blockchain.go

// (c) 2019-2020, Ava Labs, Inc.
//
// This file is a derived work, based on the go-ethereum library whose original
// notices appear below.
//
// It is distributed under a license compatible with the licensing terms of the
// original code from which it is derived.
//
// Much love to the original authors for their work.
// **********
// Copyright 2014 The go-ethereum Authors
// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
//
// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

// Package core implements the Ethereum consensus protocol.
package core

import (
	"context"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"math/big"
	"runtime"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"time"

	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/commontype"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/consensus"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/consensus/misc/eip4844"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/core/rawdb"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/core/state"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/core/state/snapshot"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/core/types"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/core/vm"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/internal/version"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/metrics"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/params"
	"github.com/ava-labs/subnet-evm/trie"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/lru"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/event"
	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/log"
)

var (
	accountReadTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/account/reads", nil)
	accountHashTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/account/hashes", nil)
	accountUpdateTimer       = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/account/updates", nil)
	accountCommitTimer       = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/account/commits", nil)
	storageReadTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/storage/reads", nil)
	storageHashTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/storage/hashes", nil)
	storageUpdateTimer       = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/storage/updates", nil)
	storageCommitTimer       = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/storage/commits", nil)
	snapshotAccountReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/snapshot/account/reads", nil)
	snapshotStorageReadTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/snapshot/storage/reads", nil)
	snapshotCommitTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/snapshot/commits", nil)

	triedbCommitTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/triedb/commits", nil)

	blockInsertTimer            = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/inserts", nil)
	blockInsertCount            = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/inserts/count", nil)
	blockContentValidationTimer = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/validations/content", nil)
	blockStateInitTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/inits/state", nil)
	blockExecutionTimer         = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/executions", nil)
	blockTrieOpsTimer           = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/trie", nil)
	blockValidationTimer        = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/validations/state", nil)
	blockWriteTimer             = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/writes", nil)

	acceptorQueueGauge            = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/acceptor/queue/size", nil)
	acceptorWorkTimer             = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/acceptor/work", nil)
	acceptorWorkCount             = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/acceptor/work/count", nil)
	lastAcceptedBlockBaseFeeGauge = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/block/fee/basefee", nil)
	blockTotalFeesGauge           = metrics.NewRegisteredGauge("chain/block/fee/total", nil)
	processedBlockGasUsedCounter  = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/gas/used/processed", nil)
	acceptedBlockGasUsedCounter   = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/gas/used/accepted", nil)
	badBlockCounter               = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/block/bad/count", nil)

	txUnindexTimer      = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/txs/unindex", nil)
	acceptedTxsCounter  = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/txs/accepted", nil)
	processedTxsCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/txs/processed", nil)

	acceptedLogsCounter  = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/logs/accepted", nil)
	processedLogsCounter = metrics.NewRegisteredCounter("chain/logs/processed", nil)

	ErrRefuseToCorruptArchiver = errors.New("node has operated with pruning disabled, shutting down to prevent missing tries")

	errFutureBlockUnsupported  = errors.New("future block insertion not supported")
	errCacheConfigNotSpecified = errors.New("must specify cache config")
	errInvalidOldChain         = errors.New("invalid old chain")
	errInvalidNewChain         = errors.New("invalid new chain")
)

const (
	bodyCacheLimit           = 256
	blockCacheLimit          = 256
	receiptsCacheLimit       = 32
	txLookupCacheLimit       = 1024
	feeConfigCacheLimit      = 256
	coinbaseConfigCacheLimit = 256
	badBlockLimit            = 10

	// BlockChainVersion ensures that an incompatible database forces a resync from scratch.
	//
	// Changelog:
	//
	// - Version 4
	//   The following incompatible database changes were added:
	//   * the `BlockNumber`, `TxHash`, `TxIndex`, `BlockHash` and `Index` fields of log are deleted
	//   * the `Bloom` field of receipt is deleted
	//   * the `BlockIndex` and `TxIndex` fields of txlookup are deleted
	// - Version 5
	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are no longer stored for a receipt
	//    * the `TxHash`, `GasCost`, and `ContractAddress` fields are computed by looking up the
	//      receipts' corresponding block
	// - Version 6
	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
	//    * Transaction lookup information stores the corresponding block number instead of block hash
	// - Version 7
	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
	//    * Use freezer as the ancient database to maintain all ancient data
	// - Version 8
	//  The following incompatible database changes were added:
	//    * New scheme for contract code in order to separate the codes and trie nodes
	BlockChainVersion uint64 = 8

	// statsReportLimit is the time limit during import and export after which we
	// always print out progress. This avoids the user wondering what's going on.
	statsReportLimit = 8 * time.Second

	// trieCleanCacheStatsNamespace is the namespace to surface stats from the trie
	// clean cache's underlying fastcache.
	trieCleanCacheStatsNamespace = "hashdb/memcache/clean/fastcache"
)

// cacheableFeeConfig encapsulates fee configuration itself and the block number that it has changed at,
// in order to cache them together.
type cacheableFeeConfig struct {
	feeConfig     commontype.FeeConfig
	lastChangedAt *big.Int
}

// cacheableCoinbaseConfig encapsulates coinbase address itself and allowFeeRecipient flag,
// in order to cache them together.
type cacheableCoinbaseConfig struct {
	coinbaseAddress    common.Address
	allowFeeRecipients bool
}

// CacheConfig contains the configuration values for the trie database
// that's resident in a blockchain.
type CacheConfig struct {
	TrieCleanLimit                  int     // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching trie nodes in memory
	TrieDirtyLimit                  int     // Memory limit (MB) at which to block on insert and force a flush of dirty trie nodes to disk
	TrieDirtyCommitTarget           int     // Memory limit (MB) to target for the dirties cache before invoking commit
	TriePrefetcherParallelism       int     // Max concurrent disk reads trie prefetcher should perform at once
	CommitInterval                  uint64  // Commit the trie every [CommitInterval] blocks.
	Pruning                         bool    // Whether to disable trie write caching and GC altogether (archive node)
	AcceptorQueueLimit              int     // Blocks to queue before blocking during acceptance
	PopulateMissingTries            *uint64 // If non-nil, sets the starting height for re-generating historical tries.
	PopulateMissingTriesParallelism int     // Number of readers to use when trying to populate missing tries.
	AllowMissingTries               bool    // Whether to allow an archive node to run with pruning enabled
	SnapshotDelayInit               bool    // Whether to initialize snapshots on startup or wait for external call
	SnapshotLimit                   int     // Memory allowance (MB) to use for caching snapshot entries in memory
	SnapshotVerify                  bool    // Verify generated snapshots
	Preimages                       bool    // Whether to store preimage of trie key to the disk
	AcceptedCacheSize               int     // Depth of accepted headers cache and accepted logs cache at the accepted tip
	TxLookupLimit                   uint64  // Number of recent blocks for which to maintain transaction lookup indices
	SkipTxIndexing                  bool    // Whether to skip transaction indexing

	SnapshotNoBuild bool // Whether the background generation is allowed
	SnapshotWait    bool // Wait for snapshot construction on startup. TODO(karalabe): This is a dirty hack for testing, nuke it
}

var DefaultCacheConfig = &CacheConfig{
	TrieCleanLimit:            256,
	TrieDirtyLimit:            256,
	TrieDirtyCommitTarget:     20, // 20% overhead in memory counting (this targets 16 MB)
	TriePrefetcherParallelism: 16,
	Pruning:                   true,
	CommitInterval:            4096,
	AcceptorQueueLimit:        64, // Provides 2 minutes of buffer (2s block target) for a commit delay
	SnapshotLimit:             256,
	AcceptedCacheSize:         32,
}

// BlockChain represents the canonical chain given a database with a genesis
// block. The Blockchain manages chain imports, reverts, chain reorganisations.
//
// Importing blocks in to the block chain happens according to the set of rules
// defined by the two stage Validator. Processing of blocks is done using the
// Processor which processes the included transaction. The validation of the state
// is done in the second part of the Validator. Failing results in aborting of
// the import.
//
// The BlockChain also helps in returning blocks from **any** chain included
// in the database as well as blocks that represents the canonical chain. It's
// important to note that GetBlock can return any block and does not need to be
// included in the canonical one where as GetBlockByNumber always represents the
// canonical chain.
type BlockChain struct {
	chainConfig *params.ChainConfig // Chain & network configuration
	cacheConfig *CacheConfig        // Cache configuration for pruning

	db           ethdb.Database // Low level persistent database to store final content in
	snaps        *snapshot.Tree // Snapshot tree for fast trie leaf access
	triedb       *trie.Database // The database handler for maintaining trie nodes.
	stateCache   state.Database // State database to reuse between imports (contains state cache)
	stateManager TrieWriter

	hc                *HeaderChain
	rmLogsFeed        event.Feed
	chainFeed         event.Feed
	chainSideFeed     event.Feed
	chainHeadFeed     event.Feed
	chainAcceptedFeed event.Feed
	logsFeed          event.Feed
	logsAcceptedFeed  event.Feed
	blockProcFeed     event.Feed
	txAcceptedFeed    event.Feed
	scope             event.SubscriptionScope
	genesisBlock      *types.Block

	// This mutex synchronizes chain write operations.
	// Readers don't need to take it, they can just read the database.
	chainmu sync.RWMutex

	currentBlock atomic.Pointer[types.Header] // Current head of the block chain

	bodyCache           *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Body]                // Cache for the most recent block bodies
	receiptsCache       *lru.Cache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt]           // Cache for the most recent receipts per block
	blockCache          *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *types.Block]               // Cache for the most recent entire blocks
	txLookupCache       *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *rawdb.LegacyTxLookupEntry] // Cache for the most recent transaction lookup data.
	badBlocks           *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *badBlock]                  // Cache for bad blocks
	feeConfigCache      *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *cacheableFeeConfig]        // Cache for the most recent feeConfig lookup data.
	coinbaseConfigCache *lru.Cache[common.Hash, *cacheableCoinbaseConfig]   // Cache for the most recent coinbaseConfig lookup data.

	stopping atomic.Bool // false if chain is running, true when stopped

	engine    consensus.Engine
	validator Validator // Block and state validator interface
	processor Processor // Block transaction processor interface
	vmConfig  vm.Config

	lastAccepted *types.Block // Prevents reorgs past this height

	senderCacher *TxSenderCacher

	// [acceptorQueue] is a processing queue for the Acceptor. This is
	// different than [chainAcceptedFeed], which is sent an event after an accepted
	// block is processed (after each loop of the accepted worker). If there is a
	// clean shutdown, all items inserted into the [acceptorQueue] will be processed.
	acceptorQueue chan *types.Block

	// [acceptorClosingLock], and [acceptorClosed] are used
	// to synchronize the closing of the [acceptorQueue] channel.
	//
	// Because we can't check if a channel is closed without reading from it
	// (which we don't want to do as we may remove a processing block), we need
	// to use a second variable to ensure we don't close a closed channel.
	acceptorClosingLock sync.RWMutex
	acceptorClosed      bool

	// [acceptorWg] is used to wait for the acceptorQueue to clear. This is used
	// during shutdown and in tests.
	acceptorWg sync.WaitGroup

	// [wg] is used to wait for the async blockchain processes to finish on shutdown.
	wg sync.WaitGroup

	// quit channel is used to listen for when the blockchain is shut down to close
	// async processes.
	// WaitGroups are used to ensure that async processes have finished during shutdown.
	quit chan struct{}

	// [acceptorTip] is the last block processed by the acceptor. This is
	// returned as the LastAcceptedBlock() to ensure clients get only fully
	// processed blocks. This may be equal to [lastAccepted].
	acceptorTip     *types.Block
	acceptorTipLock sync.Mutex

	// [flattenLock] prevents the [acceptor] from flattening snapshots while
	// a block is being verified.
	flattenLock sync.Mutex

	// [acceptedLogsCache] stores recently accepted logs to improve the performance of eth_getLogs.
	acceptedLogsCache FIFOCache[common.Hash, [][]*types.Log]
}

// NewBlockChain returns a fully initialised block chain using information
// available in the database. It initialises the default Ethereum Validator and
// Processor.
func NewBlockChain(
	db ethdb.Database, cacheConfig *CacheConfig, genesis *Genesis, engine consensus.Engine,
	vmConfig vm.Config, lastAcceptedHash common.Hash, skipChainConfigCheckCompatible bool,
) (*BlockChain, error) {
	if cacheConfig == nil {
		return nil, errCacheConfigNotSpecified
	}
	// Open trie database with provided config
	triedb := trie.NewDatabaseWithConfig(db, &trie.Config{
		Cache:       cacheConfig.TrieCleanLimit,
		Preimages:   cacheConfig.Preimages,
		StatsPrefix: trieCleanCacheStatsNamespace,
	})
	// Setup the genesis block, commit the provided genesis specification
	// to database if the genesis block is not present yet, or load the
	// stored one from database.
	// Note: In go-ethereum, the code rewinds the chain on an incompatible config upgrade.
	// We don't do this and expect the node operator to always update their node's configuration
	// before network upgrades take effect.
	chainConfig, _, err := SetupGenesisBlock(db, triedb, genesis, lastAcceptedHash, skipChainConfigCheckCompatible)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	log.Info("")
	log.Info(strings.Repeat("-", 153))
	for _, line := range strings.Split(chainConfig.Description(), "\n") {
		log.Info(line)
	}
	log.Info(strings.Repeat("-", 153))
	log.Info("")

	bc := &BlockChain{
		chainConfig:         chainConfig,
		cacheConfig:         cacheConfig,
		db:                  db,
		triedb:              triedb,
		bodyCache:           lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Body](bodyCacheLimit),
		receiptsCache:       lru.NewCache[common.Hash, []*types.Receipt](receiptsCacheLimit),
		blockCache:          lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *types.Block](blockCacheLimit),
		txLookupCache:       lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *rawdb.LegacyTxLookupEntry](txLookupCacheLimit),
		badBlocks:           lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *badBlock](badBlockLimit),
		feeConfigCache:      lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *cacheableFeeConfig](feeConfigCacheLimit),
		coinbaseConfigCache: lru.NewCache[common.Hash, *cacheableCoinbaseConfig](coinbaseConfigCacheLimit),
		engine:              engine,
		vmConfig:            vmConfig,
		senderCacher:        NewTxSenderCacher(runtime.NumCPU()),
		acceptorQueue:       make(chan *types.Block, cacheConfig.AcceptorQueueLimit),
		quit:                make(chan struct{}),
		acceptedLogsCache:   NewFIFOCache[common.Hash, [][]*types.Log](cacheConfig.AcceptedCacheSize),
	}
	bc.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(bc.db, bc.triedb)
	bc.validator = NewBlockValidator(chainConfig, bc, engine)
	bc.processor = NewStateProcessor(chainConfig, bc, engine)

	bc.hc, err = NewHeaderChain(db, chainConfig, cacheConfig, engine)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	bc.genesisBlock = bc.GetBlockByNumber(0)
	if bc.genesisBlock == nil {
		return nil, ErrNoGenesis
	}

	bc.currentBlock.Store(nil)

	// Create the state manager
	bc.stateManager = NewTrieWriter(bc.triedb, cacheConfig)

	// Re-generate current block state if it is missing
	if err := bc.loadLastState(lastAcceptedHash); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// After loading the last state (and reprocessing if necessary), we are
	// guaranteed that [acceptorTip] is equal to [lastAccepted].
	//
	// It is critical to update this vaue before performing any state repairs so
	// that all accepted blocks can be considered.
	bc.acceptorTip = bc.lastAccepted

	// Make sure the state associated with the block is available
	head := bc.CurrentBlock()
	if !bc.HasState(head.Root) {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("head state missing %d:%s", head.Number, head.Hash())
	}

	if err := bc.protectTrieIndex(); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// Populate missing tries if required
	if err := bc.populateMissingTries(); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not populate missing tries: %v", err)
	}

	// If snapshot initialization is delayed for fast sync, skip initializing it here.
	// This assumes that no blocks will be processed until ResetState is called to initialize
	// the state of fast sync.
	if !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotDelayInit {
		// Load any existing snapshot, regenerating it if loading failed (if not
		// already initialized in recovery)
		bc.initSnapshot(head)
	}

	// Warm up [hc.acceptedNumberCache] and [acceptedLogsCache]
	bc.warmAcceptedCaches()

	// Start processing accepted blocks effects in the background
	go bc.startAcceptor()

	// Start tx indexer/unindexer if required.
	if bc.cacheConfig.TxLookupLimit != 0 {
		bc.wg.Add(1)
		go bc.dispatchTxUnindexer()
	}
	return bc, nil
}

// unindexBlocks unindexes transactions depending on user configuration
func (bc *BlockChain) unindexBlocks(tail uint64, head uint64, done chan struct{}) {
	start := time.Now()
	txLookupLimit := bc.cacheConfig.TxLookupLimit
	defer func() {
		txUnindexTimer.Inc(time.Since(start).Milliseconds())
		close(done)
	}()

	if head-txLookupLimit+1 >= tail {
		// Unindex a part of stale indices and forward index tail to HEAD-limit
		rawdb.UnindexTransactions(bc.db, tail, head-txLookupLimit+1, bc.quit)
	}
}

// dispatchTxUnindexer is responsible for the deletion of the
// transaction index.
// Invariant: If TxLookupLimit is 0, it means all tx indices will be preserved.
// Meaning that this function should never be called.
func (bc *BlockChain) dispatchTxUnindexer() {
	defer bc.wg.Done()
	txLookupLimit := bc.cacheConfig.TxLookupLimit

	// If the user just upgraded to a new version which supports transaction
	// index pruning, write the new tail and remove anything older.
	if rawdb.ReadTxIndexTail(bc.db) == nil {
		rawdb.WriteTxIndexTail(bc.db, 0)
	}

	// Any reindexing done, start listening to chain events and moving the index window
	var (
		done   chan struct{}              // Non-nil if background unindexing or reindexing routine is active.
		headCh = make(chan ChainEvent, 1) // Buffered to avoid locking up the event feed
	)
	sub := bc.SubscribeChainAcceptedEvent(headCh)
	if sub == nil {
		log.Warn("could not create chain accepted subscription to unindex txs")
		return
	}
	defer sub.Unsubscribe()

	for {
		select {
		case head := <-headCh:
			headNum := head.Block.NumberU64()
			if headNum < txLookupLimit {
				break
			}

			if done == nil {
				done = make(chan struct{})
				// Note: tail will not be nil since it is initialized in this function.
				tail := rawdb.ReadTxIndexTail(bc.db)
				go bc.unindexBlocks(*tail, headNum, done)
			}
		case <-done:
			done = nil
		case <-bc.quit:
			if done != nil {
				log.Info("Waiting background transaction indexer to exit")
				<-done
			}
			return
		}
	}
}

// writeBlockAcceptedIndices writes any indices that must be persisted for accepted block.
// This includes the following:
// - transaction lookup indices
// - updating the acceptor tip index
func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockAcceptedIndices(b *types.Block) error {
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	if !bc.cacheConfig.SkipTxIndexing {
		rawdb.WriteTxLookupEntriesByBlock(batch, b)
	}
	if err := rawdb.WriteAcceptorTip(batch, b.Hash()); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to write acceptor tip key", err)
	}
	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to write tx lookup entries batch", err)
	}
	return nil
}

// flattenSnapshot attempts to flatten a block of [hash] to disk.
func (bc *BlockChain) flattenSnapshot(postAbortWork func() error, hash common.Hash) error {
	// If snapshots are not initialized, perform [postAbortWork] immediately.
	if bc.snaps == nil {
		return postAbortWork()
	}

	// Abort snapshot generation before pruning anything from trie database
	// (could occur in AcceptTrie)
	bc.snaps.AbortGeneration()

	// Perform work after snapshot generation is aborted (typically trie updates)
	if err := postAbortWork(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Ensure we avoid flattening the snapshot while we are processing a block, or
	// block execution will fallback to reading from the trie (which is much
	// slower).
	bc.flattenLock.Lock()
	defer bc.flattenLock.Unlock()

	// Flatten the entire snap Trie to disk
	//
	// Note: This resumes snapshot generation.
	return bc.snaps.Flatten(hash)
}

// warmAcceptedCaches fetches previously accepted headers and logs from disk to
// pre-populate [hc.acceptedNumberCache] and [acceptedLogsCache].
func (bc *BlockChain) warmAcceptedCaches() {
	var (
		startTime       = time.Now()
		lastAccepted    = bc.LastAcceptedBlock().NumberU64()
		startIndex      = uint64(1)
		targetCacheSize = uint64(bc.cacheConfig.AcceptedCacheSize)
	)
	if targetCacheSize == 0 {
		log.Info("Not warming accepted cache because disabled")
		return
	}
	if lastAccepted < startIndex {
		// This could occur if we haven't accepted any blocks yet
		log.Info("Not warming accepted cache because there are no accepted blocks")
		return
	}
	cacheDiff := targetCacheSize - 1 // last accepted lookback is inclusive, so we reduce size by 1
	if cacheDiff < lastAccepted {
		startIndex = lastAccepted - cacheDiff
	}
	for i := startIndex; i <= lastAccepted; i++ {
		block := bc.GetBlockByNumber(i)
		if block == nil {
			// This could happen if a node state-synced
			log.Info("Exiting accepted cache warming early because header is nil", "height", i, "t", time.Since(startTime))
			break
		}
		// TODO: handle blocks written to disk during state sync
		bc.hc.acceptedNumberCache.Put(block.NumberU64(), block.Header())
		logs := bc.collectUnflattenedLogs(block, false)
		bc.acceptedLogsCache.Put(block.Hash(), logs)
	}
	log.Info("Warmed accepted caches", "start", startIndex, "end", lastAccepted, "t", time.Since(startTime))
}

// startAcceptor starts processing items on the [acceptorQueue]. If a [nil]
// object is placed on the [acceptorQueue], the [startAcceptor] will exit.
func (bc *BlockChain) startAcceptor() {
	log.Info("Starting Acceptor", "queue length", bc.cacheConfig.AcceptorQueueLimit)

	for next := range bc.acceptorQueue {
		start := time.Now()
		acceptorQueueGauge.Dec(1)

		if err := bc.flattenSnapshot(func() error {
			return bc.stateManager.AcceptTrie(next)
		}, next.Hash()); err != nil {
			log.Crit("unable to flatten snapshot from acceptor", "blockHash", next.Hash(), "err", err)
		}

		// Update last processed and transaction lookup index
		if err := bc.writeBlockAcceptedIndices(next); err != nil {
			log.Crit("failed to write accepted block effects", "err", err)
		}

		// Ensure [hc.acceptedNumberCache] and [acceptedLogsCache] have latest content
		bc.hc.acceptedNumberCache.Put(next.NumberU64(), next.Header())
		logs := bc.collectUnflattenedLogs(next, false)
		bc.acceptedLogsCache.Put(next.Hash(), logs)

		// Update the acceptor tip before sending events to ensure that any client acting based off of
		// the events observes the updated acceptorTip on subsequent requests
		bc.acceptorTipLock.Lock()
		bc.acceptorTip = next
		bc.acceptorTipLock.Unlock()

		// Update accepted feeds
		flattenedLogs := types.FlattenLogs(logs)
		bc.chainAcceptedFeed.Send(ChainEvent{Block: next, Hash: next.Hash(), Logs: flattenedLogs})
		if len(flattenedLogs) > 0 {
			bc.logsAcceptedFeed.Send(flattenedLogs)
		}
		if len(next.Transactions()) != 0 {
			bc.txAcceptedFeed.Send(NewTxsEvent{next.Transactions()})
		}

		bc.acceptorWg.Done()

		acceptorWorkTimer.Inc(time.Since(start).Milliseconds())
		acceptorWorkCount.Inc(1)
		// Note: in contrast to most accepted metrics, we increment the accepted log metrics in the acceptor queue because
		// the logs are already processed in the acceptor queue.
		acceptedLogsCounter.Inc(int64(len(logs)))
	}
}

// addAcceptorQueue adds a new *types.Block to the [acceptorQueue]. This will
// block if there are [AcceptorQueueLimit] items in [acceptorQueue].
func (bc *BlockChain) addAcceptorQueue(b *types.Block) {
	// We only acquire a read lock here because it is ok to add items to the
	// [acceptorQueue] concurrently.
	bc.acceptorClosingLock.RLock()
	defer bc.acceptorClosingLock.RUnlock()

	if bc.acceptorClosed {
		return
	}

	acceptorQueueGauge.Inc(1)
	bc.acceptorWg.Add(1)
	bc.acceptorQueue <- b
}

// DrainAcceptorQueue blocks until all items in [acceptorQueue] have been
// processed.
func (bc *BlockChain) DrainAcceptorQueue() {
	bc.acceptorClosingLock.RLock()
	defer bc.acceptorClosingLock.RUnlock()

	if bc.acceptorClosed {
		return
	}

	bc.acceptorWg.Wait()
}

// stopAcceptor sends a signal to the Acceptor to stop processing accepted
// blocks. The Acceptor will exit once all items in [acceptorQueue] have been
// processed.
func (bc *BlockChain) stopAcceptor() {
	bc.acceptorClosingLock.Lock()
	defer bc.acceptorClosingLock.Unlock()

	// If [acceptorClosed] is already false, we should just return here instead
	// of attempting to close [acceptorQueue] more than once (will cause
	// a panic).
	//
	// This typically happens when a test calls [stopAcceptor] directly (prior to
	// shutdown) and then [stopAcceptor] is called again in shutdown.
	if bc.acceptorClosed {
		return
	}

	// Although nothing should be added to [acceptorQueue] after
	// [acceptorClosed] is updated, we close the channel so the Acceptor
	// goroutine exits.
	bc.acceptorWg.Wait()
	bc.acceptorClosed = true
	close(bc.acceptorQueue)
}

func (bc *BlockChain) InitializeSnapshots() {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	head := bc.CurrentBlock()
	bc.initSnapshot(head)
}

// SenderCacher returns the *TxSenderCacher used within the core package.
func (bc *BlockChain) SenderCacher() *TxSenderCacher {
	return bc.senderCacher
}

// loadLastState loads the last known chain state from the database. This method
// assumes that the chain manager mutex is held.
func (bc *BlockChain) loadLastState(lastAcceptedHash common.Hash) error {
	// Initialize genesis state
	if lastAcceptedHash == (common.Hash{}) {
		return bc.loadGenesisState()
	}

	// Restore the last known head block
	head := rawdb.ReadHeadBlockHash(bc.db)
	if head == (common.Hash{}) {
		return errors.New("could not read head block hash")
	}
	// Make sure the entire head block is available
	headBlock := bc.GetBlockByHash(head)
	if headBlock == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("could not load head block %s", head.Hex())
	}
	// Everything seems to be fine, set as the head block
	bc.currentBlock.Store(headBlock.Header())

	// Restore the last known head header
	currentHeader := headBlock.Header()
	if head := rawdb.ReadHeadHeaderHash(bc.db); head != (common.Hash{}) {
		if header := bc.GetHeaderByHash(head); header != nil {
			currentHeader = header
		}
	}
	bc.hc.SetCurrentHeader(currentHeader)

	log.Info("Loaded most recent local header", "number", currentHeader.Number, "hash", currentHeader.Hash(), "age", common.PrettyAge(time.Unix(int64(currentHeader.Time), 0)))
	log.Info("Loaded most recent local full block", "number", headBlock.Number(), "hash", headBlock.Hash(), "age", common.PrettyAge(time.Unix(int64(headBlock.Time()), 0)))

	// Otherwise, set the last accepted block and perform a re-org.
	bc.lastAccepted = bc.GetBlockByHash(lastAcceptedHash)
	if bc.lastAccepted == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("could not load last accepted block")
	}

	// This ensures that the head block is updated to the last accepted block on startup
	if err := bc.setPreference(bc.lastAccepted); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set preference to last accepted block while loading last state: %w", err)
	}

	// reprocessState is necessary to ensure that the last accepted state is
	// available. The state may not be available if it was not committed due
	// to an unclean shutdown.
	return bc.reprocessState(bc.lastAccepted, 2*bc.cacheConfig.CommitInterval)
}

func (bc *BlockChain) loadGenesisState() error {
	// Prepare the genesis block and reinitialise the chain
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	rawdb.WriteBlock(batch, bc.genesisBlock)
	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to write genesis block", "err", err)
	}
	bc.writeHeadBlock(bc.genesisBlock)

	// Last update all in-memory chain markers
	bc.lastAccepted = bc.genesisBlock
	bc.currentBlock.Store(bc.genesisBlock.Header())
	bc.hc.SetGenesis(bc.genesisBlock.Header())
	bc.hc.SetCurrentHeader(bc.genesisBlock.Header())
	return nil
}

// Export writes the active chain to the given writer.
func (bc *BlockChain) Export(w io.Writer) error {
	return bc.ExportN(w, uint64(0), bc.CurrentBlock().Number.Uint64())
}

// ExportN writes a subset of the active chain to the given writer.
func (bc *BlockChain) ExportN(w io.Writer, first uint64, last uint64) error {
	return bc.ExportCallback(func(block *types.Block) error {
		return block.EncodeRLP(w)
	}, first, last)
}

// ExportCallback invokes [callback] for every block from [first] to [last] in order.
func (bc *BlockChain) ExportCallback(callback func(block *types.Block) error, first uint64, last uint64) error {
	if first > last {
		return fmt.Errorf("export failed: first (%d) is greater than last (%d)", first, last)
	}
	log.Info("Exporting batch of blocks", "count", last-first+1)

	var (
		parentHash common.Hash
		start      = time.Now()
		reported   = time.Now()
	)
	for nr := first; nr <= last; nr++ {
		block := bc.GetBlockByNumber(nr)
		if block == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("export failed on #%d: not found", nr)
		}
		if nr > first && block.ParentHash() != parentHash {
			return errors.New("export failed: chain reorg during export")
		}
		parentHash = block.Hash()
		if err := callback(block); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		if time.Since(reported) >= statsReportLimit {
			log.Info("Exporting blocks", "exported", block.NumberU64()-first, "elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)))
			reported = time.Now()
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// writeHeadBlock injects a new head block into the current block chain. This method
// assumes that the block is indeed a true head. It will also reset the head
// header to this very same block if they are older or if they are on a different side chain.
//
// Note, this function assumes that the `mu` mutex is held!
func (bc *BlockChain) writeHeadBlock(block *types.Block) {
	// If the block is on a side chain or an unknown one, force other heads onto it too
	// Add the block to the canonical chain number scheme and mark as the head
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	rawdb.WriteCanonicalHash(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())

	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(batch, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(batch, block.Hash())

	// Flush the whole batch into the disk, exit the node if failed
	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to update chain indexes and markers", "err", err)
	}
	// Update all in-memory chain markers in the last step
	bc.hc.SetCurrentHeader(block.Header())
	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.Header())
}

// ValidateCanonicalChain confirms a canonical chain is well-formed.
func (bc *BlockChain) ValidateCanonicalChain() error {
	// Ensure all accepted blocks are fully processed
	bc.DrainAcceptorQueue()

	current := bc.CurrentBlock()
	i := 0
	log.Info("Beginning to validate canonical chain", "startBlock", current.Number)

	for current.Hash() != bc.genesisBlock.Hash() {
		blkByHash := bc.GetBlockByHash(current.Hash())
		if blkByHash == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("couldn't find block by hash %s at height %d", current.Hash().String(), current.Number)
		}
		if blkByHash.Hash() != current.Hash() {
			return fmt.Errorf("blockByHash returned a block with an unexpected hash: %s, expected: %s", blkByHash.Hash().String(), current.Hash().String())
		}
		blkByNumber := bc.GetBlockByNumber(current.Number.Uint64())
		if blkByNumber == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("couldn't find block by number at height %d", current.Number)
		}
		if blkByNumber.Hash() != current.Hash() {
			return fmt.Errorf("blockByNumber returned a block with unexpected hash: %s, expected: %s", blkByNumber.Hash().String(), current.Hash().String())
		}

		hdrByHash := bc.GetHeaderByHash(current.Hash())
		if hdrByHash == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("couldn't find block header by hash %s at height %d", current.Hash().String(), current.Number)
		}
		if hdrByHash.Hash() != current.Hash() {
			return fmt.Errorf("hdrByHash returned a block header with an unexpected hash: %s, expected: %s", hdrByHash.Hash().String(), current.Hash().String())
		}
		hdrByNumber := bc.GetHeaderByNumber(current.Number.Uint64())
		if hdrByNumber == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("couldn't find block header by number at height %d", current.Number)
		}
		if hdrByNumber.Hash() != current.Hash() {
			return fmt.Errorf("hdrByNumber returned a block header with unexpected hash: %s, expected: %s", hdrByNumber.Hash().String(), current.Hash().String())
		}

		// Lookup the full block to get the transactions
		block := bc.GetBlock(current.Hash(), current.Number.Uint64())
		if block == nil {
			log.Error("Current block not found in database", "block", current.Number, "hash", current.Hash())
			return fmt.Errorf("current block missing: #%d [%x..]", current.Number, current.Hash().Bytes()[:4])
		}
		txs := block.Transactions()

		// Transactions are only indexed beneath the last accepted block, so we only check
		// that the transactions have been indexed, if we are checking below the last accepted
		// block.
		shouldIndexTxs := !bc.cacheConfig.SkipTxIndexing &&
			(bc.cacheConfig.TxLookupLimit == 0 || bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64() < current.Number.Uint64()+bc.cacheConfig.TxLookupLimit)
		if current.Number.Uint64() <= bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64() && shouldIndexTxs {
			// Ensure that all of the transactions have been stored correctly in the canonical
			// chain
			for txIndex, tx := range txs {
				txLookup := bc.GetTransactionLookup(tx.Hash())
				if txLookup == nil {
					return fmt.Errorf("failed to find transaction %s", tx.Hash().String())
				}
				if txLookup.BlockHash != current.Hash() {
					return fmt.Errorf("tx lookup returned with incorrect block hash: %s, expected: %s", txLookup.BlockHash.String(), current.Hash().String())
				}
				if txLookup.BlockIndex != current.Number.Uint64() {
					return fmt.Errorf("tx lookup returned with incorrect block index: %d, expected: %d", txLookup.BlockIndex, current.Number)
				}
				if txLookup.Index != uint64(txIndex) {
					return fmt.Errorf("tx lookup returned with incorrect transaction index: %d, expected: %d", txLookup.Index, txIndex)
				}
			}
		}

		blkReceipts := bc.GetReceiptsByHash(current.Hash())
		if blkReceipts.Len() != len(txs) {
			return fmt.Errorf("found %d transaction receipts, expected %d", blkReceipts.Len(), len(txs))
		}
		for index, txReceipt := range blkReceipts {
			if txReceipt.TxHash != txs[index].Hash() {
				return fmt.Errorf("transaction receipt mismatch, expected %s, but found: %s", txs[index].Hash().String(), txReceipt.TxHash.String())
			}
			if txReceipt.BlockHash != current.Hash() {
				return fmt.Errorf("transaction receipt had block hash %s, but expected %s", txReceipt.BlockHash.String(), current.Hash().String())
			}
			if txReceipt.BlockNumber.Uint64() != current.Number.Uint64() {
				return fmt.Errorf("transaction receipt had block number %d, but expected %d", txReceipt.BlockNumber.Uint64(), current.Number)
			}
		}

		i += 1
		if i%1000 == 0 {
			log.Info("Validate Canonical Chain Update", "totalBlocks", i)
		}

		parent := bc.GetHeaderByHash(current.ParentHash)
		if parent.Hash() != current.ParentHash {
			return fmt.Errorf("getBlockByHash retrieved parent block with incorrect hash, found %s, expected: %s", parent.Hash().String(), current.ParentHash.String())
		}
		current = parent
	}

	return nil
}

// stopWithoutSaving stops the blockchain service. If any imports are currently in progress
// it will abort them using the procInterrupt. This method stops all running
// goroutines, but does not do all the post-stop work of persisting data.
// OBS! It is generally recommended to use the Stop method!
// This method has been exposed to allow tests to stop the blockchain while simulating
// a crash.
func (bc *BlockChain) stopWithoutSaving() {
	if !bc.stopping.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
		return
	}

	log.Info("Closing quit channel")
	close(bc.quit)
	// Wait for accepted feed to process all remaining items
	log.Info("Stopping Acceptor")
	start := time.Now()
	bc.stopAcceptor()
	log.Info("Acceptor queue drained", "t", time.Since(start))

	// Stop senderCacher's goroutines
	log.Info("Shutting down sender cacher")
	bc.senderCacher.Shutdown()

	// Unsubscribe all subscriptions registered from blockchain.
	log.Info("Closing scope")
	bc.scope.Close()

	// Waiting for background processes to complete
	log.Info("Waiting for background processes to complete")
	bc.wg.Wait()
}

// Stop stops the blockchain service. If any imports are currently in progress
// it will abort them using the procInterrupt.
func (bc *BlockChain) Stop() {
	bc.stopWithoutSaving()

	log.Info("Shutting down state manager")
	start := time.Now()
	if err := bc.stateManager.Shutdown(); err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to Shutdown state manager", "err", err)
	}
	log.Info("State manager shut down", "t", time.Since(start))
	// Flush the collected preimages to disk
	if err := bc.stateCache.TrieDB().Close(); err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to close trie db", "err", err)
	}
	log.Info("Blockchain stopped")
}

// SetPreference attempts to update the head block to be the provided block and
// emits a ChainHeadEvent if successful. This function will handle all reorg
// side effects, if necessary.
//
// Note: This function should ONLY be called on blocks that have already been
// inserted into the chain.
//
// Assumes [bc.chainmu] is not held by the caller.
func (bc *BlockChain) SetPreference(block *types.Block) error {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	return bc.setPreference(block)
}

// setPreference attempts to update the head block to be the provided block and
// emits a ChainHeadEvent if successful. This function will handle all reorg
// side effects, if necessary.
//
// Assumes [bc.chainmu] is held by the caller.
func (bc *BlockChain) setPreference(block *types.Block) error {
	current := bc.CurrentBlock()

	// Return early if the current block is already the block
	// we are trying to write.
	if current.Hash() == block.Hash() {
		return nil
	}

	log.Debug("Setting preference", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())

	// writeKnownBlock updates the head block and will handle any reorg side
	// effects automatically.
	if err := bc.writeKnownBlock(block); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to invoke writeKnownBlock: %w", err)
	}

	// Send a ChainHeadEvent if we end up altering
	// the head block. Many internal aysnc processes rely on
	// receiving these events (i.e. the TxPool).
	bc.chainHeadFeed.Send(ChainHeadEvent{Block: block})
	return nil
}

// LastAcceptedBlock returns the last block to be marked as accepted. It may or
// may not yet be processed.
func (bc *BlockChain) LastConsensusAcceptedBlock() *types.Block {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	return bc.lastAccepted
}

// LastAcceptedBlock returns the last block to be marked as accepted and is
// processed.
//
// Note: During initialization, [acceptorTip] is equal to [lastAccepted].
func (bc *BlockChain) LastAcceptedBlock() *types.Block {
	bc.acceptorTipLock.Lock()
	defer bc.acceptorTipLock.Unlock()

	return bc.acceptorTip
}

// Accept sets a minimum height at which no reorg can pass. Additionally,
// this function may trigger a reorg if the block being accepted is not in the
// canonical chain.
//
// Assumes [bc.chainmu] is not held by the caller.
func (bc *BlockChain) Accept(block *types.Block) error {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	// The parent of [block] must be the last accepted block.
	if bc.lastAccepted.Hash() != block.ParentHash() {
		return fmt.Errorf(
			"expected accepted block to have parent %s:%d but got %s:%d",
			bc.lastAccepted.Hash().Hex(),
			bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64(),
			block.ParentHash().Hex(),
			block.NumberU64()-1,
		)
	}

	// If the canonical hash at the block height does not match the block we are
	// accepting, we need to trigger a reorg.
	canonical := bc.GetCanonicalHash(block.NumberU64())
	if canonical != block.Hash() {
		log.Debug("Accepting block in non-canonical chain", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())
		if err := bc.setPreference(block); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("could not set new preferred block %d:%s as preferred: %w", block.Number(), block.Hash(), err)
		}
	}

	// Enqueue block in the acceptor
	bc.lastAccepted = block
	bc.addAcceptorQueue(block)
	acceptedBlockGasUsedCounter.Inc(int64(block.GasUsed()))
	acceptedTxsCounter.Inc(int64(len(block.Transactions())))
	if baseFee := block.BaseFee(); baseFee != nil {
		lastAcceptedBlockBaseFeeGauge.Update(baseFee.Int64())
	}
	total, err := TotalFees(block, bc.GetReceiptsByHash(block.Hash()))
	if err != nil {
		log.Error(fmt.Sprintf("TotalFees error: %s", err))
	} else {
		blockTotalFeesGauge.Update(total.Int64())
	}
	return nil
}

// TotalFees computes total consumed fees in wei. Block transactions and receipts have to have the same order.
func TotalFees(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*big.Int, error) {
	baseFee := block.BaseFee()
	feesWei := new(big.Int)
	if len(block.Transactions()) != len(receipts) {
		return nil, errors.New("mismatch between total number of transactions and receipts")
	}
	for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
		var minerFee *big.Int
		if baseFee == nil {
			// legacy block, no baseFee
			minerFee = tx.GasPrice()
		} else {
			minerFee = new(big.Int).Add(baseFee, tx.EffectiveGasTipValue(baseFee))
		}
		feesWei.Add(feesWei, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(receipts[i].GasUsed), minerFee))
	}
	return feesWei, nil
}

// TotalFees computes total consumed fees in ether. Block transactions and receipts have to have the same order.
func TotalFeesFloat(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt) (*big.Float, error) {
	total, err := TotalFees(block, receipts)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return new(big.Float).Quo(new(big.Float).SetInt(total), new(big.Float).SetInt(big.NewInt(params.Ether))), nil
}

func (bc *BlockChain) Reject(block *types.Block) error {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	// Reject Trie
	if err := bc.stateManager.RejectTrie(block); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("unable to reject trie: %w", err)
	}

	if bc.snaps != nil {
		if err := bc.snaps.Discard(block.Hash()); err != nil {
			log.Error("unable to discard snap from rejected block", "block", block.Hash(), "number", block.NumberU64(), "root", block.Root())
		}
	}

	// Remove the block since its data is no longer needed
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	rawdb.DeleteBlock(batch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64())
	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write delete block batch: %w", err)
	}

	return nil
}

// writeKnownBlock updates the head block flag with a known block
// and introduces chain reorg if necessary.
func (bc *BlockChain) writeKnownBlock(block *types.Block) error {
	current := bc.CurrentBlock()
	if block.ParentHash() != current.Hash() {
		if err := bc.reorg(current, block); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	bc.writeHeadBlock(block)
	return nil
}

// writeCanonicalBlockWithLogs writes the new head [block] and emits events
// for the new head block.
func (bc *BlockChain) writeCanonicalBlockWithLogs(block *types.Block, logs []*types.Log) {
	bc.writeHeadBlock(block)
	bc.chainFeed.Send(ChainEvent{Block: block, Hash: block.Hash(), Logs: logs})
	if len(logs) > 0 {
		bc.logsFeed.Send(logs)
	}
	bc.chainHeadFeed.Send(ChainHeadEvent{Block: block})
}

// newTip returns a boolean indicating if the block should be appended to
// the canonical chain.
func (bc *BlockChain) newTip(block *types.Block) bool {
	return block.ParentHash() == bc.CurrentBlock().Hash()
}

// writeBlockAndSetHead persists the block and associated state to the database
// and optimistically updates the canonical chain if [block] extends the current
// canonical chain.
// writeBlockAndSetHead expects to be the last verification step during InsertBlock
// since it creates a reference that will only be cleaned up by Accept/Reject.
func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockAndSetHead(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt, logs []*types.Log, state *state.StateDB) error {
	if err := bc.writeBlockWithState(block, receipts, state); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// If [block] represents a new tip of the canonical chain, we optimistically add it before
	// setPreference is called. Otherwise, we consider it a side chain block.
	if bc.newTip(block) {
		bc.writeCanonicalBlockWithLogs(block, logs)
	} else {
		bc.chainSideFeed.Send(ChainSideEvent{Block: block})
	}

	return nil
}

// writeBlockWithState writes the block and all associated state to the database,
// but it expects the chain mutex to be held.
func (bc *BlockChain) writeBlockWithState(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt, state *state.StateDB) error {
	// Irrelevant of the canonical status, write the block itself to the database.
	//
	// Note all the components of block(hash->number map, header, body, receipts)
	// should be written atomically. BlockBatch is used for containing all components.
	blockBatch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	rawdb.WriteBlock(blockBatch, block)
	rawdb.WriteReceipts(blockBatch, block.Hash(), block.NumberU64(), receipts)
	rawdb.WritePreimages(blockBatch, state.Preimages())
	if err := blockBatch.Write(); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to write block into disk", "err", err)
	}

	// Commit all cached state changes into underlying memory database.
	// If snapshots are enabled, call CommitWithSnaps to explicitly create a snapshot
	// diff layer for the block.
	var err error
	if bc.snaps == nil {
		_, err = state.Commit(block.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number()), true)
	} else {
		_, err = state.CommitWithSnap(block.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(block.Number()), bc.snaps, block.Hash(), block.ParentHash(), true)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Note: if InsertTrie must be the last step in verification that can return an error.
	// This allows [stateManager] to assume that if it inserts a trie without returning an
	// error then the block has passed verification and either AcceptTrie/RejectTrie will
	// eventually be called on [root] unless a fatal error occurs. It does not assume that
	// the node will not shutdown before either AcceptTrie/RejectTrie is called.
	if err := bc.stateManager.InsertTrie(block); err != nil {
		if bc.snaps != nil {
			discardErr := bc.snaps.Discard(block.Hash())
			if discardErr != nil {
				log.Debug("failed to discard snapshot after being unable to insert block trie", "block", block.Hash(), "root", block.Root())
			}
		}
		return err
	}
	return nil
}

// InsertChain attempts to insert the given batch of blocks in to the canonical
// chain or, otherwise, create a fork. If an error is returned it will return
// the index number of the failing block as well an error describing what went
// wrong.
//
// After insertion is done, all accumulated events will be fired.
func (bc *BlockChain) InsertChain(chain types.Blocks) (int, error) {
	// Sanity check that we have something meaningful to import
	if len(chain) == 0 {
		return 0, nil
	}

	bc.blockProcFeed.Send(true)
	defer bc.blockProcFeed.Send(false)

	// Do a sanity check that the provided chain is actually ordered and linked.
	for i := 1; i < len(chain); i++ {
		block, prev := chain[i], chain[i-1]
		if block.NumberU64() != prev.NumberU64()+1 || block.ParentHash() != prev.Hash() {
			log.Error("Non contiguous block insert",
				"number", block.Number(),
				"hash", block.Hash(),
				"parent", block.ParentHash(),
				"prevnumber", prev.Number(),
				"prevhash", prev.Hash(),
			)
			return 0, fmt.Errorf("non contiguous insert: item %d is #%d [%x…], item %d is #%d [%x…] (parent [%x…])", i-1, prev.NumberU64(),
				prev.Hash().Bytes()[:4], i, block.NumberU64(), block.Hash().Bytes()[:4], block.ParentHash().Bytes()[:4])
		}
	}
	// Pre-checks passed, start the full block imports
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()
	for n, block := range chain {
		if err := bc.insertBlock(block, true); err != nil {
			return n, err
		}
	}

	return len(chain), nil
}

func (bc *BlockChain) InsertBlock(block *types.Block) error {
	return bc.InsertBlockManual(block, true)
}

func (bc *BlockChain) InsertBlockManual(block *types.Block, writes bool) error {
	bc.blockProcFeed.Send(true)
	defer bc.blockProcFeed.Send(false)

	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	err := bc.insertBlock(block, writes)
	bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	return err
}

func (bc *BlockChain) insertBlock(block *types.Block, writes bool) error {
	start := time.Now()
	bc.senderCacher.Recover(types.MakeSigner(bc.chainConfig, block.Number(), block.Time()), block.Transactions())

	substart := time.Now()
	err := bc.engine.VerifyHeader(bc, block.Header())
	if err == nil {
		err = bc.validator.ValidateBody(block)
	}

	switch {
	case errors.Is(err, ErrKnownBlock):
		// even if the block is already known, we still need to generate the
		// snapshot layer and add a reference to the triedb, so we re-execute
		// the block. Note that insertBlock should only be called on a block
		// once if it returns nil
		if bc.newTip(block) {
			log.Debug("Setting head to be known block", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())
		} else {
			log.Debug("Reprocessing already known block", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())
		}

	// If an ancestor has been pruned, then this block cannot be acceptable.
	case errors.Is(err, consensus.ErrPrunedAncestor):
		return errors.New("side chain insertion is not supported")

	// Future blocks are not supported, but should not be reported, so we return an error
	// early here
	case errors.Is(err, consensus.ErrFutureBlock):
		return errFutureBlockUnsupported

	// Some other error occurred, abort
	case err != nil:
		bc.reportBlock(block, nil, err)
		return err
	}
	blockContentValidationTimer.Inc(time.Since(substart).Milliseconds())

	// No validation errors for the block
	var activeState *state.StateDB
	defer func() {
		// The chain importer is starting and stopping trie prefetchers. If a bad
		// block or other error is hit however, an early return may not properly
		// terminate the background threads. This defer ensures that we clean up
		// and dangling prefetcher, without defering each and holding on live refs.
		if activeState != nil {
			activeState.StopPrefetcher()
		}
	}()

	// Retrieve the parent block to determine which root to build state on
	substart = time.Now()
	parent := bc.GetHeader(block.ParentHash(), block.NumberU64()-1)

	// Instantiate the statedb to use for processing transactions
	//
	// NOTE: Flattening a snapshot during block execution requires fetching state
	// entries directly from the trie (much slower).
	bc.flattenLock.Lock()
	defer bc.flattenLock.Unlock()
	statedb, err := state.New(parent.Root, bc.stateCache, bc.snaps)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	blockStateInitTimer.Inc(time.Since(substart).Milliseconds())

	// Enable prefetching to pull in trie node paths while processing transactions
	statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", bc.cacheConfig.TriePrefetcherParallelism)
	activeState = statedb

	// Process block using the parent state as reference point
	pstart := time.Now()
	receipts, logs, usedGas, err := bc.processor.Process(block, parent, statedb, bc.vmConfig)
	if serr := statedb.Error(); serr != nil {
		log.Error("statedb error encountered", "err", serr, "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash())
	}
	if err != nil {
		bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
		return err
	}
	ptime := time.Since(pstart)

	// Validate the state using the default validator
	vstart := time.Now()
	if err := bc.validator.ValidateState(block, statedb, receipts, usedGas); err != nil {
		bc.reportBlock(block, receipts, err)
		return err
	}
	vtime := time.Since(vstart)

	// Update the metrics touched during block processing and validation
	accountReadTimer.Inc(statedb.AccountReads.Milliseconds())                  // Account reads are complete(in processing)
	storageReadTimer.Inc(statedb.StorageReads.Milliseconds())                  // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
	snapshotAccountReadTimer.Inc(statedb.SnapshotAccountReads.Milliseconds())  // Account reads are complete(in processing)
	snapshotStorageReadTimer.Inc(statedb.SnapshotStorageReads.Milliseconds())  // Storage reads are complete(in processing)
	accountUpdateTimer.Inc(statedb.AccountUpdates.Milliseconds())              // Account updates are complete(in validation)
	storageUpdateTimer.Inc(statedb.StorageUpdates.Milliseconds())              // Storage updates are complete(in validation)
	accountHashTimer.Inc(statedb.AccountHashes.Milliseconds())                 // Account hashes are complete(in validation)
	storageHashTimer.Inc(statedb.StorageHashes.Milliseconds())                 // Storage hashes are complete(in validation)
	triehash := statedb.AccountHashes + statedb.StorageHashes                  // The time spent on tries hashing
	trieUpdate := statedb.AccountUpdates + statedb.StorageUpdates              // The time spent on tries update
	trieRead := statedb.SnapshotAccountReads + statedb.AccountReads            // The time spent on account read
	trieRead += statedb.SnapshotStorageReads + statedb.StorageReads            // The time spent on storage read
	blockExecutionTimer.Inc((ptime - trieRead).Milliseconds())                 // The time spent on EVM processing
	blockValidationTimer.Inc((vtime - (triehash + trieUpdate)).Milliseconds()) // The time spent on block validation
	blockTrieOpsTimer.Inc((triehash + trieUpdate + trieRead).Milliseconds())   // The time spent on trie operations

	// If [writes] are disabled, skip [writeBlockWithState] so that we do not write the block
	// or the state trie to disk.
	// Note: in pruning mode, this prevents us from generating a reference to the state root.
	if !writes {
		return nil
	}

	// Write the block to the chain and get the status.
	// writeBlockWithState (called within writeBlockAndSethead) creates a reference that
	// will be cleaned up in Accept/Reject so we need to ensure an error cannot occur
	// later in verification, since that would cause the referenced root to never be dereferenced.
	wstart := time.Now()
	if err := bc.writeBlockAndSetHead(block, receipts, logs, statedb); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Update the metrics touched during block commit
	accountCommitTimer.Inc(statedb.AccountCommits.Milliseconds())   // Account commits are complete, we can mark them
	storageCommitTimer.Inc(statedb.StorageCommits.Milliseconds())   // Storage commits are complete, we can mark them
	snapshotCommitTimer.Inc(statedb.SnapshotCommits.Milliseconds()) // Snapshot commits are complete, we can mark them
	triedbCommitTimer.Inc(statedb.TrieDBCommits.Milliseconds())     // Trie database commits are complete, we can mark them
	blockWriteTimer.Inc((time.Since(wstart) - statedb.AccountCommits - statedb.StorageCommits - statedb.SnapshotCommits - statedb.TrieDBCommits).Milliseconds())
	blockInsertTimer.Inc(time.Since(start).Milliseconds())

	log.Debug("Inserted new block", "number", block.Number(), "hash", block.Hash(),
		"parentHash", block.ParentHash(),
		"uncles", len(block.Uncles()), "txs", len(block.Transactions()), "gas", block.GasUsed(),
		"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(start)),
		"root", block.Root(), "baseFeePerGas", block.BaseFee(), "blockGasCost", block.BlockGasCost(),
	)

	processedBlockGasUsedCounter.Inc(int64(block.GasUsed()))
	processedTxsCounter.Inc(int64(block.Transactions().Len()))
	processedLogsCounter.Inc(int64(len(logs)))
	blockInsertCount.Inc(1)
	return nil
}

// collectUnflattenedLogs collects the logs that were generated or removed during
// the processing of a block.
func (bc *BlockChain) collectUnflattenedLogs(b *types.Block, removed bool) [][]*types.Log {
	var blobGasPrice *big.Int
	excessBlobGas := b.ExcessBlobGas()
	if excessBlobGas != nil {
		blobGasPrice = eip4844.CalcBlobFee(*excessBlobGas)
	}
	receipts := rawdb.ReadRawReceipts(bc.db, b.Hash(), b.NumberU64())
	if err := receipts.DeriveFields(bc.chainConfig, b.Hash(), b.NumberU64(), b.Time(), b.BaseFee(), blobGasPrice, b.Transactions()); err != nil {
		log.Error("Failed to derive block receipts fields", "hash", b.Hash(), "number", b.NumberU64(), "err", err)
	}

	// Note: gross but this needs to be initialized here because returning nil will be treated specially as an incorrect
	// error case downstream.
	logs := make([][]*types.Log, len(receipts))
	for i, receipt := range receipts {
		receiptLogs := make([]*types.Log, len(receipt.Logs))
		for i, log := range receipt.Logs {
			if removed {
				log.Removed = true
			}
			receiptLogs[i] = log
		}
		logs[i] = receiptLogs
	}
	return logs
}

// collectLogs collects the logs that were generated or removed during
// the processing of a block. These logs are later announced as deleted or reborn.
func (bc *BlockChain) collectLogs(b *types.Block, removed bool) []*types.Log {
	unflattenedLogs := bc.collectUnflattenedLogs(b, removed)
	return types.FlattenLogs(unflattenedLogs)
}

// reorg takes two blocks, an old chain and a new chain and will reconstruct the
// blocks and inserts them to be part of the new canonical chain and accumulates
// potential missing transactions and post an event about them.
func (bc *BlockChain) reorg(oldHead *types.Header, newHead *types.Block) error {
	var (
		newChain    types.Blocks
		oldChain    types.Blocks
		commonBlock *types.Block
	)
	oldBlock := bc.GetBlock(oldHead.Hash(), oldHead.Number.Uint64())
	if oldBlock == nil {
		return errors.New("current head block missing")
	}
	newBlock := newHead

	// Reduce the longer chain to the same number as the shorter one
	if oldBlock.NumberU64() > newBlock.NumberU64() {
		// Old chain is longer, gather all transactions and logs as deleted ones
		for ; oldBlock != nil && oldBlock.NumberU64() != newBlock.NumberU64(); oldBlock = bc.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash(), oldBlock.NumberU64()-1) {
			oldChain = append(oldChain, oldBlock)
		}
	} else {
		// New chain is longer, stash all blocks away for subsequent insertion
		for ; newBlock != nil && newBlock.NumberU64() != oldBlock.NumberU64(); newBlock = bc.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash(), newBlock.NumberU64()-1) {
			newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)
		}
	}
	if oldBlock == nil {
		return errInvalidOldChain
	}
	if newBlock == nil {
		return errInvalidNewChain
	}
	// Both sides of the reorg are at the same number, reduce both until the common
	// ancestor is found
	for {
		// If the common ancestor was found, bail out
		if oldBlock.Hash() == newBlock.Hash() {
			commonBlock = oldBlock
			break
		}
		// Remove an old block as well as stash away a new block
		oldChain = append(oldChain, oldBlock)
		newChain = append(newChain, newBlock)

		// Step back with both chains
		oldBlock = bc.GetBlock(oldBlock.ParentHash(), oldBlock.NumberU64()-1)
		if oldBlock == nil {
			return errInvalidOldChain
		}
		newBlock = bc.GetBlock(newBlock.ParentHash(), newBlock.NumberU64()-1)
		if newBlock == nil {
			return errInvalidNewChain
		}
	}

	// If the commonBlock is less than the last accepted height, we return an error
	// because performing a reorg would mean removing an accepted block from the
	// canonical chain.
	if commonBlock.NumberU64() < bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64() {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot orphan finalized block at height: %d to common block at height: %d", bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64(), commonBlock.NumberU64())
	}

	// Ensure the user sees large reorgs
	if len(oldChain) > 0 && len(newChain) > 0 {
		logFn := log.Info
		msg := "Resetting chain preference"
		if len(oldChain) > 63 {
			msg = "Large chain preference change detected"
			logFn = log.Warn
		}
		logFn(msg, "number", commonBlock.Number(), "hash", commonBlock.Hash(),
			"drop", len(oldChain), "dropfrom", oldChain[0].Hash(), "add", len(newChain), "addfrom", newChain[0].Hash())
	} else {
		log.Debug("Preference change (rewind to ancestor) occurred", "oldnum", oldHead.Number, "oldhash", oldHead.Hash(), "newnum", newHead.Number(), "newhash", newHead.Hash())
	}
	// Insert the new chain(except the head block(reverse order)),
	// taking care of the proper incremental order.
	for i := len(newChain) - 1; i >= 1; i-- {
		// Insert the block in the canonical way, re-writing history
		bc.writeHeadBlock(newChain[i])
	}

	// Delete any canonical number assignments above the new head
	indexesBatch := bc.db.NewBatch()

	// Use the height of [newHead] to determine which canonical hashes to remove
	// in case the new chain is shorter than the old chain, in which case
	// there may be hashes set on the canonical chain that were invalidated
	// but not yet overwritten by the re-org.
	for i := newHead.NumberU64() + 1; ; i++ {
		hash := rawdb.ReadCanonicalHash(bc.db, i)
		if hash == (common.Hash{}) {
			break
		}
		rawdb.DeleteCanonicalHash(indexesBatch, i)
	}
	if err := indexesBatch.Write(); err != nil {
		log.Crit("Failed to delete useless indexes", "err", err)
	}

	// Send out events for logs from the old canon chain, and 'reborn'
	// logs from the new canon chain. The number of logs can be very
	// high, so the events are sent in batches of size around 512.

	// Deleted logs + blocks:
	var deletedLogs []*types.Log
	for i := len(oldChain) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
		// Also send event for blocks removed from the canon chain.
		bc.chainSideFeed.Send(ChainSideEvent{Block: oldChain[i]})

		// Collect deleted logs for notification
		if logs := bc.collectLogs(oldChain[i], true); len(logs) > 0 {
			deletedLogs = append(deletedLogs, logs...)
		}
		if len(deletedLogs) > 512 {
			bc.rmLogsFeed.Send(RemovedLogsEvent{deletedLogs})
			deletedLogs = nil
		}
	}
	if len(deletedLogs) > 0 {
		bc.rmLogsFeed.Send(RemovedLogsEvent{deletedLogs})
	}

	// New logs:
	var rebirthLogs []*types.Log
	for i := len(newChain) - 1; i >= 1; i-- {
		if logs := bc.collectLogs(newChain[i], false); len(logs) > 0 {
			rebirthLogs = append(rebirthLogs, logs...)
		}
		if len(rebirthLogs) > 512 {
			bc.logsFeed.Send(rebirthLogs)
			rebirthLogs = nil
		}
	}
	if len(rebirthLogs) > 0 {
		bc.logsFeed.Send(rebirthLogs)
	}
	return nil
}

type badBlock struct {
	block  *types.Block
	reason *BadBlockReason
}

type BadBlockReason struct {
	ChainConfig *params.ChainConfig `json:"chainConfig"`
	Receipts    types.Receipts      `json:"receipts"`
	Number      uint64              `json:"number"`
	Hash        common.Hash         `json:"hash"`
	Error       string              `json:"error"`
}

func (b *BadBlockReason) String() string {
	var receiptString string
	for i, receipt := range b.Receipts {
		receiptString += fmt.Sprintf("\n  %d: cumulative: %v gas: %v contract: %v status: %v tx: %v logs: %v bloom: %x state: %x",
			i, receipt.CumulativeGasUsed, receipt.GasUsed, receipt.ContractAddress.Hex(),
			receipt.Status, receipt.TxHash.Hex(), receipt.Logs, receipt.Bloom, receipt.PostState)
	}
	version, vcs := version.Info()
	platform := fmt.Sprintf("%s %s %s %s", version, runtime.Version(), runtime.GOARCH, runtime.GOOS)
	if vcs != "" {
		vcs = fmt.Sprintf("\nVCS: %s", vcs)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf(`
########## BAD BLOCK #########
Block: %v (%#x)
Error: %v
Platform: %v%v
Chain config: %#v
Receipts: %v
##############################
`, b.Number, b.Hash, b.Error, platform, vcs, b.ChainConfig, receiptString)
}

// BadBlocks returns a list of the last 'bad blocks' that the client has seen on the network and the BadBlockReason
// that caused each to be reported as a bad block.
// BadBlocks ensures that the length of the blocks and the BadBlockReason slice have the same length.
func (bc *BlockChain) BadBlocks() ([]*types.Block, []*BadBlockReason) {
	blocks := make([]*types.Block, 0, bc.badBlocks.Len())
	reasons := make([]*BadBlockReason, 0, bc.badBlocks.Len())
	for _, hash := range bc.badBlocks.Keys() {
		if badBlk, exist := bc.badBlocks.Peek(hash); exist {
			blocks = append(blocks, badBlk.block)
			reasons = append(reasons, badBlk.reason)
		}
	}
	return blocks, reasons
}

// addBadBlock adds a bad block to the bad-block LRU cache
func (bc *BlockChain) addBadBlock(block *types.Block, reason *BadBlockReason) {
	bc.badBlocks.Add(block.Hash(), &badBlock{
		block:  block,
		reason: reason,
	})
}

// reportBlock logs a bad block error.
func (bc *BlockChain) reportBlock(block *types.Block, receipts types.Receipts, err error) {
	reason := &BadBlockReason{
		ChainConfig: bc.chainConfig,
		Receipts:    receipts,
		Number:      block.NumberU64(),
		Hash:        block.Hash(),
		Error:       err.Error(),
	}

	badBlockCounter.Inc(1)
	bc.addBadBlock(block, reason)
	log.Debug(reason.String())
}

func (bc *BlockChain) RemoveRejectedBlocks(start, end uint64) error {
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()

	for i := start; i < end; i++ {
		hashes := rawdb.ReadAllHashes(bc.db, i)
		canonicalBlock := bc.GetBlockByNumber((i))
		if canonicalBlock == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve block by number at height %d", i)
		}
		canonicalHash := canonicalBlock.Hash()
		for _, hash := range hashes {
			if hash == canonicalHash {
				continue
			}
			rawdb.DeleteBlock(batch, hash, i)
		}

		if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to write delete rejected block batch at height %d", i)
		}
		batch.Reset()
	}

	return nil
}

// reprocessBlock reprocesses a previously accepted block. This is often used
// to regenerate previously pruned state tries.
func (bc *BlockChain) reprocessBlock(parent *types.Block, current *types.Block) (common.Hash, error) {
	// Retrieve the parent block and its state to execute block
	var (
		statedb    *state.StateDB
		err        error
		parentRoot = parent.Root()
	)
	// We don't simply use [NewWithSnapshot] here because it doesn't return an
	// error if [bc.snaps != nil] and [bc.snaps.Snapshot(parentRoot) == nil].
	if bc.snaps == nil {
		statedb, err = state.New(parentRoot, bc.stateCache, nil)
	} else {
		snap := bc.snaps.Snapshot(parentRoot)
		if snap == nil {
			return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to get snapshot for parent root: %s", parentRoot)
		}
		statedb, err = state.NewWithSnapshot(parentRoot, bc.stateCache, snap)
	}
	if err != nil {
		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("could not fetch state for (%s: %d): %v", parent.Hash().Hex(), parent.NumberU64(), err)
	}

	// Enable prefetching to pull in trie node paths while processing transactions
	statedb.StartPrefetcher("chain", bc.cacheConfig.TriePrefetcherParallelism)
	defer func() {
		statedb.StopPrefetcher()
	}()

	// Process previously stored block
	receipts, _, usedGas, err := bc.processor.Process(current, parent.Header(), statedb, vm.Config{})
	if err != nil {
		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to re-process block (%s: %d): %v", current.Hash().Hex(), current.NumberU64(), err)
	}

	// Validate the state using the default validator
	if err := bc.validator.ValidateState(current, statedb, receipts, usedGas); err != nil {
		return common.Hash{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to validate state while re-processing block (%s: %d): %v", current.Hash().Hex(), current.NumberU64(), err)
	}
	log.Debug("Processed block", "block", current.Hash(), "number", current.NumberU64())

	// Commit all cached state changes into underlying memory database.
	// If snapshots are enabled, call CommitWithSnaps to explicitly create a snapshot
	// diff layer for the block.
	if bc.snaps == nil {
		return statedb.Commit(current.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(current.Number()), false)
	}
	return statedb.CommitWithSnap(current.NumberU64(), bc.chainConfig.IsEIP158(current.Number()), bc.snaps, current.Hash(), current.ParentHash(), false)
}

// initSnapshot instantiates a Snapshot instance and adds it to [bc]
func (bc *BlockChain) initSnapshot(b *types.Header) {
	if bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit <= 0 || bc.snaps != nil {
		return
	}

	// If we are starting from genesis, generate the original snapshot disk layer
	// up front, so we can use it while executing blocks in bootstrapping. This
	// also avoids a costly async generation process when reaching tip.
	//
	// Additionally, we should always repair a snapshot if starting at genesis
	// if [SnapshotLimit] > 0.
	asyncBuild := !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotWait && b.Number.Uint64() > 0
	noBuild := bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotNoBuild && b.Number.Uint64() > 0
	log.Info("Initializing snapshots", "async", asyncBuild, "rebuild", !noBuild, "headHash", b.Hash(), "headRoot", b.Root)
	snapconfig := snapshot.Config{
		CacheSize:  bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotLimit,
		NoBuild:    noBuild,
		AsyncBuild: asyncBuild,
		SkipVerify: !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotVerify,
	}
	var err error
	bc.snaps, err = snapshot.New(snapconfig, bc.db, bc.triedb, b.Hash(), b.Root)
	if err != nil {
		log.Error("failed to initialize snapshots", "headHash", b.Hash(), "headRoot", b.Root, "err", err, "async", asyncBuild)
	}
}

// reprocessState reprocesses the state up to [block], iterating through its ancestors until
// it reaches a block with a state committed to the database. reprocessState does not use
// snapshots since the disk layer for snapshots will most likely be above the last committed
// state that reprocessing will start from.
func (bc *BlockChain) reprocessState(current *types.Block, reexec uint64) error {
	origin := current.NumberU64()
	acceptorTip, err := rawdb.ReadAcceptorTip(bc.db)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("%w: unable to get Acceptor tip", err)
	}
	log.Info("Loaded Acceptor tip", "hash", acceptorTip)

	// The acceptor tip is up to date either if it matches the current hash, or it has not been
	// initialized (i.e., this node has not accepted any blocks asynchronously).
	acceptorTipUpToDate := acceptorTip == (common.Hash{}) || acceptorTip == current.Hash()

	// If the state is already available and the acceptor tip is up to date, skip re-processing.
	if bc.HasState(current.Root()) && acceptorTipUpToDate {
		log.Info("Skipping state reprocessing", "root", current.Root())
		return nil
	}

	// If the acceptorTip is a non-empty hash, jump re-processing back to the acceptor tip to ensure that
	// we re-process at a minimum from the last processed accepted block.
	// Note: we do not have a guarantee that the last trie on disk will be at a height <= acceptorTip.
	// Since we need to re-process from at least the acceptorTip to ensure indices are updated correctly
	// we must start searching for the block to start re-processing at the acceptorTip.
	// This may occur if we are running in archive mode where every block's trie is committed on insertion
	// or during an unclean shutdown.
	if acceptorTip != (common.Hash{}) {
		current = bc.GetBlockByHash(acceptorTip)
		if current == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get block for acceptor tip %s", acceptorTip)
		}
	}

	for i := 0; i < int(reexec); i++ {
		// TODO: handle canceled context

		if current.NumberU64() == 0 {
			return errors.New("genesis state is missing")
		}
		parent := bc.GetBlock(current.ParentHash(), current.NumberU64()-1)
		if parent == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("missing block %s:%d", current.ParentHash().Hex(), current.NumberU64()-1)
		}
		current = parent
		_, err = bc.stateCache.OpenTrie(current.Root())
		if err == nil {
			break
		}
	}
	if err != nil {
		switch err.(type) {
		case *trie.MissingNodeError:
			return fmt.Errorf("required historical state unavailable (reexec=%d)", reexec)
		default:
			return err
		}
	}

	// State was available at historical point, regenerate
	var (
		start        = time.Now()
		logged       time.Time
		previousRoot common.Hash
		triedb       = bc.triedb
		writeIndices bool
	)
	// Note: we add 1 since in each iteration, we attempt to re-execute the next block.
	log.Info("Re-executing blocks to generate state for last accepted block", "from", current.NumberU64()+1, "to", origin)
	for current.NumberU64() < origin {
		// TODO: handle canceled context

		// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
		if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
			log.Info("Regenerating historical state", "block", current.NumberU64()+1, "target", origin, "remaining", origin-current.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start))
			logged = time.Now()
		}

		// Retrieve the next block to regenerate and process it
		parent := current
		next := current.NumberU64() + 1
		if current = bc.GetBlockByNumber(next); current == nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to retrieve block %d while re-generating state", next)
		}

		// Initialize snapshot if required (prevents full snapshot re-generation in
		// the case of unclean shutdown)
		if parent.Hash() == acceptorTip {
			log.Info("Recovering snapshot", "hash", parent.Hash(), "index", parent.NumberU64())
			// TODO: switch to checking the snapshot block hash markers here to ensure that when we re-process the block, we have the opportunity to apply
			// a snapshot diff layer that we may have been in the middle of committing during shutdown. This will prevent snapshot re-generation in the case
			// that the node stops mid-way through snapshot flattening (performed across multiple DB batches).
			// If snapshot initialization is delayed due to state sync, skip initializing snaps here
			if !bc.cacheConfig.SnapshotDelayInit {
				bc.initSnapshot(parent.Header())
			}
			writeIndices = true // Set [writeIndices] to true, so that the indices will be updated from the last accepted tip onwards.
		}

		// Reprocess next block using previously fetched data
		root, err := bc.reprocessBlock(parent, current)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Flatten snapshot if initialized, holding a reference to the state root until the next block
		// is processed.
		if err := bc.flattenSnapshot(func() error {
			triedb.Reference(root, common.Hash{})
			if previousRoot != (common.Hash{}) {
				triedb.Dereference(previousRoot)
			}
			previousRoot = root
			return nil
		}, current.Hash()); err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Write any unsaved indices to disk
		if writeIndices {
			if err := bc.writeBlockAcceptedIndices(current); err != nil {
				return fmt.Errorf("%w: failed to process accepted block indices", err)
			}
		}
	}

	nodes, imgs := triedb.Size()
	log.Info("Historical state regenerated", "block", current.NumberU64(), "elapsed", time.Since(start), "nodes", nodes, "preimages", imgs)
	if previousRoot != (common.Hash{}) {
		return triedb.Commit(previousRoot, true)
	}
	return nil
}

func (bc *BlockChain) protectTrieIndex() error {
	if !bc.cacheConfig.Pruning {
		return rawdb.WritePruningDisabled(bc.db)
	}
	pruningDisabled, err := rawdb.HasPruningDisabled(bc.db)
	if err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to check if the chain has been run with pruning disabled: %w", err)
	}
	if !pruningDisabled {
		return nil
	}
	if !bc.cacheConfig.AllowMissingTries {
		return ErrRefuseToCorruptArchiver
	}
	return nil
}

// populateMissingTries iterates from [bc.cacheConfig.PopulateMissingTries] (defaults to 0)
// to [LastAcceptedBlock] and persists all tries to disk that are not already on disk. This is
// used to fill trie index gaps in an "archive" node without resyncing from scratch.
//
// NOTE: Assumes the genesis root and last accepted root are written to disk
func (bc *BlockChain) populateMissingTries() error {
	if bc.cacheConfig.PopulateMissingTries == nil {
		return nil
	}

	var (
		lastAccepted = bc.LastAcceptedBlock().NumberU64()
		startHeight  = *bc.cacheConfig.PopulateMissingTries
		startTime    = time.Now()
		logged       time.Time
		triedb       = bc.triedb
		missing      = 0
	)

	// Do not allow the config to specify a starting point above the last accepted block.
	if startHeight > lastAccepted {
		return fmt.Errorf("cannot populate missing tries from a starting point (%d) > last accepted block (%d)", startHeight, lastAccepted)
	}

	// If we are starting from the genesis, increment the start height by 1 so we don't attempt to re-process
	// the genesis block.
	if startHeight == 0 {
		startHeight += 1
	}
	parent := bc.GetBlockByNumber(startHeight - 1)
	if parent == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to fetch initial parent block for re-populate missing tries at height %d", startHeight-1)
	}

	it := newBlockChainIterator(bc, startHeight, bc.cacheConfig.PopulateMissingTriesParallelism)
	defer it.Stop()

	for i := startHeight; i < lastAccepted; i++ {
		// Print progress logs if long enough time elapsed
		if time.Since(logged) > 8*time.Second {
			log.Info("Populating missing tries", "missing", missing, "block", i, "remaining", lastAccepted-i, "elapsed", time.Since(startTime))
			logged = time.Now()
		}

		// TODO: handle canceled context
		current, hasState, err := it.Next(context.TODO())
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("error while populating missing tries: %w", err)
		}

		if hasState {
			parent = current
			continue
		}

		root, err := bc.reprocessBlock(parent, current)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}

		// Commit root to disk so that it can be accessed directly
		if err := triedb.Commit(root, false); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		parent = current
		log.Debug("Populated missing trie", "block", current.NumberU64(), "root", root)
		missing++
	}

	// Write marker to DB to indicate populate missing tries finished successfully.
	// Note: writing the marker here means that we do allow consecutive runs of re-populating
	// missing tries if it does not finish during the prior run.
	if err := rawdb.WritePopulateMissingTries(bc.db); err != nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("failed to write offline pruning success marker: %w", err)
	}

	nodes, imgs := triedb.Size()
	log.Info("All missing tries populated", "startHeight", startHeight, "lastAcceptedHeight", lastAccepted, "missing", missing, "elapsed", time.Since(startTime), "nodes", nodes, "preimages", imgs)
	return nil
}

// CleanBlockRootsAboveLastAccepted gathers the blocks that may have previously been in processing above the
// last accepted block and wipes their block roots from disk to mark their tries as inaccessible.
// This is used prior to pruning to ensure that all of the tries that may still be in processing are marked
// as inaccessible and mirrors the handling of middle roots in the geth offline pruning implementation.
// This is not strictly necessary, but maintains a soft assumption.
func (bc *BlockChain) CleanBlockRootsAboveLastAccepted() error {
	targetRoot := bc.LastAcceptedBlock().Root()

	// Clean up any block roots above the last accepted block before we start pruning.
	// Note: this takes the place of middleRoots in the geth implementation since we do not
	// track processing block roots via snapshot journals in the same way.
	processingRoots := bc.gatherBlockRootsAboveLastAccepted()
	// If there is a block above the last accepted block with an identical state root, we
	// explicitly remove it from the set to ensure we do not corrupt the last accepted trie.
	delete(processingRoots, targetRoot)
	for processingRoot := range processingRoots {
		// Delete the processing root from disk to mark the trie as inaccessible (no need to handle this in a batch).
		if err := bc.db.Delete(processingRoot[:]); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to remove processing root (%s) preparing for offline pruning: %w", processingRoot, err)
		}
	}

	return nil
}

// gatherBlockRootsAboveLastAccepted iterates forward from the last accepted block and returns a list of all block roots
// for any blocks that were inserted above the last accepted block.
// Given that we never insert a block into the chain unless all of its ancestors have been inserted, this should gather
// all of the block roots for blocks inserted above the last accepted block that may have been in processing at some point
// in the past and are therefore potentially still acceptable.
// Note: there is an edge case where the node dies while the consensus engine is rejecting a branch of blocks since the
// consensus engine will reject the lowest ancestor first. In this case, these blocks will not be considered acceptable in
// the future.
// Ex.
//
//	   A
//	 /   \
//	B     C
//	|
//	D
//	|
//	E
//	|
//	F
//
// The consensus engine accepts block C and proceeds to reject the other branch in order (B, D, E, F).
// If the consensus engine dies after rejecting block D, block D will be deleted, such that the forward iteration
// may not find any blocks at this height and will not reach the previously processing blocks E and F.
func (bc *BlockChain) gatherBlockRootsAboveLastAccepted() map[common.Hash]struct{} {
	blockRoots := make(map[common.Hash]struct{})
	for height := bc.lastAccepted.NumberU64() + 1; ; height++ {
		blockHashes := rawdb.ReadAllHashes(bc.db, height)
		// If there are no block hashes at [height], then there should be no further acceptable blocks
		// past this point.
		if len(blockHashes) == 0 {
			break
		}

		// Fetch the blocks and append their roots.
		for _, blockHash := range blockHashes {
			block := bc.GetBlockByHash(blockHash)
			if block == nil {
				continue
			}

			blockRoots[block.Root()] = struct{}{}
		}
	}

	return blockRoots
}

// ResetToStateSyncedBlock reinitializes the state of the blockchain
// to the trie represented by [block.Root()] after updating
// in-memory and on disk current block pointers to [block].
// Only should be called after state sync has completed.
func (bc *BlockChain) ResetToStateSyncedBlock(block *types.Block) error {
	bc.chainmu.Lock()
	defer bc.chainmu.Unlock()

	// Update head block and snapshot pointers on disk
	batch := bc.db.NewBatch()
	rawdb.WriteAcceptorTip(batch, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteHeadBlockHash(batch, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteHeadHeaderHash(batch, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteSnapshotBlockHash(batch, block.Hash())
	rawdb.WriteSnapshotRoot(batch, block.Root())
	if err := rawdb.WriteSyncPerformed(batch, block.NumberU64()); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	if err := batch.Write(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Update all in-memory chain markers
	bc.lastAccepted = block
	bc.acceptorTip = block
	bc.currentBlock.Store(block.Header())
	bc.hc.SetCurrentHeader(block.Header())

	lastAcceptedHash := block.Hash()
	bc.stateCache = state.NewDatabaseWithNodeDB(bc.db, bc.triedb)

	if err := bc.loadLastState(lastAcceptedHash); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Create the state manager
	bc.stateManager = NewTrieWriter(bc.triedb, bc.cacheConfig)

	// Make sure the state associated with the block is available
	head := bc.CurrentBlock()
	if !bc.HasState(head.Root) {
		return fmt.Errorf("head state missing %d:%s", head.Number, head.Hash())
	}

	bc.initSnapshot(head)
	return nil
}

// CacheConfig returns a reference to [bc.cacheConfig]
//
// This is used by [miner] to set prefetch parallelism
// during block building.
func (bc *BlockChain) CacheConfig() *CacheConfig {
	return bc.cacheConfig
}