    return _invoke_function("to_csv", _to_java_column(col), _options_to_str(options))


@try_remote_functions
def size(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns the length of the array or map stored in the column.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        length of the array/map.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 2, 3],),([1],),([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(size(df.data)).collect()
    [Row(size(data)=3), Row(size(data)=1), Row(size(data)=0)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("size", col)


@try_remote_functions
def array_min(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns the minimum value of the array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        minimum value of array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 1, 3],), ([None, 10, -1],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_min(df.data).alias('min')).collect()
    [Row(min=1), Row(min=-1)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_min", col)


@try_remote_functions
def array_max(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns the maximum value of the array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        maximum value of an array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 1, 3],), ([None, 10, -1],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_max(df.data).alias('max')).collect()
    [Row(max=3), Row(max=10)]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_max", col)


@try_remote_functions
def sort_array(col: "ColumnOrName", asc: bool = True) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: sorts the input array in ascending or descending order according
    to the natural ordering of the array elements. Null elements will be placed at the beginning
    of the returned array in ascending order or at the end of the returned array in descending
    order.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    asc : bool, optional
        whether to sort in ascending or descending order. If `asc` is True (default)
        then ascending and if False then descending.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        sorted array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 1, None, 3],),([1],),([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(sort_array(df.data).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[None, 1, 2, 3]), Row(r=[1]), Row(r=[])]
    >>> df.select(sort_array(df.data, asc=False).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[3, 2, 1, None]), Row(r=[1]), Row(r=[])]
    """
    return _invoke_function("sort_array", _to_java_column(col), asc)


@try_remote_functions
def array_sort(
    col: "ColumnOrName", comparator: Optional[Callable[[Column, Column], Column]] = None
) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: sorts the input array in ascending order. The elements of the input array
    must be orderable. Null elements will be placed at the end of the returned array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Can take a `comparator` function.

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    comparator : callable, optional
        A binary ``(Column, Column) -> Column: ...``.
        The comparator will take two
        arguments representing two elements of the array. It returns a negative integer, 0, or a
        positive integer as the first element is less than, equal to, or greater than the second
        element. If the comparator function returns null, the function will fail and raise an error.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        sorted array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 1, None, 3],),([1],),([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_sort(df.data).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[1, 2, 3, None]), Row(r=[1]), Row(r=[])]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(["foo", "foobar", None, "bar"],),(["foo"],),([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_sort(
    ...     "data",
    ...     lambda x, y: when(x.isNull() | y.isNull(), lit(0)).otherwise(length(y) - length(x))
    ... ).alias("r")).collect()
    [Row(r=['foobar', 'foo', None, 'bar']), Row(r=['foo']), Row(r=[])]
    """
    if comparator is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_sort", col)
    else:
        return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArraySort", [col], [comparator])


@try_remote_functions
def shuffle(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Generates a random permutation of the given array.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Notes
    -----
    The function is non-deterministic.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of elements in random order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([1, 20, 3, 5],), ([1, 20, None, 3],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(shuffle(df.data).alias('s')).collect()  # doctest: +SKIP
    [Row(s=[3, 1, 5, 20]), Row(s=[20, None, 3, 1])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("shuffle", col)


@try_remote_functions
def reverse(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: returns a reversed string or an array with reverse order of elements.

    .. versionadded:: 1.5.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        array of elements in reverse order.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('Spark SQL',)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(reverse(df.data).alias('s')).collect()
    [Row(s='LQS krapS')]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([2, 1, 3],) ,([1],) ,([],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(reverse(df.data).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[3, 1, 2]), Row(r=[1]), Row(r=[])]
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("reverse", col)


@try_remote_functions
def flatten(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: creates a single array from an array of arrays.
    If a structure of nested arrays is deeper than two levels,
    only one level of nesting is removed.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        flattened array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]],), ([None, [4, 5]],)], ['data'])
    >>> df.show(truncate=False)
    +------------------------+
    |data                    |
    +------------------------+
    |[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6]]|
    |[null, [4, 5]]          |
    +------------------------+
    >>> df.select(flatten(df.data).alias('r')).show()
    +------------------+
    |                 r|
    +------------------+
    |[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]|
    |              null|
    +------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("flatten", col)


@try_remote_functions
def map_contains_key(col: "ColumnOrName", value: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Returns true if the map contains the key.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    value :
        a literal value

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        True if key is in the map and False otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_contains_key
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT map(1, 'a', 2, 'b') as data")
    >>> df.select(map_contains_key("data", 1)).show()
    +---------------------------------+
    |array_contains(map_keys(data), 1)|
    +---------------------------------+
    |                             true|
    +---------------------------------+
    >>> df.select(map_contains_key("data", -1)).show()
    +----------------------------------+
    |array_contains(map_keys(data), -1)|
    +----------------------------------+
    |                             false|
    +----------------------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function("map_contains_key", _to_java_column(col), value)


@try_remote_functions
def map_keys(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns an unordered array containing the keys of the map.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        keys of the map as an array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_keys
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT map(1, 'a', 2, 'b') as data")
    >>> df.select(map_keys("data").alias("keys")).show()
    +------+
    |  keys|
    +------+
    |[1, 2]|
    +------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("map_keys", col)


@try_remote_functions
def map_values(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns an unordered array containing the values of the map.

    .. versionadded:: 2.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        values of the map as an array.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_values
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT map(1, 'a', 2, 'b') as data")
    >>> df.select(map_values("data").alias("values")).show()
    +------+
    |values|
    +------+
    |[a, b]|
    +------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("map_values", col)


@try_remote_functions
def map_entries(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns an unordered array of all entries in the given map.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of key value pairs as a struct type

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_entries
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT map(1, 'a', 2, 'b') as data")
    >>> df = df.select(map_entries("data").alias("entries"))
    >>> df.show()
    +----------------+
    |         entries|
    +----------------+
    |[{1, a}, {2, b}]|
    +----------------+
    >>> df.printSchema()
    root
     |-- entries: array (nullable = false)
     |    |-- element: struct (containsNull = false)
     |    |    |-- key: integer (nullable = false)
     |    |    |-- value: string (nullable = false)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("map_entries", col)


@try_remote_functions
def map_from_entries(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Converts an array of entries (key value struct types) to a map
    of values.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a map created from the given array of entries.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_from_entries
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT array(struct(1, 'a'), struct(2, 'b')) as data")
    >>> df.select(map_from_entries("data").alias("map")).show()
    +----------------+
    |             map|
    +----------------+
    |{1 -> a, 2 -> b}|
    +----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("map_from_entries", col)


@try_remote_functions
def array_repeat(col: "ColumnOrName", count: Union["ColumnOrName", int]) -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: creates an array containing a column repeated count times.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column name or column that contains the element to be repeated
    count : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str or int
        column name, column, or int containing the number of times to repeat the first argument

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of repeated elements.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([('ab',)], ['data'])
    >>> df.select(array_repeat(df.data, 3).alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=['ab', 'ab', 'ab'])]
    """
    count = lit(count) if isinstance(count, int) else count

    return _invoke_function_over_columns("array_repeat", col, count)


@try_remote_functions
def arrays_zip(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Collection function: Returns a merged array of structs in which the N-th struct contains all
    N-th values of input arrays. If one of the arrays is shorter than others then
    resulting struct type value will be a `null` for missing elements.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        columns of arrays to be merged.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        merged array of entries.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import arrays_zip
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(([1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 6], [3, 6]))], ['vals1', 'vals2', 'vals3'])
    >>> df = df.select(arrays_zip(df.vals1, df.vals2, df.vals3).alias('zipped'))
    >>> df.show(truncate=False)
    +------------------------------------+
    |zipped                              |
    +------------------------------------+
    |[{1, 2, 3}, {2, 4, 6}, {3, 6, null}]|
    +------------------------------------+
    >>> df.printSchema()
    root
     |-- zipped: array (nullable = true)
     |    |-- element: struct (containsNull = false)
     |    |    |-- vals1: long (nullable = true)
     |    |    |-- vals2: long (nullable = true)
     |    |    |-- vals3: long (nullable = true)
    """
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("arrays_zip", cols)


@overload
def map_concat(*cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def map_concat(__cols: Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def map_concat(
    *cols: Union["ColumnOrName", Union[List["ColumnOrName_"], Tuple["ColumnOrName_", ...]]]
) -> Column:
    """Returns the union of all the given maps.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a map of merged entries from other maps.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import map_concat
    >>> df = spark.sql("SELECT map(1, 'a', 2, 'b') as map1, map(3, 'c') as map2")
    >>> df.select(map_concat("map1", "map2").alias("map3")).show(truncate=False)
    +------------------------+
    |map3                    |
    +------------------------+
    |{1 -> a, 2 -> b, 3 -> c}|
    +------------------------+
    """
    if len(cols) == 1 and isinstance(cols[0], (list, set)):
        cols = cols[0]  # type: ignore[assignment]
    return _invoke_function_over_seq_of_columns("map_concat", cols)  # type: ignore[arg-type]


@try_remote_functions
def sequence(
    start: "ColumnOrName", stop: "ColumnOrName", step: Optional["ColumnOrName"] = None
) -> Column:
    """
    Generate a sequence of integers from `start` to `stop`, incrementing by `step`.
    If `step` is not set, incrementing by 1 if `start` is less than or equal to `stop`,
    otherwise -1.

    .. versionadded:: 2.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    start : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        starting value (inclusive)
    stop : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        last values (inclusive)
    step : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str, optional
        value to add to current to get next element (default is 1)

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        an array of sequence values

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df1 = spark.createDataFrame([(-2, 2)], ('C1', 'C2'))
    >>> df1.select(sequence('C1', 'C2').alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[-2, -1, 0, 1, 2])]
    >>> df2 = spark.createDataFrame([(4, -4, -2)], ('C1', 'C2', 'C3'))
    >>> df2.select(sequence('C1', 'C2', 'C3').alias('r')).collect()
    [Row(r=[4, 2, 0, -2, -4])]
    """
    if step is None:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("sequence", start, stop)
    else:
        return _invoke_function_over_columns("sequence", start, stop, step)


@try_remote_functions
def from_csv(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    schema: Union[Column, str],
    options: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
) -> Column:
    """
    Parses a column containing a CSV string to a row with the specified schema.
    Returns `null`, in the case of an unparseable string.

    .. versionadded:: 3.0.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column or column name in CSV format
    schema :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        a column, or Python string literal with schema in DDL format, to use when parsing the CSV column.
    options : dict, optional
        options to control parsing. accepts the same options as the CSV datasource.
        See `Data Source Option <https://spark.apache.org/docs/latest/sql-data-sources-csv.html#data-source-option>`_
        for the version you use.

        .. # noqa

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a column of parsed CSV values

    Examples
    --------
    >>> data = [("1,2,3",)]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("value",))
    >>> df.select(from_csv(df.value, "a INT, b INT, c INT").alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv=Row(a=1, b=2, c=3))]
    >>> value = data[0][0]
    >>> df.select(from_csv(df.value, schema_of_csv(value)).alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv=Row(_c0=1, _c1=2, _c2=3))]
    >>> data = [("   abc",)]
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(data, ("value",))
    >>> options = {'ignoreLeadingWhiteSpace': True}
    >>> df.select(from_csv(df.value, "s string", options).alias("csv")).collect()
    [Row(csv=Row(s='abc'))]
    """

    get_active_spark_context()
    if isinstance(schema, str):
        schema = _create_column_from_literal(schema)
    elif isinstance(schema, Column):
        schema = _to_java_column(schema)
    else:
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_STR",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "schema", "arg_type": type(schema).__name__},
        )

    return _invoke_function("from_csv", _to_java_column(col), schema, _options_to_str(options))


def _unresolved_named_lambda_variable(*name_parts: Any) -> Column:
    """
    Create `o.a.s.sql.expressions.UnresolvedNamedLambdaVariable`,
    convert it to o.s.sql.Column and wrap in Python `Column`

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    name_parts : str
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    name_parts_seq = _to_seq(sc, name_parts)
    expressions = cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions
    return Column(
        cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).Column(expressions.UnresolvedNamedLambdaVariable(name_parts_seq))
    )


def _get_lambda_parameters(f: Callable) -> ValuesView[inspect.Parameter]:
    signature = inspect.signature(f)
    parameters = signature.parameters.values()

    # We should exclude functions that use
    # variable args and keyword argnames
    # as well as keyword only args
    supported_parameter_types = {
        inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
        inspect.Parameter.POSITIONAL_ONLY,
    }

    # Validate that
    # function arity is between 1 and 3
    if not (1 <= len(parameters) <= 3):
        raise PySparkValueError(
            error_class="WRONG_NUM_ARGS_FOR_HIGHER_ORDER_FUNCTION",
            message_parameters={"func_name": f.__name__, "num_args": str(len(parameters))},
        )

    # and all arguments can be used as positional
    if not all(p.kind in supported_parameter_types for p in parameters):
        raise PySparkValueError(
            error_class="UNSUPPORTED_PARAM_TYPE_FOR_HIGHER_ORDER_FUNCTION",
            message_parameters={"func_name": f.__name__},
        )

    return parameters


def _create_lambda(f: Callable) -> Callable:
    """
    Create `o.a.s.sql.expressions.LambdaFunction` corresponding
    to transformation described by f

    :param f: A Python of one of the following forms:
            - (Column) -> Column: ...
            - (Column, Column) -> Column: ...
            - (Column, Column, Column) -> Column: ...
    """
    parameters = _get_lambda_parameters(f)

    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    expressions = cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions

    argnames = ["x", "y", "z"]
    args = [
        _unresolved_named_lambda_variable(
            expressions.UnresolvedNamedLambdaVariable.freshVarName(arg)
        )
        for arg in argnames[: len(parameters)]
    ]

    result = f(*args)

    if not isinstance(result, Column):
        raise PySparkValueError(
            error_class="HIGHER_ORDER_FUNCTION_SHOULD_RETURN_COLUMN",
            message_parameters={"func_name": f.__name__, "return_type": type(result).__name__},
        )

    jexpr = result._jc.expr()
    jargs = _to_seq(sc, [arg._jc.expr() for arg in args])

    return expressions.LambdaFunction(jexpr, jargs, False)


def _invoke_higher_order_function(
    name: str,
    cols: List["ColumnOrName"],
    funs: List[Callable],
) -> Column:
    """
    Invokes expression identified by name,
    (relative to ```org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions``)
    and wraps the result with Column (first Scala one, then Python).

    :param name: Name of the expression
    :param cols: a list of columns
    :param funs: a list of((*Column) -> Column functions.

    :return: a Column
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    expressions = cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).org.apache.spark.sql.catalyst.expressions
    expr = getattr(expressions, name)

    jcols = [_to_java_column(col).expr() for col in cols]
    jfuns = [_create_lambda(f) for f in funs]

    return Column(cast(JVMView, sc._jvm).Column(expr(*jcols + jfuns)))


@overload
def transform(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column], Column]) -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def transform(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def transform(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    f: Union[Callable[[Column], Column], Callable[[Column, Column], Column]],
) -> Column:
    """
    Returns an array of elements after applying a transformation to each element in the input array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        a function that is applied to each element of the input array.
        Can take one of the following forms:

        - Unary ``(x: Column) -> Column: ...``
        - Binary ``(x: Column, i: Column) -> Column...``, where the second argument is
            a 0-based index of the element.

        and can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a new array of transformed elements.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, [1, 2, 3, 4])], ("key", "values"))
    >>> df.select(transform("values", lambda x: x * 2).alias("doubled")).show()
    +------------+
    |     doubled|
    +------------+
    |[2, 4, 6, 8]|
    +------------+

    >>> def alternate(x, i):
    ...     return when(i % 2 == 0, x).otherwise(-x)
    >>> df.select(transform("values", alternate).alias("alternated")).show()
    +--------------+
    |    alternated|
    +--------------+
    |[1, -2, 3, -4]|
    +--------------+
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayTransform", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def exists(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column], Column]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns whether a predicate holds for one or more elements in the array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        ``(x: Column) -> Column: ...``  returning the Boolean expression.
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        True if "any" element of an array evaluates to True when passed as an argument to
        given function and False otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, [1, 2, 3, 4]), (2, [3, -1, 0])],("key", "values"))
    >>> df.select(exists("values", lambda x: x < 0).alias("any_negative")).show()
    +------------+
    |any_negative|
    +------------+
    |       false|
    |        true|
    +------------+
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayExists", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def forall(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column], Column]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns whether a predicate holds for every element in the array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        ``(x: Column) -> Column: ...``  returning the Boolean expression.
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        True if "all" elements of an array evaluates to True when passed as an argument to
        given function and False otherwise.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(1, ["bar"]), (2, ["foo", "bar"]), (3, ["foobar", "foo"])],
    ...     ("key", "values")
    ... )
    >>> df.select(forall("values", lambda x: x.rlike("foo")).alias("all_foo")).show()
    +-------+
    |all_foo|
    +-------+
    |  false|
    |  false|
    |   true|
    +-------+
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayForAll", [col], [f])


@overload
def filter(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column], Column]) -> Column:
    ...


@overload
def filter(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column]) -> Column:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def filter(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    f: Union[Callable[[Column], Column], Callable[[Column, Column], Column]],
) -> Column:
    """
    Returns an array of elements for which a predicate holds in a given array.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        A function that returns the Boolean expression.
        Can take one of the following forms:

        - Unary ``(x: Column) -> Column: ...``
        - Binary ``(x: Column, i: Column) -> Column...``, where the second argument is
            a 0-based index of the element.

        and can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        filtered array of elements where given function evaluated to True
        when passed as an argument.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame(
    ...     [(1, ["2018-09-20",  "2019-02-03", "2019-07-01", "2020-06-01"])],
    ...     ("key", "values")
    ... )
    >>> def after_second_quarter(x):
    ...     return month(to_date(x)) > 6
    >>> df.select(
    ...     filter("values", after_second_quarter).alias("after_second_quarter")
    ... ).show(truncate=False)
    +------------------------+
    |after_second_quarter    |
    +------------------------+
    |[2018-09-20, 2019-07-01]|
    +------------------------+
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayFilter", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def aggregate(
    col: "ColumnOrName",
    initialValue: "ColumnOrName",
    merge: Callable[[Column, Column], Column],
    finish: Optional[Callable[[Column], Column]] = None,
) -> Column:
    """
    Applies a binary operator to an initial state and all elements in the array,
    and reduces this to a single state. The final state is converted into the final result
    by applying a finish function.

    Both functions can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
    :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
    Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
    (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    initialValue : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        initial value. Name of column or expression
    merge : function
        a binary function ``(acc: Column, x: Column) -> Column...`` returning expression
        of the same type as ``zero``
    finish : function
        an optional unary function ``(x: Column) -> Column: ...``
        used to convert accumulated value.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        final value after aggregate function is applied.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, [20.0, 4.0, 2.0, 6.0, 10.0])], ("id", "values"))
    >>> df.select(aggregate("values", lit(0.0), lambda acc, x: acc + x).alias("sum")).show()
    +----+
    | sum|
    +----+
    |42.0|
    +----+

    >>> def merge(acc, x):
    ...     count = acc.count + 1
    ...     sum = acc.sum + x
    ...     return struct(count.alias("count"), sum.alias("sum"))
    >>> df.select(
    ...     aggregate(
    ...         "values",
    ...         struct(lit(0).alias("count"), lit(0.0).alias("sum")),
    ...         merge,
    ...         lambda acc: acc.sum / acc.count,
    ...     ).alias("mean")
    ... ).show()
    +----+
    |mean|
    +----+
    | 8.4|
    +----+
    """
    if finish is not None:
        return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayAggregate", [col, initialValue], [merge, finish])

    else:
        return _invoke_higher_order_function("ArrayAggregate", [col, initialValue], [merge])


@try_remote_functions
def zip_with(
    left: "ColumnOrName",
    right: "ColumnOrName",
    f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column],
) -> Column:
    """
    Merge two given arrays, element-wise, into a single array using a function.
    If one array is shorter, nulls are appended at the end to match the length of the longer
    array, before applying the function.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    left : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of the first column or expression
    right : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of the second column or expression
    f : function
        a binary function ``(x1: Column, x2: Column) -> Column...``
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        array of calculated values derived by applying given function to each pair of arguments.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, [1, 3, 5, 8], [0, 2, 4, 6])], ("id", "xs", "ys"))
    >>> df.select(zip_with("xs", "ys", lambda x, y: x ** y).alias("powers")).show(truncate=False)
    +---------------------------+
    |powers                     |
    +---------------------------+
    |[1.0, 9.0, 625.0, 262144.0]|
    +---------------------------+

    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, ["foo", "bar"], [1, 2, 3])], ("id", "xs", "ys"))
    >>> df.select(zip_with("xs", "ys", lambda x, y: concat_ws("_", x, y)).alias("xs_ys")).show()
    +-----------------+
    |            xs_ys|
    +-----------------+
    |[foo_1, bar_2, 3]|
    +-----------------+
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("ZipWith", [left, right], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def transform_keys(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column]) -> Column:
    """
    Applies a function to every key-value pair in a map and returns
    a map with the results of those applications as the new keys for the pairs.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        a binary function ``(k: Column, v: Column) -> Column...``
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a new map of enties where new keys were calculated by applying given function to
        each key value argument.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, {"foo": -2.0, "bar": 2.0})], ("id", "data"))
    >>> row = df.select(transform_keys(
    ...     "data", lambda k, _: upper(k)).alias("data_upper")
    ... ).head()
    >>> sorted(row["data_upper"].items())
    [('BAR', 2.0), ('FOO', -2.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("TransformKeys", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def transform_values(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column]) -> Column:
    """
    Applies a function to every key-value pair in a map and returns
    a map with the results of those applications as the new values for the pairs.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        a binary function ``(k: Column, v: Column) -> Column...``
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        a new map of enties where new values were calculated by applying given function to
        each key value argument.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, {"IT": 10.0, "SALES": 2.0, "OPS": 24.0})], ("id", "data"))
    >>> row = df.select(transform_values(
    ...     "data", lambda k, v: when(k.isin("IT", "OPS"), v + 10.0).otherwise(v)
    ... ).alias("new_data")).head()
    >>> sorted(row["new_data"].items())
    [('IT', 20.0), ('OPS', 34.0), ('SALES', 2.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("TransformValues", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def map_filter(col: "ColumnOrName", f: Callable[[Column, Column], Column]) -> Column:
    """
    Returns a map whose key-value pairs satisfy a predicate.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of column or expression
    f : function
        a binary function ``(k: Column, v: Column) -> Column...``
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        filtered map.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, {"foo": 42.0, "bar": 1.0, "baz": 32.0})], ("id", "data"))
    >>> row = df.select(map_filter(
    ...     "data", lambda _, v: v > 30.0).alias("data_filtered")
    ... ).head()
    >>> sorted(row["data_filtered"].items())
    [('baz', 32.0), ('foo', 42.0)]
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("MapFilter", [col], [f])


@try_remote_functions
def map_zip_with(
    col1: "ColumnOrName",
    col2: "ColumnOrName",
    f: Callable[[Column, Column, Column], Column],
) -> Column:
    """
    Merge two given maps, key-wise into a single map using a function.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col1 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of the first column or expression
    col2 : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        name of the second column or expression
    f : function
        a ternary function ``(k: Column, v1: Column, v2: Column) -> Column...``
        Can use methods of :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`, functions defined in
        :py:mod:`pyspark.sql.functions` and Scala ``UserDefinedFunctions``.
        Python ``UserDefinedFunctions`` are not supported
        (`SPARK-27052 <https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27052>`__).

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        zipped map where entries are calculated by applying given function to each
        pair of arguments.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([
    ...     (1, {"IT": 24.0, "SALES": 12.00}, {"IT": 2.0, "SALES": 1.4})],
    ...     ("id", "base", "ratio")
    ... )
    >>> row = df.select(map_zip_with(
    ...     "base", "ratio", lambda k, v1, v2: round(v1 * v2, 2)).alias("updated_data")
    ... ).head()
    >>> sorted(row["updated_data"].items())
    [('IT', 48.0), ('SALES', 16.8)]
    """
    return _invoke_higher_order_function("MapZipWith", [col1, col2], [f])


# ---------------------- Partition transform functions --------------------------------


@try_remote_functions
def years(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Partition transform function: A transform for timestamps and dates
    to partition data into years.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date or timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        data partitioned by years.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df.writeTo("catalog.db.table").partitionedBy(  # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     years("ts")
    ... ).createOrReplace()

    Notes
    -----
    This function can be used only in combination with
    :py:meth:`~pyspark.sql.readwriter.DataFrameWriterV2.partitionedBy`
    method of the `DataFrameWriterV2`.

    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("years", col)


@try_remote_functions
def months(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Partition transform function: A transform for timestamps and dates
    to partition data into months.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date or timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        data partitioned by months.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df.writeTo("catalog.db.table").partitionedBy(
    ...     months("ts")
    ... ).createOrReplace()  # doctest: +SKIP

    Notes
    -----
    This function can be used only in combination with
    :py:meth:`~pyspark.sql.readwriter.DataFrameWriterV2.partitionedBy`
    method of the `DataFrameWriterV2`.

    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("months", col)


@try_remote_functions
def days(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Partition transform function: A transform for timestamps and dates
    to partition data into days.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date or timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        data partitioned by days.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df.writeTo("catalog.db.table").partitionedBy(  # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     days("ts")
    ... ).createOrReplace()

    Notes
    -----
    This function can be used only in combination with
    :py:meth:`~pyspark.sql.readwriter.DataFrameWriterV2.partitionedBy`
    method of the `DataFrameWriterV2`.

    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("days", col)


@try_remote_functions
def hours(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Partition transform function: A transform for timestamps
    to partition data into hours.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date or timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        data partitioned by hours.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df.writeTo("catalog.db.table").partitionedBy(   # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     hours("ts")
    ... ).createOrReplace()

    Notes
    -----
    This function can be used only in combination with
    :py:meth:`~pyspark.sql.readwriter.DataFrameWriterV2.partitionedBy`
    method of the `DataFrameWriterV2`.

    """
    return _invoke_function_over_columns("hours", col)


@try_remote_functions
def bucket(numBuckets: Union[Column, int], col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Partition transform function: A transform for any type that partitions
    by a hash of the input column.

    .. versionadded:: 3.1.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> df.writeTo("catalog.db.table").partitionedBy(  # doctest: +SKIP
    ...     bucket(42, "ts")
    ... ).createOrReplace()

    Parameters
    ----------
    col : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        target date or timestamp column to work on.

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        data partitioned by given columns.

    Notes
    -----
    This function can be used only in combination with
    :py:meth:`~pyspark.sql.readwriter.DataFrameWriterV2.partitionedBy`
    method of the `DataFrameWriterV2`.

    """
    if not isinstance(numBuckets, (int, Column)):
        raise PySparkTypeError(
            error_class="NOT_COLUMN_OR_INT",
            message_parameters={"arg_name": "numBuckets", "arg_type": type(numBuckets).__name__},
        )

    get_active_spark_context()
    numBuckets = (
        _create_column_from_literal(numBuckets)
        if isinstance(numBuckets, int)
        else _to_java_column(numBuckets)
    )
    return _invoke_function("bucket", numBuckets, _to_java_column(col))


@try_remote_functions
def call_udf(udfName: str, *cols: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Call an user-defined function.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    Parameters
    ----------
    udfName : str
        name of the user defined function (UDF)
    cols : :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column` or str
        column names or :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`\\s to be used in the UDF

    Returns
    -------
    :class:`~pyspark.sql.Column`
        result of executed udf.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.functions import call_udf, col
    >>> from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType, StringType
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, "a"),(2, "b"), (3, "c")],["id", "name"])
    >>> _ = spark.udf.register("intX2", lambda i: i * 2, IntegerType())
    >>> df.select(call_udf("intX2", "id")).show()
    +---------+
    |intX2(id)|
    +---------+
    |        2|
    |        4|
    |        6|
    +---------+
    >>> _ = spark.udf.register("strX2", lambda s: s * 2, StringType())
    >>> df.select(call_udf("strX2", col("name"))).show()
    +-----------+
    |strX2(name)|
    +-----------+
    |         aa|
    |         bb|
    |         cc|
    +-----------+
    """
    sc = get_active_spark_context()
    return _invoke_function("call_udf", udfName, _to_seq(sc, cols, _to_java_column))


@try_remote_functions
def unwrap_udt(col: "ColumnOrName") -> Column:
    """
    Unwrap UDT data type column into its underlying type.

    .. versionadded:: 3.4.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.
    """
    return _invoke_function("unwrap_udt", _to_java_column(col))


# ---------------------------- User Defined Function ----------------------------------


@overload
def udf(
    f: Callable[..., Any],
    returnType: "DataTypeOrString" = StringType(),
) -> "UserDefinedFunctionLike":
    ...


@overload
def udf(
    f: Optional["DataTypeOrString"] = None,
) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], "UserDefinedFunctionLike"]:
    ...


@overload
def udf(
    *,
    returnType: "DataTypeOrString" = StringType(),
) -> Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], "UserDefinedFunctionLike"]:
    ...


@try_remote_functions
def udf(
    f: Optional[Union[Callable[..., Any], "DataTypeOrString"]] = None,
    returnType: "DataTypeOrString" = StringType(),
) -> Union["UserDefinedFunctionLike", Callable[[Callable[..., Any]], "UserDefinedFunctionLike"]]:
    """Creates a user defined function (UDF).

    .. versionadded:: 1.3.0

    .. versionchanged:: 3.4.0
        Supports Spark Connect.

    Parameters
    ----------
    f : function
        python function if used as a standalone function
    returnType : :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DataType` or str
        the return type of the user-defined function. The value can be either a
        :class:`pyspark.sql.types.DataType` object or a DDL-formatted type string.

    Examples
    --------
    >>> from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType
    >>> slen = udf(lambda s: len(s), IntegerType())
    >>> @udf
    ... def to_upper(s):
    ...     if s is not None:
    ...         return s.upper()
    ...
    >>> @udf(returnType=IntegerType())
    ... def add_one(x):
    ...     if x is not None:
    ...         return x + 1
    ...
    >>> df = spark.createDataFrame([(1, "John Doe", 21)], ("id", "name", "age"))
    >>> df.select(slen("name").alias("slen(name)"), to_upper("name"), add_one("age")).show()
    +----------+--------------+------------+
    |slen(name)|to_upper(name)|add_one(age)|
    +----------+--------------+------------+
    |         8|      JOHN DOE|          22|
    +----------+--------------+------------+

    Notes
    -----
    The user-defined functions are considered deterministic by default. Due to
    optimization, duplicate invocations may be eliminated or the function may even be invoked
    more times than it is present in the query. If your function is not deterministic, call
    `asNondeterministic` on the user defined function. E.g.:

    >>> from pyspark.sql.types import IntegerType
    >>> import random
    >>> random_udf = udf(lambda: int(random.random() * 100), IntegerType()).asNondeterministic()

    The user-defined functions do not support conditional expressions or short circuiting
    in boolean expressions and it ends up with being executed all internally. If the functions
    can fail on special rows, the workaround is to incorporate the condition into the functions.

    The user-defined functions do not take keyword arguments on the calling side.
    """

    # The following table shows most of Python data and SQL type conversions in normal UDFs that
    # are not yet visible to the user. Some of behaviors are buggy and might be changed in the near
    # future. The table might have to be eventually documented externally.
    # Please see SPARK-28131's PR to see the codes in order to generate the table below.
    #
    # +-----------------------------+--------------+----------+------+---------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------+--------------+------------------+----------------------+  # noqa
    # |SQL Type \ Python Value(Type)|None(NoneType)|True(bool)|1(int)|         a(str)|    1970-01-01(date)|1970-01-01 00:00:00(datetime)|1.0(float)|array('i', [1])(array)|[1](list)|         (1,)(tuple)|bytearray(b'ABC')(bytearray)|  1(Decimal)|{'a': 1}(dict)|Row(kwargs=1)(Row)|Row(namedtuple=1)(Row)|  # noqa
    # +-----------------------------+--------------+----------+------+---------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------+--------------+------------------+----------------------+  # noqa
    # |                      boolean|          None|      True|  None|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                      tinyint|          None|      None|     1|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                     smallint|          None|      None|     1|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                          int|          None|      None|     1|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                       bigint|          None|      None|     1|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                       string|          None|    'true'|   '1'|            'a'|'java.util.Gregor...|         'java.util.Gregor...|     '1.0'|         '[I@66cbb73a'|    '[1]'|'[Ljava.lang.Obje...|               '[B@5a51eb1a'|         '1'|       '{a=1}'|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                         date|          None|         X|     X|              X|datetime.date(197...|         datetime.date(197...|         X|                     X|        X|                   X|                           X|           X|             X|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                    timestamp|          None|         X|     X|              X|                   X|         datetime.datetime...|         X|                     X|        X|                   X|                           X|           X|             X|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                        float|          None|      None|  None|           None|                None|                         None|       1.0|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                       double|          None|      None|  None|           None|                None|                         None|       1.0|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                   array<int>|          None|      None|  None|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                   [1]|      [1]|                 [1]|                [65, 66, 67]|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                       binary|          None|      None|  None|bytearray(b'a')|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|           bytearray(b'ABC')|        None|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |                decimal(10,0)|          None|      None|  None|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|Decimal('1')|          None|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |              map<string,int>|          None|      None|  None|           None|                None|                         None|      None|                  None|     None|                None|                        None|        None|      {'a': 1}|                 X|                     X|  # noqa
    # |               struct<_1:int>|          None|         X|     X|              X|                   X|                            X|         X|                     X|Row(_1=1)|           Row(_1=1)|                           X|           X|  Row(_1=None)|         Row(_1=1)|             Row(_1=1)|  # noqa
    # +-----------------------------+--------------+----------+------+---------------+--------------------+-----------------------------+----------+----------------------+---------+--------------------+----------------------------+------------+--------------+------------------+----------------------+  # noqa
    #
    # Note: DDL formatted string is used for 'SQL Type' for simplicity. This string can be
    #       used in `returnType`.
    # Note: The values inside of the table are generated by `repr`.
    # Note: 'X' means it throws an exception during the conversion.
    # Note: Python 3.7.3 is used.

    # decorator @udf, @udf(), @udf(dataType())
    if f is None or isinstance(f, (str, DataType)):
        # If DataType has been passed as a positional argument
        # for decorator use it as a returnType
        return_type = f or returnType
        return functools.partial(
            _create_py_udf,
            returnType=return_type,
            evalType=PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF,
        )
    else:
        return _create_py_udf(f=f, returnType=returnType, evalType=PythonEvalType.SQL_BATCHED_UDF)


def _test() -> None:
    import doctest
    from pyspark.sql import SparkSession
    import pyspark.sql.functions

    globs = pyspark.sql.functions.__dict__.copy()
    spark = SparkSession.builder.master("local[4]").appName("sql.functions tests").getOrCreate()
    sc = spark.sparkContext
    globs["sc"] = sc
    globs["spark"] = spark
    (failure_count, test_count) = doctest.testmod(
        pyspark.sql.functions,
        globs=globs,
        optionflags=doctest.ELLIPSIS | doctest.NORMALIZE_WHITESPACE,
    )
    spark.stop()
    if failure_count:
        sys.exit(-1)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    _test()