To use the PyTorch-specific APIs for SageMaker distributed model parallism, you need to add the following import statement at the top of your training script.
import smdistributed.modelparallel.torch as smp
Tip
Refer to Modify a PyTorch Training Script to learn how to use the following API in your PyTorch training script.
A sub-class of
torch.nn.Module
which specifies the model to be partitioned. Accepts atorch.nn.Module
objectmodule
which is the model to be partitioned. The returnedDistributedModel
object internally manages model parallelism and data parallelism. Only one model in the training script can be wrapped withsmp.DistributedModel
.Example:
model = smp.DistributedModel(model)Important: The
__call__
andbackward
method calls on thesmp.DistributedModel
object (in the following example, the object ismodel
) can only be made inside asmp.step
-decorated function.Since
DistributedModel
is atorch.nn.Module
, a forward pass can be performed by calling theDistributedModel
object on the input tensors.predictions = model(inputs) # model is a smp.DistributedModel objectFor a backward pass, one needs to call the backward function on the
DistributedModel
object, with tensors and gradients as arguments, replacing the PyTorch operationstorch.Tensor.backward
ortorch.autograd.backward
.The API for
model.backward
is very similar totorch.autograd.backward
. For example, the followingbackward
calls:torch.autograd.backward(loss) or loss.backward()should be replaced with:
model.backward(loss) # loss is a tensor with only one element as its dataSimilarly, for non-scalar tensors, replace the following
backward
call containing incoming gradient arguments:torch.autograd.backward(outputs, out_grads)with the following line:
model.backward(outputs, out_grads)In these examples, all
__call__
andbackward
method calls on the model objects (model(inputs)
andmodel.backward(loss)
) must be made inside asmp.step
-decorated function.Using DDP
If DDP is enabled with the SageMaker model parallel library, do not not place a PyTorch
DistributedDataParallel
wrapper around theDistributedModel
because theDistributedModel
wrapper will also handle data parallelism.Unlike the original DDP wrapper, when you use
DistributedModel
, model parameters and buffers are not immediately broadcast across processes when the wrapper is called. Instead, the broadcast is deferred to the first call of thesmp.step
-decorated function when the partition is done.Parameters
module
(torch.nn.Module
): Module to be distributed (data parallelism and model parallelism).trace_device
("cpu"
or"gpu"
) (default:"gpu"
) Whether to perform the tracing step on the GPU or CPU. The tracing step gathers information on the order of execution of modules, the shapes of intermediate outputs, and execution times, to be used by the partitioning algorithm. Iftrace_device
is set to GPU, accurate module execution times can be gathered during tracing for potentially improved partitioning decision. However, if the model is too large to fit in a single GPU, thentrace_device
should be set to CPU.trace_execution_times
(bool
) (default:False
): IfTrue
, the library profiles the execution time of each module during tracing, and uses it in the partitioning decision. This improves the partitioning decision, but it might make the tracing slower. It may also introduce some degree of non-determinism in partitioning results, because of the inherent randomness in module execution times. Must beFalse
iftrace_device
is"cpu"
.overlapping_allreduce
(bool
) (default:True
): This is only applicable for hybrid data parallelism/model parallelism use cases (whenddp
is set toTrue
while launching training). The library uses this flag to decide whether to do overlapping allreduce whenever a parameter gradients are ready. This leads to overlapping of communication and computation and can improve performance. If this is set toFalse
, allreduce is performed at the end of the step.backward_passes_per_step
(int
) (default: 1): This is only applicable for hybrid data parallelism/model parallelism use cases (whenddp
is set toTrue
in config). This parameter indicates the number of backward passes to perform before calling allreduce on DDP. This allows accumulating updates over multiple mini-batches before reducing and applying them.average_grads_across_microbatches
(bool
) (default:True
): Whether or not the computed gradients should be averaged across microbatches. IfFalse
, the computed gradients will be summed across microbatches, but not divided by the number of microbatches. In typical use case where the computed loss is averaged over the mini-batch, this should be left asTrue
. If you use a loss function that only sums the per-sample loss across the batch (and not divide by the batch size), then this must be set toFalse
for correctness.bucket_cap_mb
(default: 25):DistributedDataParallel
buckets parameters into multiple buckets so that gradient reduction of each bucket can potentially overlap with backward computation.bucket_cap_mb
controls the bucket size in MegaBytes (MB).trace_memory_usage
(default: False): When set to True, the library attempts to measure memory usage per module during tracing. If this is disabled, memory usage will be estimated through the sizes of tensors returned from the module.broadcast_buffers
(default: True): Flag to be used withddp=True
. This parameter is forwarded to the underlyingDistributedDataParallel
wrapper. Please see: broadcast_buffer.gradient_as_bucket_view
(default: False): To be used withddp=True
. This parameter is forwarded to the underlyingDistributedDataParallel
wrapper. Please see gradient_as_bucket_view.Properties
partitioned
: IsTrue
if the model is partitioned,False
otherwise. Initialized toFalse
whenDistributedModel
is first created. It becomes beTrue
during the first call tosmp.step
-decorated function. Once the model is partitioned, the local parameters or localstate_dict
can be fetched using the following methods.Methods
.. function:: backward(tensors, grad_tensors) :noindex: Triggers a distributed backward pass across model partitions. Example usage provided in the previous section. The API is very similar to https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/autograd.html#torch.autograd.backward. ``retain_grad`` and ``create_graph`` flags are not supported... function:: local_buffers( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over buffers for the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process... function:: local_named_buffers( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over buffers for the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process. This yields both the name of the buffer as well as the buffer itself... function:: local_parameters( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over parameters for the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process... function:: local_named_parameters( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over parameters for the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process. This yields both the name of the parameter as well as the parameter itself... function:: local_modules( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process... function:: local_named_modules( ) :noindex: Returns an iterator over the modules in the partitioned model that have been assigned to the current process. This yields both the name of the module as well as the module itself... function:: local_state_dict( ) :noindex: Returns the ``state_dict`` that contains local parameters that belong to the current \ ``mp_rank``. This ``state_dict`` contains a key \ ``_smp_is_partial`` to indicate this is a partial \ ``state_dict``, which indicates whether the ``state_dict`` contains elements corresponding to only the current partition, or to the entire model... function:: state_dict( ) :noindex: Returns the ``state_dict`` that contains parameters for the entire model. It first collects the \ ``local_state_dict`` and gathers and merges the \ ``local_state_dict`` from all ``mp_rank``\ s to create a full ``state_dict``. Please note that this needs to be called on all ranks with ``dp_rank()==0`` to ensure the gather happens properly. If it is only called on all such ranks, it can hang... function:: load_state_dict( ) :noindex: Same as the ``torch.module.load_state_dict()`` , except: It first gathers and merges the ``state_dict``\ s across ``mp_rank``\ s, if they are partial. The actual loading happens after the model partition so that each rank knows its local parameters... function:: register_post_partition_hook(hook) :noindex: Registers a callable ``hook`` to be executed after the model is partitioned. This is useful in situations where an operation needs to be executed after the model partition during the first call to ``smp.step``, but before the actual execution of the first forward pass. Returns a ``RemovableHandle`` object ``handle``, which can be used to remove the hook by calling ``handle.remove()``... function:: cpu( ) :noindex: Allgathers parameters and buffers across all ``mp_rank``\ s and moves them to the CPU... function:: join( ) :noindex: A context manager to be used in conjunction with an instance of ``smp.DistributedModel`` to be able to train with uneven inputs across participating processes. This is only supported when ``ddp=True``. This will use the join with the wrapped ``DistributedDataParallel`` instance. For more information, see: `join <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.html#torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.join>`__ in the PyTorch documentation... function:: register_comm_hook( state, callable ) :noindex: **Available for PyTorch 1.8.1 only** Registers a communication hook which is an enhancement that provides a flexible hook ``callable`` to users where they can specify how gradients are aggregated across multiple workers. This method will be called on the wrapped ``DistributedDataParallel`` instance. Please note that when you register a comm hook you have full control of how the gradients are processed. When using only data parallelism with Torch DDP you are expected to average grads across data parallel replicas within the hook. Similarly, when using DistributedModel you have to averaging grads across data parallel replicas within the hook. In addition to that, you also have to average grads across microbatches within the hook unless you explicitly desire to not average based on your loss function. See ``average_grads_across_microbatches`` for more information about averaging grads across microbatches. This is only supported when ``ddp=True`` and ``overlapping_allreduce=True`` (default). For more information, see: `register_comm_hook <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.html#torch.nn.parallel.DistributedDataParallel.register_comm_hook>`__ in the PyTorch documentation.
Behavior of smp.DistributedModel
with Tensor Parallelism
When a model is wrapped by smp.DistributedModel
, the library
immediately traverses the modules of the model object, and replaces the
modules that are supported for tensor parallelism with their distributed
counterparts. This replacement happens in place. If there are no other
references to the original modules in the script, they are
garbage-collected. The module attributes that previously referred to the
original submodules now refer to the distributed versions of those
submodules.
Example:
# register DistributedSubmodule as the distributed version of Submodule
# (note this is a hypothetical example, smp.nn.DistributedSubmodule does not exist)
smp.tp_register_with_module(Submodule, smp.nn.DistributedSubmodule)
class MyModule(nn.Module):
def __init__(self):
...
self.submodule = Submodule()
...
# enabling tensor parallelism for the entire model
with smp.tensor_parallelism():
model = MyModule()
# here model.submodule is still a Submodule object
assert isinstance(model.submodule, Submodule)
model = smp.DistributedModel(model)
# now model.submodule is replaced with an equivalent instance
# of smp.nn.DistributedSubmodule
assert isinstance(model.module.submodule, smp.nn.DistributedSubmodule)
If pipeline_parallel_degree
(equivalently, partitions
) is 1, the
placement of model partitions into GPUs and the initial broadcast of
model parameters and buffers across data-parallel ranks take place
immediately. This is because it does not need to wait for the model
partition when smp.DistributedModel
wrapper is called. For other
cases with pipeline_parallel_degree
greater than 1, the broadcast
and device placement will be deferred until the first call of an
smp.step
-decorated function happens. This is because the first
smp.step
-decorated function call is when the model partitioning
happens if pipeline parallelism is enabled.
Because of the module replacement during the smp.DistributedModel
call, any load_state_dict
calls on the model, as well as any direct
access to model parameters, such as during the optimizer creation,
should be done after the smp.DistributedModel
call.
Since the broadcast of the model parameters and buffers happens
immediately during smp.DistributedModel
call when the degree of
pipeline parallelism is 1, using @smp.step
decorators is not
required when tensor parallelism is used by itself (without pipeline
parallelism).
For more information about the library's tensor parallelism APIs for PyTorch, see :ref:`smdmp-pytorch-tensor-parallel`.
Additional Methods of smp.DistributedModel
for Tensor Parallelism
The following are the new methods of smp.DistributedModel
, in
addition to the ones listed in the
documentation.
.. function:: distributed_modules() :noindex: - An iterator that runs over the set of distributed (tensor-parallelized) modules in the model
.. function:: is_distributed_parameter(param) :noindex: - Returns ``True`` if the given ``nn.Parameter`` is distributed over tensor-parallel ranks.
.. function:: is_distributed_buffer(buf) :noindex: - Returns ``True`` if the given buffer is distributed over tensor-parallel ranks.
.. function:: is_scaled_batch_parameter(param) :noindex: - Returns ``True`` if the given ``nn.Parameter`` is operates on the scaled batch (batch over the entire ``TP_GROUP``, and not only the local batch).
.. function:: is_scaled_batch_buffer(buf) :noindex: - Returns ``True`` if the parameter corresponding to the given buffer operates on the scaled batch (batch over the entire ``TP_GROUP``, and not only the local batch).
.. function:: default_reducer_named_parameters() :noindex: - Returns an iterator that runs over ``(name, param)`` tuples, for ``param`` that is allreduced over the ``DP_GROUP``.
.. function:: scaled_batch_reducer_named_parameters() :noindex: - Returns an iterator that runs over ``(name, param)`` tuples, for ``param`` that is allreduced over the ``RDP_GROUP``.
Parameters
- optimizer
An optimizer wrapper for saving/loading optimizer states. This wrapper
returns optimizer
with the following methods overridden:
.. function:: state_dict( ) :noindex: Returns the ``state_dict`` that contains optimizer state for the entire model. It first collects the ``local_state_dict`` and gathers and merges the ``local_state_dict`` from all ``mp_rank``s to create a full ``state_dict``.
.. function:: load_state_dict( ) :noindex: Same as the ``torch.optimizer.load_state_dict()`` , except: - It first gathers and merges the local ``state_dict``\ s if they are partial. - The actual loading happens after the model partition so that each rank knows its local parameters.
.. function:: local_state_dict( ) :noindex: Returns the ``state_dict`` that contains the local optimizer state that belongs to the current \ ``mp_rank``. This ``state_dict`` contains a key \ ``_smp_is_partial`` to indicate this is a partial \ ``state_dict``, which indicates whether the ``state_dict`` contains elements corresponding to only the current partition, or to the entire model.
.. function:: smp.partition(index) :noindex: **Inputs** - ``index`` (int) - The index of the partition. A context manager which places all modules defined inside into the partition with ID ``index``. The ``index`` argument must be less than the number of partitions. Use ``smp.partition`` to implement manual partitioning. If ``"auto_partition"`` is ``True``, then the ``smp.partition`` contexts are ignored. Any module that is not placed in any ``smp.partition`` context is placed in the ``default_partition`` defined through the SageMaker Python SDK. When ``smp.partition`` contexts are nested, the innermost context overrides the rest (see the following example). In PyTorch, manual partitioning should be done inside the module \ ``__init__``, and the partition assignment applies to the modules that are *created* inside the ``smp.partition`` context. Example: .. code:: python class Model(torch.nn.Module): def __init__(self): with smp.partition(1): self.child0 = Child0() # child0 on partition 1 with smp.partition(2): self.child1 = Child1() # child1 on partition 2 self.child2 = Child2() # child2 on partition 1 self.child3 = Child3() # child3 on default_partition
.. function:: smp.get_world_process_group( ) :noindex: Returns a ``torch.distributed`` ``ProcessGroup`` that consists of all processes, which can be used with the ``torch.distributed`` API. Requires ``"ddp": True`` in SageMaker Python SDK parameters.
.. function:: smp.get_mp_process_group( ) :noindex: Returns a ``torch.distributed`` ``ProcessGroup`` that consists of the processes in the ``MP_GROUP`` which contains the current process, which can be used with the \ ``torch.distributed`` API. Requires ``"ddp": True`` in SageMaker Python SDK parameters.
.. function:: smp.get_dp_process_group( ) :noindex: Returns a ``torch.distributed`` ``ProcessGroup`` that consists of the processes in the ``DP_GROUP`` which contains the current process, which can be used with the \ ``torch.distributed`` API. Requires ``"ddp": True`` in SageMaker Python SDK parameters.
.. function:: smp.is_initialized( ) :noindex: Returns ``True`` if ``smp.init`` has already been called for the process, and ``False`` otherwise.
.. function:: smp.is_tracing( ) :noindex: Returns ``True`` if the current process is running the tracing step, and ``False`` otherwise.
.. data:: smp.nn.FusedLayerNorm :noindex: `Apex Fused Layer Norm <https://nvidia.github.io/apex/layernorm.html>`__ is currently not supported by the library. ``smp.nn.FusedLayerNorm`` replaces ``apex`` ``FusedLayerNorm`` and provides the same functionality. This requires ``apex`` to be installed on the system.
.. data:: smp.optimizers.FusedNovoGrad :noindex: `Fused Novo Grad optimizer <https://nvidia.github.io/apex/optimizers.html#apex.optimizers.FusedNovoGrad>`__ is currently not supported by the library. ``smp.optimizers.FusedNovoGrad`` replaces ``apex`` ``FusedNovoGrad`` optimizer and provides the same functionality. This requires ``apex`` to be installed on the system.
.. data:: smp.optimizers.FusedLamb :noindex: `FusedLamb optimizer <https://nvidia.github.io/apex/optimizers.html#apex.optimizers.FusedLAMB>`__ currently doesn’t work with the library. ``smp.optimizers.FusedLamb`` replaces ``apex`` ``FusedLamb`` optimizer and provides the same functionality. This requires ``apex`` to be installed on the system.
.. data:: smp.amp.GradScaler :noindex: `Torch AMP Gradscaler <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/amp.html#torch.cuda.amp.GradScaler>`__ currently doesn’t work with the library. ``smp.amp.GradScaler`` replaces ``torch.amp.GradScaler`` and provides the same functionality.
.. function:: smp.save( ) :noindex: Saves an object. This operation is similar to ``torch.save()``, except it has an additional keyword argument, ``partial``, and accepts only string type for the argument ``f`` (file). If ``partial=True``, each ``mp_rank`` saves a separate checkpoint file and the library adds an ``mp_rank`` index to your saved file. **Parameters** - ``obj`` (dict): A saved object. - ``f`` (str): A string containing a file name. - ``partial`` (bool, default= ``True``): When set to ``True``, each ``mp_rank`` saves a separate checkpoint file and the library adds an ``mp_rank`` index to the saved file. If you want to be able to load and further train a model that you save with ``smp.save()``, you must set ``partial=True``. - ``pickle_module`` (picklemodule, default = module ``"pickle"`` from ``"/opt/conda/lib/python3.6/pickle.py"``): A module used for pickling metadata and objects. - ``pickle_protocol`` (int, default=2): Can be specified to override the defaultprotocol.
.. function:: smp.load( ) :noindex: Loads an object saved with ``smp.save()`` from a file. Similar to, `torch.load() <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/generated/torch.load.html>`__, except it has an additional keyword argument, ``partial``, and accepts only string type for the argument ``f`` (file). If \ ``partial=True``, then each ``mp_rank`` loads a separate checkpoint file. **Parameters** - ``f`` (string): A string containing a file name. - ``map_location`` (function): A function `torch.device <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/tensor_attributes.html#torch.torch.device>`__, a string, or a dict specifying how to remap storage locations. - ``pickle_module`` (pickle module): A module used for unpickling metadata and objects (has to match the \ ``pickle_module``\ used to serialize file). - ``pickle_load_args`` (Python 3 only): Optional keyword arguments passed to ``pickle_module.load()`` and ``pickle_module.Unpickler()``. - ``partial`` (bool, default= ``True``): When set to ``True``, each ``mp_rank`` loads the checkpoint corresponding to the ``mp_rank``. Should be used when loading a model trained with the library.
The library can save partial or full checkpoints.
- For partial checkpoints, each
mp_rank
saves its own checkpoint file with only the parameters that belong to that rank. - For full checkpoints, the library saves a single checkpoint that contains entire model parameters.
When saving using smp.save()
, each rank only holds its own
parameters. If you want to save the full model, there will be some
communication between the ranks to create the full model. If you save
checkpoints often, you should save partial checkpoints for best
performance.
When loading using smp.load()
, the library can load either partial or |
full checkpoints or full checkpoints saved by a non-model-parallel model. If you
want to resume training with a non-model-parallel model or do inference, you need
a full checkpoint.
The following is an example of how you can save and load a checkpoint:
# Original model and optimizer
model = MyModel(...)
optimizer = MyOpt(...)
# model parallel wrapper
model = smp.DistributedModel(model)
optimizer = smp.DistributedOptimizer(optimizer)
# To save, always save on dp_rank 0 to avoid data racing
if partial:
# To save the partial model on each mp rank
# the library will create `checkpoint.pt_{mprank}` for each mp rank
if save_partial_model:
if smp.dp_rank() == 0:
model_dict = model.local_state_dict() # save the partial model
opt_dict = optimizer.local_state_dict() # save the partial optimizer state
smp.save(
{"model_state_dict": model_dict, "optimizer_state_dict": opt_dict},
f"/checkpoint.pt",
partial=True,
)
# To save the full model
if save_full_model:
if smp.dp_rank() == 0:
model_dict = model.state_dict() # save the full model
opt_dict = optimizer.state_dict() # save the full optimizer state
smp.save(
{"model_state_dict": model_dict, "optimizer_state_dict": opt_dict},
"/checkpoint.pt",
partial=False,
)
# To load, load on all ranks.
# The only difference for partial/full loading is the partial flag in smp.load
# Load partial checkpoint
if partial_checkpoint:
checkpoint = smp.load("/checkpoint.pt", partial=True)
model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["model_state_dict"])
optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint["optimizer_state_dict"])
# Load full checkpoint
if full_checkpoint:
checkpoint = smp.load("/checkpoint.pt", partial=False)
model.load_state_dict(checkpoint["model_state_dict"])
optimizer.load_state_dict(checkpoint["optimizer_state_dict"])