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---
title: core
keywords: fastai
sidebar: home_sidebar
summary: "Basic helper functions for the fastai library"
---
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<h2 id="Basic-core">Basic core<a class="anchor-link" href="#Basic-core">¶</a></h2>
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<p>This module contains all the basic functions we need in other modules of the fastai library (split with <a href="/torch_core.html#torch_core"><code>torch_core</code></a> that contains the ones requiring pytorch). Its documentation can easily be skipped at a first read, unless you want to know what a given function does.</p>
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<h2 id="Global-constants">Global constants<a class="anchor-link" href="#Global-constants">¶</a></h2>
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<p><code>default_cpus = min(16, num_cpus())</code> <div style="text-align: right"><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L45">[source]</a></div></p>
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<h2 id="Check-functions">Check functions<a class="anchor-link" href="#Check-functions">¶</a></h2>
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<h4 id="has_arg" class="doc_header"><code>has_arg</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L283" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#has_arg-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>has_arg</code>(<strong><code>func</code></strong>, <strong><code>arg</code></strong>) → <code>bool</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="has_arg-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#has_arg-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>No tests found for <code>has_arg</code>. To contribute a test please refer to <a href="/dev/test.html">this guide</a> and <a href="https://forums.fast.ai/t/improving-expanding-functional-tests/32929">this discussion</a>.</p></div></div><p>Check if <code>func</code> accepts <code>arg</code>.</p>
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<p>Examples for two <a href="/core.html#core"><code>fastai.core</code></a> functions. Docstring shown before calling <a href="/core.html#has_arg"><code>has_arg</code></a> for reference</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">has_arg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">download_url</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'url'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">has_arg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index_row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'x'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>False</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">has_arg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">index_row</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="s1">'a'</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True</pre>
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<h4 id="ifnone" class="doc_header"><code>ifnone</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L92" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#ifnone-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>ifnone</code>(<strong><code>a</code></strong>:<code>Any</code>, <strong><code>b</code></strong>:<code>Any</code>) → <code>Any</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="ifnone-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#ifnone-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>ifnone</code>:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_ifnone</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L39" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div><p><code>a</code> if <code>a</code> is not None, otherwise <code>b</code>.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">alt_param</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">5</span>
<span class="n">ifnone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">alt_param</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>5</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">alt_param</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">None</span><span class="p">,[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">ifnone</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">param</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">alt_param</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>[1, 2, 3]</pre>
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<h4 id="is1d" class="doc_header"><code>is1d</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L96" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is1d-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>is1d</code>(<strong><code>a</code></strong>:<code>Collection</code>[<code>T_co</code>]) → <code>bool</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="is1d-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is1d-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>is1d</code>:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_is1d</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L235" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div><p>Return <code>True</code> if <code>a</code> is one-dimensional</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">two_d_array</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">12</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">reshape</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">two_d_array</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">two_d_array</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>[[ 0 1]
[ 2 3]
[ 4 5]
[ 6 7]
[ 8 9]
[10 11]]
False
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">is1d</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">two_d_array</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">flatten</span><span class="p">())</span>
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<pre>True</pre>
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<h4 id="is_listy" class="doc_header"><code>is_listy</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L51" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is_listy-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>is_listy</code>(<strong><code>x</code></strong>:<code>Any</code>) → <code>bool</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="is_listy-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is_listy-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>is_listy</code>:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_listy</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L59" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div>
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<p>Check if <code>x</code> is a <code>Collection</code>. <code>Tuple</code> or <code>List</code> qualify</p>
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<span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">some_data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True</pre>
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>False
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<pre>True
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<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">some_data</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">some_data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
dict_keys(['a', 'b', 'c'])
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">())</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>False
False
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_listy</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">list</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">some_data</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()))</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True
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<h4 id="is_tuple" class="doc_header"><code>is_tuple</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L52" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is_tuple-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>is_tuple</code>(<strong><code>x</code></strong>:<code>Any</code>) → <code>bool</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="is_tuple-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#is_tuple-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>is_tuple</code>:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_tuple</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L70" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div>
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<p>Check if <code>x</code> is a <code>tuple</code>.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_tuple</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>False
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="n">is_tuple</span><span class="p">(</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>True
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<h2 id="Collection-related-functions">Collection related functions<a class="anchor-link" href="#Collection-related-functions">¶</a></h2>
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<h4 id="arange_of" class="doc_header"><code>arange_of</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L232" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#arange_of-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>arange_of</code>(<strong><code>x</code></strong>)</p>
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<div class="collapse" id="arange_of-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#arange_of-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>No tests found for <code>arange_of</code>. To contribute a test please refer to <a href="/dev/test.html">this guide</a> and <a href="https://forums.fast.ai/t/improving-expanding-functional-tests/32929">this discussion</a>.</p></div></div><p>Same as <a href="/core.html#range_of"><code>range_of</code></a> but returns an array.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">arange_of</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<pre>array([0, 1, 2])</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">type</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">arange_of</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">7</span><span class="p">]))</span>
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<pre>numpy.ndarray</pre>
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<h4 id="array" class="doc_header"><code>array</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L293" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#array-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>array</code>(<strong><code>a</code></strong>, <strong><code>dtype</code></strong>:<code>type</code>=<strong><em><code>None</code></em></strong>, <strong>**<code>kwargs</code></strong>) → <code>ndarray</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="array-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#array-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>array</code>:</p><p>Some other tests where <code>array</code> is used:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_arrays_split</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L141" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_even_mults</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L178" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_idx_dict</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L125" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_is1d</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L235" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_itembase_eq</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L242" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_itembase_hash</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L304" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_one_hot</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L218" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_torch_core.py::test_model_type</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_torch_core.py#L227" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_torch_core.py::test_tensor_array_monkey_patch</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_torch_core.py#L260" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_torch_core.py::test_tensor_with_ndarray</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_torch_core.py#L18" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_torch_core.py::test_to_detach</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_torch_core.py#L131" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div><p>Same as <code>np.array</code> but also handles generators. <code>kwargs</code> are passed to <code>np.array</code> with <code>dtype</code>.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">array</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">])</span>
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<pre>array([1, 2, 3])</pre>
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<p>Note that after we call the generator, we do not reset. So the <a href="/core.html#array"><code>array</code></a> call has 5 less entries than it would if we ran from the start of the generator.</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">data_gen</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">100.01</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="n">i</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="k">yield</span> <span class="n">i</span>
<span class="n">i</span> <span class="o">+=</span> <span class="mf">1.</span>
<span class="n">ex_data_gen</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_gen</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">_</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="nb">range</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">next</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ex_data_gen</span><span class="p">))</span>
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<pre>100.01
101.01
102.01
103.01
104.01
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<pre>array([105.01, 106.01, 107.01, 108.01, ..., 196.01, 197.01, 198.01, 199.01])</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">ex_data_gen_int</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">data_gen</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">array</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ex_data_gen_int</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">dtype</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="nb">int</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c1">#Cast output to int array</span>
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<pre>array([100, 101, 102, 103, ..., 196, 197, 198, 199])</pre>
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<h4 id="arrays_split" class="doc_header"><code>arrays_split</code><a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/fastai/core.py#L117" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a><a class="source_link" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#arrays_split-pytest" style="float:right; padding-right:10px">[test]</a></h4><blockquote><p><code>arrays_split</code>(<strong><code>mask</code></strong>:<code>ndarray</code>, <strong>*<code>arrs</code></strong>:<code>NPArrayableList</code>) → <code>SplitArrayList</code></p>
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<div class="collapse" id="arrays_split-pytest"><div class="card card-body pytest_card"><a type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#arrays_split-pytest" class="close" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></a><p>Tests found for <code>arrays_split</code>:</p><ul><li><code>pytest -sv tests/test_core.py::test_arrays_split</code> <a href="https://github.com/fastai/fastai/blob/master/tests/test_core.py#L141" class="source_link" style="float:right">[source]</a></li></ul><p>To run tests please refer to this <a href="/dev/test.html#quick-guide">guide</a>.</p></div></div><p>Given <code>arrs</code> is [a,b,...] and <code>mask</code>index - return[(a[mask],a[~mask]),(b[mask],b[~mask]),...].</p>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">data_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">data_b</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">arange</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">15</span><span class="p">)[::</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">]</span>
<span class="n">mask_a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_a</span> <span class="o">></span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_a</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data_b</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mask_a</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14]
[14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0]
[False False False False False False False False False False False True True True True]
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">arrays_split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">mask_a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data_a</span><span class="p">)</span>
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<pre>[(array([11, 12, 13, 14]),),
(array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]),)]</pre>
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<div class=" highlight hl-ipython3"><pre><span></span><span class="n">np</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">vstack</span><span class="p">([</span><span class="n">data_a</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">data_b</span><span class="p">])</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">transpose</span><span class="p">()</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">shape</span>
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<pre>(15, 2)</pre>
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