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Leetcode-Database 題解.md
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Leetcode-Database 題解.md
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<!-- GFM-TOC -->
* [595. Big Countries](#595-big-countries)
* [627. Swap Salary](#627-swap-salary)
* [620. Not Boring Movies](#620-not-boring-movies)
* [596. Classes More Than 5 Students](#596-classes-more-than-5-students)
* [182. Duplicate Emails](#182-duplicate-emails)
* [196. Delete Duplicate Emails](#196-delete-duplicate-emails)
* [175. Combine Two Tables](#175-combine-two-tables)
* [181. Employees Earning More Than Their Managers](#181-employees-earning-more-than-their-managers)
* [183. Customers Who Never Order](#183-customers-who-never-order)
* [184. Department Highest Salary](#184-department-highest-salary)
* [176. Second Highest Salary](#176-second-highest-salary)
* [177. Nth Highest Salary](#177-nth-highest-salary)
* [178. Rank Scores](#178-rank-scores)
* [180. Consecutive Numbers](#180-consecutive-numbers)
* [626. Exchange Seats](#626-exchange-seats)
<!-- GFM-TOC -->
# 595. Big Countries
https://leetcode.com/problems/big-countries/description/
## Description
```html
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| name | continent | area | population | gdp |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
| Afghanistan | Asia | 652230 | 25500100 | 20343000 |
| Albania | Europe | 28748 | 2831741 | 12960000 |
| Algeria | Africa | 2381741 | 37100000 | 188681000 |
| Andorra | Europe | 468 | 78115 | 3712000 |
| Angola | Africa | 1246700 | 20609294 | 100990000 |
+-----------------+------------+------------+--------------+---------------+
```
查找面積超過 3,000,000 或者人口數超過 25,000,000 的國家。
```html
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| name | population | area |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
| Afghanistan | 25500100 | 652230 |
| Algeria | 37100000 | 2381741 |
+--------------+-------------+--------------+
```
## SQL Schema
SQL Schema 用於在本地環境下創建表結構並導入數據,從而方便在本地環境解答。
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS World;
CREATE TABLE World ( NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), continent VARCHAR ( 255 ), area INT, population INT, gdp INT );
INSERT INTO World ( NAME, continent, area, population, gdp )
VALUES
( 'Afghanistan', 'Asia', '652230', '25500100', '203430000' ),
( 'Albania', 'Europe', '28748', '2831741', '129600000' ),
( 'Algeria', 'Africa', '2381741', '37100000', '1886810000' ),
( 'Andorra', 'Europe', '468', '78115', '37120000' ),
( 'Angola', 'Africa', '1246700', '20609294', '1009900000' );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT name,
population,
area
FROM
World
WHERE
area > 3000000
OR population > 25000000;
```
# 627. Swap Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/swap-salary/description/
## Description
```html
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | m | 2500 |
| 2 | B | f | 1500 |
| 3 | C | m | 5500 |
| 4 | D | f | 500 |
```
只用一個 SQL 查詢,將 sex 字段反轉。
```html
| id | name | sex | salary |
|----|------|-----|--------|
| 1 | A | f | 2500 |
| 2 | B | m | 1500 |
| 3 | C | f | 5500 |
| 4 | D | m | 500 |
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS salary;
CREATE TABLE salary ( id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 100 ), sex CHAR ( 1 ), salary INT );
INSERT INTO salary ( id, NAME, sex, salary )
VALUES
( '1', 'A', 'm', '2500' ),
( '2', 'B', 'f', '1500' ),
( '3', 'C', 'm', '5500' ),
( '4', 'D', 'f', '500' );
```
## Solution
使用異或操作,兩個相等的數異或的結果為 0,而 0 與任何一個數異或的結果為這個數。
```
'f' ^ 'm' ^ 'f' = 'm'
'm' ^ 'm' ^ 'f' = 'f'
```
```sql
UPDATE salary
SET sex = CHAR ( ASCII(sex) ^ ASCII( 'm' ) ^ ASCII( 'f' ) );
```
# 620. Not Boring Movies
https://leetcode.com/problems/not-boring-movies/description/
## Description
```html
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
| 2 | Science | fiction | 8.5 |
| 3 | irish | boring | 6.2 |
| 4 | Ice song | Fantacy | 8.6 |
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
```
查找 id 為奇數,並且 description 不是 boring 的電影,按 rating 降序。
```html
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| id | movie | description | rating |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
| 5 | House card| Interesting| 9.1 |
| 1 | War | great 3D | 8.9 |
+---------+-----------+--------------+-----------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS cinema;
CREATE TABLE cinema ( id INT, movie VARCHAR ( 255 ), description VARCHAR ( 255 ), rating FLOAT ( 2, 1 ) );
INSERT INTO cinema ( id, movie, description, rating )
VALUES
( 1, 'War', 'great 3D', 8.9 ),
( 2, 'Science', 'fiction', 8.5 ),
( 3, 'irish', 'boring', 6.2 ),
( 4, 'Ice song', 'Fantacy', 8.6 ),
( 5, 'House card', 'Interesting', 9.1 );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
*
FROM
cinema
WHERE
id % 2 = 1
AND description != 'boring'
ORDER BY
rating DESC;
```
# 596. Classes More Than 5 Students
https://leetcode.com/problems/classes-more-than-5-students/description/
## Description
```html
+---------+------------+
| student | class |
+---------+------------+
| A | Math |
| B | English |
| C | Math |
| D | Biology |
| E | Math |
| F | Computer |
| G | Math |
| H | Math |
| I | Math |
+---------+------------+
```
查找有五名及以上 student 的 class。
```html
+---------+
| class |
+---------+
| Math |
+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS courses;
CREATE TABLE courses ( student VARCHAR ( 255 ), class VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO courses ( student, class )
VALUES
( 'A', 'Math' ),
( 'B', 'English' ),
( 'C', 'Math' ),
( 'D', 'Biology' ),
( 'E', 'Math' ),
( 'F', 'Computer' ),
( 'G', 'Math' ),
( 'H', 'Math' ),
( 'I', 'Math' );
```
## Solution
對 class 列進行分組之後,再使用 count 彙總函數統計數量,統計之後使用 having 進行過濾。
```sql
SELECT
class
FROM
courses
GROUP BY
class
HAVING
count( DISTINCT student ) >= 5;
```
# 182. Duplicate Emails
https://leetcode.com/problems/duplicate-emails/description/
## Description
郵件地址表:
```html
+----+---------+
| Id | Email |
+----+---------+
| 1 | a@b.com |
| 2 | c@d.com |
| 3 | a@b.com |
+----+---------+
```
查找重複的郵件地址:
```html
+---------+
| Email |
+---------+
| a@b.com |
+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Person;
CREATE TABLE Person ( Id INT, Email VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Person ( Id, Email )
VALUES
( 1, 'a@b.com' ),
( 2, 'c@d.com' ),
( 3, 'a@b.com' );
```
## Solution
對 Email 進行分組,如果相同 Email 的數量大於等於 2,則表示該 Email 重複。
```sql
SELECT
Email
FROM
Person
GROUP BY
Email
HAVING
COUNT( * ) >= 2;
```
# 196. Delete Duplicate Emails
https://leetcode.com/problems/delete-duplicate-emails/description/
## Description
郵件地址表:
```html
+----+---------+
| Id | Email |
+----+---------+
| 1 | john@example.com |
| 2 | bob@example.com |
| 3 | john@example.com |
+----+---------+
```
刪除重複的郵件地址:
```html
+----+------------------+
| Id | Email |
+----+------------------+
| 1 | john@example.com |
| 2 | bob@example.com |
+----+------------------+
```
## SQL Schema
與 182 相同。
## Solution
只保留相同 Email 中 Id 最小的那一個,然後刪除其它的。
連接:
```sql
DELETE p1
FROM
Person p1,
Person p2
WHERE
p1.Email = p2.Email
AND p1.Id > p2.Id
```
子查詢:
```sql
DELETE
FROM
Person
WHERE
id NOT IN ( SELECT id FROM ( SELECT min( id ) AS id FROM Person GROUP BY email ) AS m );
```
應該注意的是上述解法額外嵌套了一個 SELECT 語句,如果不這麼做,會出現錯誤:You can't specify target table 'Person' for update in FROM clause。以下演示了這種錯誤解法。
```sql
DELETE
FROM
Person
WHERE
id NOT IN ( SELECT min( id ) AS id FROM Person GROUP BY email );
```
參考:[pMySQL Error 1093 - Can't specify target table for update in FROM clause](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/45494/mysql-error-1093-cant-specify-target-table-for-update-in-from-clause)
# 175. Combine Two Tables
https://leetcode.com/problems/combine-two-tables/description/
## Description
Person 表:
```html
+-------------+---------+
| Column Name | Type |
+-------------+---------+
| PersonId | int |
| FirstName | varchar |
| LastName | varchar |
+-------------+---------+
PersonId is the primary key column for this table.
```
Address 表:
```html
+-------------+---------+
| Column Name | Type |
+-------------+---------+
| AddressId | int |
| PersonId | int |
| City | varchar |
| State | varchar |
+-------------+---------+
AddressId is the primary key column for this table.
```
查找 FirstName, LastName, City, State 數據,而不管一個用戶有沒有填地址信息。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Person;
CREATE TABLE Person ( PersonId INT, FirstName VARCHAR ( 255 ), LastName VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Address;
CREATE TABLE Address ( AddressId INT, PersonId INT, City VARCHAR ( 255 ), State VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Person ( PersonId, LastName, FirstName )
VALUES
( 1, 'Wang', 'Allen' );
INSERT INTO Address ( AddressId, PersonId, City, State )
VALUES
( 1, 2, 'New York City', 'New York' );
```
## Solution
涉及到 Person 和 Address 兩個表,在對這兩個表執行連接操作時,因為要保留 Person 表中的信息,即使在 Address 表中沒有關聯的信息也要保留。此時可以用左外連接,將 Person 表放在 LEFT JOIN 的左邊。
```sql
SELECT
FirstName,
LastName,
City,
State
FROM
Person P
LEFT JOIN Address A
ON P.PersonId = A.PersonId;
```
# 181. Employees Earning More Than Their Managers
https://leetcode.com/problems/employees-earning-more-than-their-managers/description/
## Description
Employee 表:
```html
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
| Id | Name | Salary | ManagerId |
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
| 1 | Joe | 70000 | 3 |
| 2 | Henry | 80000 | 4 |
| 3 | Sam | 60000 | NULL |
| 4 | Max | 90000 | NULL |
+----+-------+--------+-----------+
```
查找薪資大於其經理薪資的員工信息。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), Salary INT, ManagerId INT );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, NAME, Salary, ManagerId )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe', 70000, 3 ),
( 2, 'Henry', 80000, 4 ),
( 3, 'Sam', 60000, NULL ),
( 4, 'Max', 90000, NULL );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
E1.NAME AS Employee
FROM
Employee E1
INNER JOIN Employee E2
ON E1.ManagerId = E2.Id
AND E1.Salary > E2.Salary;
```
# 183. Customers Who Never Order
https://leetcode.com/problems/customers-who-never-order/description/
## Description
Customers 表:
```html
+----+-------+
| Id | Name |
+----+-------+
| 1 | Joe |
| 2 | Henry |
| 3 | Sam |
| 4 | Max |
+----+-------+
```
Orders 表:
```html
+----+------------+
| Id | CustomerId |
+----+------------+
| 1 | 3 |
| 2 | 1 |
+----+------------+
```
查找沒有訂單的顧客信息:
```html
+-----------+
| Customers |
+-----------+
| Henry |
| Max |
+-----------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Customers;
CREATE TABLE Customers ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Orders;
CREATE TABLE Orders ( Id INT, CustomerId INT );
INSERT INTO Customers ( Id, NAME )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe' ),
( 2, 'Henry' ),
( 3, 'Sam' ),
( 4, 'Max' );
INSERT INTO Orders ( Id, CustomerId )
VALUES
( 1, 3 ),
( 2, 1 );
```
## Solution
左外鏈接
```sql
SELECT
C.Name AS Customers
FROM
Customers C
LEFT JOIN Orders O
ON C.Id = O.CustomerId
WHERE
O.CustomerId IS NULL;
```
子查詢
```sql
SELECT
Name AS Customers
FROM
Customers
WHERE
Id NOT IN ( SELECT CustomerId FROM Orders );
```
# 184. Department Highest Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/department-highest-salary/description/
## Description
Employee 表:
```html
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| Id | Name | Salary | DepartmentId |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
| 1 | Joe | 70000 | 1 |
| 2 | Henry | 80000 | 2 |
| 3 | Sam | 60000 | 2 |
| 4 | Max | 90000 | 1 |
+----+-------+--------+--------------+
```
Department 表:
```html
+----+----------+
| Id | Name |
+----+----------+
| 1 | IT |
| 2 | Sales |
+----+----------+
```
查找一個 Department 中收入最高者的信息:
```html
+------------+----------+--------+
| Department | Employee | Salary |
+------------+----------+--------+
| IT | Max | 90000 |
| Sales | Henry | 80000 |
+------------+----------+--------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ), Salary INT, DepartmentId INT );
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS Department;
CREATE TABLE Department ( Id INT, NAME VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, NAME, Salary, DepartmentId )
VALUES
( 1, 'Joe', 70000, 1 ),
( 2, 'Henry', 80000, 2 ),
( 3, 'Sam', 60000, 2 ),
( 4, 'Max', 90000, 1 );
INSERT INTO Department ( Id, NAME )
VALUES
( 1, 'IT' ),
( 2, 'Sales' );
```
## Solution
創建一個臨時表,包含了部門員工的最大薪資。可以對部門進行分組,然後使用 MAX() 彙總函數取得最大薪資。
之後使用連接找到一個部門中薪資等於臨時表中最大薪資的員工。
```sql
SELECT
D.NAME Department,
E.NAME Employee,
E.Salary
FROM
Employee E,
Department D,
( SELECT DepartmentId, MAX( Salary ) Salary FROM Employee GROUP BY DepartmentId ) M
WHERE
E.DepartmentId = D.Id
AND E.DepartmentId = M.DepartmentId
AND E.Salary = M.Salary;
```
# 176. Second Highest Salary
https://leetcode.com/problems/second-highest-salary/description/
## Description
```html
+----+--------+
| Id | Salary |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 100 |
| 2 | 200 |
| 3 | 300 |
+----+--------+
```
查找工資第二高的員工。
```html
+---------------------+
| SecondHighestSalary |
+---------------------+
| 200 |
+---------------------+
```
沒有找到返回 null 而不是不返回數據。
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Employee;
CREATE TABLE Employee ( Id INT, Salary INT );
INSERT INTO Employee ( Id, Salary )
VALUES
( 1, 100 ),
( 2, 200 ),
( 3, 300 );
```
## Solution
為了在沒有查找到數據時返回 null,需要在查詢結果外面再套一層 SELECT。
```sql
SELECT
( SELECT DISTINCT Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary DESC LIMIT 1, 1 ) SecondHighestSalary;
```
# 177. Nth Highest Salary
## Description
查找工資第 N 高的員工。
## SQL Schema
同 176。
## Solution
```sql
CREATE FUNCTION getNthHighestSalary ( N INT ) RETURNS INT BEGIN
SET N = N - 1;
RETURN ( SELECT ( SELECT DISTINCT Salary FROM Employee ORDER BY Salary DESC LIMIT N, 1 ) );
END
```
# 178. Rank Scores
https://leetcode.com/problems/rank-scores/description/
## Description
得分表:
```html
+----+-------+
| Id | Score |
+----+-------+
| 1 | 3.50 |
| 2 | 3.65 |
| 3 | 4.00 |
| 4 | 3.85 |
| 5 | 4.00 |
| 6 | 3.65 |
+----+-------+
```
將得分排序,並統計排名。
```html
+-------+------+
| Score | Rank |
+-------+------+
| 4.00 | 1 |
| 4.00 | 1 |
| 3.85 | 2 |
| 3.65 | 3 |
| 3.65 | 3 |
| 3.50 | 4 |
+-------+------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS Scores;
CREATE TABLE Scores ( Id INT, Score DECIMAL ( 3, 2 ) );
INSERT INTO Scores ( Id, Score )
VALUES
( 1, 3.5 ),
( 2, 3.65 ),
( 3, 4.0 ),
( 4, 3.85 ),
( 5, 4.0 ),
( 6, 3.65 );
```
## Solution
要統計某個 score 的排名,只要統計大於該 score 的 score 數量,然後加 1。
| score | 大於該 score 的 score 數量 | 排名 |
| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| 4.1 | 2 | 3 |
| 4.2 | 1 | 2 |
| 4.3 | 0 | 1 |
但是在本題中,相同的 score 只算一個排名:
| score | 排名 |
| :---: | :---: |
| 4.1 | 3 |
| 4.1 | 3 |
| 4.2 | 2 |
| 4.2 | 2 |
| 4.3 | 1 |
| 4.3 | 1 |
可以按 score 進行分組,將同一個分組中的 score 只當成一個。
但是如果分組字段只有 score 的話,那麼相同的 score 最後的結果只會有一個,例如上面的 6 個記錄最後只取出 3 個。
| score | 排名 |
| :---: | :---: |
| 4.1 | 3 |
| 4.2 | 2 |
| 4.3 | 1 |
所以在分組中需要加入 Id,每個記錄顯示一個結果。綜上,需要使用 score 和 id 兩個分組字段。
在下面的實現中,首先將 Scores 表根據 score 字段進行自連接,得到一個新表,然後在新表上對 id 和 score 進行分組。
```sql
SELECT
S1.score 'Score',
COUNT( DISTINCT S2.score ) 'Rank'
FROM
Scores S1
INNER JOIN Scores S2
ON S1.score <= S2.score
GROUP BY
S1.id, S1.score
ORDER BY
S1.score DESC;
```
# 180. Consecutive Numbers
https://leetcode.com/problems/consecutive-numbers/description/
## Description
數字表:
```html
+----+-----+
| Id | Num |
+----+-----+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 1 |
| 3 | 1 |
| 4 | 2 |
| 5 | 1 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
+----+-----+
```
查找連續出現三次的數字。
```html
+-----------------+
| ConsecutiveNums |
+-----------------+
| 1 |
+-----------------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS LOGS;
CREATE TABLE LOGS ( Id INT, Num INT );
INSERT INTO LOGS ( Id, Num )
VALUES
( 1, 1 ),
( 2, 1 ),
( 3, 1 ),
( 4, 2 ),
( 5, 1 ),
( 6, 2 ),
( 7, 2 );
```
## Solution
```sql
SELECT
DISTINCT L1.num ConsecutiveNums
FROM
Logs L1,
Logs L2,
Logs L3
WHERE L1.id = l2.id - 1
AND L2.id = L3.id - 1
AND L1.num = L2.num
AND l2.num = l3.num;
```
# 626. Exchange Seats
https://leetcode.com/problems/exchange-seats/description/
## Description
seat 表存儲著座位對應的學生。
```html
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Abbot |
| 2 | Doris |
| 3 | Emerson |
| 4 | Green |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
```
要求交換相鄰座位的兩個學生,如果最後一個座位是奇數,那麼不交換這個座位上的學生。
```html
+---------+---------+
| id | student |
+---------+---------+
| 1 | Doris |
| 2 | Abbot |
| 3 | Green |
| 4 | Emerson |
| 5 | Jeames |
+---------+---------+
```
## SQL Schema
```sql
DROP TABLE
IF
EXISTS seat;
CREATE TABLE seat ( id INT, student VARCHAR ( 255 ) );
INSERT INTO seat ( id, student )
VALUES
( '1', 'Abbot' ),
( '2', 'Doris' ),
( '3', 'Emerson' ),
( '4', 'Green' ),
( '5', 'Jeames' );
```
## Solution
使用多個 union。
```sql
# 處理偶數 id,讓 id 減 1
# 例如 2,4,6,... 變成 1,3,5,...
SELECT
s1.id - 1 AS id,
s1.student
FROM
seat s1
WHERE
s1.id MOD 2 = 0 UNION
# 處理奇數 id,讓 id 加 1。但是如果最大的 id 為奇數,則不做處理
# 例如 1,3,5,... 變成 2,4,6,...
SELECT
s2.id + 1 AS id,
s2.student
FROM
seat s2
WHERE
s2.id MOD 2 = 1
AND s2.id != ( SELECT max( s3.id ) FROM seat s3 ) UNION
# 如果最大的 id 為奇數,單獨取出這個數
SELECT
s4.id AS id,
s4.student
FROM
seat s4
WHERE