This example shows how to build a simple, multi-tier web application using Kubernetes and Docker.
Table of Contents
- Step Zero: Prerequisites
- Step One: Start up the redis master
- Step Two: Fire up the redis master service
- Step Three: Fire up the replicated slave pods
- Step Four: Create the redis slave service
- Step Five: Create the frontend replicated pods
- Step Six: Set up the guestbook frontend service.
- Step Seven: Cleanup
- Troubleshooting
The example consists of:
- A web frontend
- A redis master (for storage), and a replicated set of redis 'slaves'.
The web front end interacts with the redis master via javascript redis API calls.
Note: If you are running this example on a Google Container Engine installation, see this Container Engine guestbook walkthrough instead. The basic concepts are the same, but the walkthrough is tailored to a Container Engine setup.
This example requires a running Kubernetes cluster. See the Getting Started guides for how to get started. As noted above, if you have a Google Container Engine cluster set up, go here instead.
Note: The redis master in this example is not highly available. Making it highly available would be an interesting, but intricate exercise— redis doesn't actually support multi-master deployments at this point in time, so high availability would be a somewhat tricky thing to implement, and might involve periodic serialization to disk, and so on.
To start the redis master, use the file examples/guestbook/redis-master-controller.yaml, which describes a single pod running a redis key-value server in a container.
Although we have a single instance of our redis master, we are using a replication controller to enforce that exactly one pod keeps running. E.g., if the node were to go down, the replication controller will ensure that the redis master gets restarted on a healthy node. (In our simplified example, this could result in data loss.)
Here is redis-master-controller.yaml:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
name: redis-master
labels:
name: redis-master
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
name: redis-master
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: redis-master
spec:
containers:
- name: master
image: redis
ports:
- containerPort: 6379Change to the <kubernetes>/examples/guestbook directory if you're not already there. Create the redis master pod in your Kubernetes cluster by running:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/redis-master-controller.yaml
replicationcontrollers/redis-masterThe replicationcontrollers/redis-master line is the expected response to this operation.
You can see the replication controllers for your cluster by running:
$ kubectl get rc
CONTROLLER CONTAINER(S) IMAGE(S) SELECTOR REPLICAS
redis-master master redis name=redis-master 1Then, you can list the pods in the cluster, to verify that the master is running:
$ kubectl get podsYou'll see all pods in the cluster, including the redis master pod, and the status of each pod. The name of the redis master will look similar to that in the following list:
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
...
redis-master-dz33o 1/1 Running 0 2h(Note that an initial docker pull to grab a container image may take a few minutes, depending on network conditions. A pod will be reported as Pending while its image is being downloaded.)
You can get information about a pod, including the machine that it is running on, via kubectl describe pods/<pod_name>. E.g., for the redis master, you should see something like the following (your pod name will be different):
$ kubectl describe pods/redis-master-dz33o
...
Name: redis-master-dz33o
Image(s): redis
Node: kubernetes-minion-krxw/10.240.67.201
Labels: name=redis-master
Status: Running
Replication Controllers: redis-master (1/1 replicas created)
Containers:
master:
Image: redis
State: Running
Started: Fri, 12 Jun 2015 12:53:46 -0700
Ready: True
Restart Count: 0
Conditions:
Type Status
Ready True
No events.The 'Node' is the name of the machine, e.g. kubernetes-minion-krxw in the example above.
If you want to view the container logs for a given pod, you can run:
$ kubectl logs <pod_name>These logs will usually give you enough information to troubleshoot.
However, if you should want to SSH to the listed host machine, you can inspect various logs there directly as well. For example, with Google Compute Engine, using gcloud, you can SSH like this:
me@workstation$ gcloud compute ssh kubernetes-minion-krxwThen, you can look at the docker containers on the remote machine. You should see something like this (the specifics of the IDs will be different):
me@kubernetes-minion-krxw:~$ sudo docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
...
0ffef9649265 redis:latest "redis-server /etc/r" About a minute ago Up About a minute k8s_redis-master.767aef46_redis-master-controller-gb50a.default.api_4530d7b3-ae5d-11e4-bf77-42010af0d719_579ee964If you want to see the logs for a given container, you can run:
$ docker logs <container_id>A Kubernetes service is a named load balancer that proxies traffic to one or more containers. This is done using the labels metadata that we defined in the redis-master pod above. As mentioned, we have only one redis master, but we nevertheless want to create a service for it. Why? Because it gives us a deterministic way to route to the single master using an elastic IP.
Services find the pods to load balance based on the pods' labels.
The pod that you created in Step One has the label name=redis-master.
The selector field of the service description determines which pods will receive the traffic sent to the service, and the port and targetPort information defines what port the service proxy will run at.
The file examples/guestbook/redis-master-service.yaml defines the redis master service:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: redis-master
labels:
name: redis-master
spec:
ports:
# the port that this service should serve on
- port: 6379
targetPort: 6379
selector:
name: redis-masterCreate the service by running:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/redis-master-service.yaml
services/redis-masterThen check the list of services, which should include the redis-master:
$ kubectl get services
NAME LABELS SELECTOR IP PORT
redis-master name=redis-master name=redis-master 10.0.246.242 6379This will cause all pods to see the redis master apparently running on :6379. A service can map an incoming port to any targetPort in the backend pod. Once created, the service proxy on each node is configured to set up a proxy on the specified port (in this case port 6379).
targetPort will default to port if it is omitted in the configuration. For simplicity's sake, we omit it in the following configurations.
The traffic flow from slaves to masters can be described in two steps, like so:
- A redis slave will connect to "port" on the redis master service
- Traffic will be forwarded from the service "port" (on the service node) to the targetPort on the pod that the service listens to.
Kubernetes supports two primary modes of finding a service— environment variables and DNS.
The services in a Kubernetes cluster are discoverable inside other containers via environment variables.
An alternative is to use the cluster's DNS service, if it has been enabled for the cluster. This lets all pods do name resolution of services automatically, based on the service name.
We'll use the DNS service for this example. E.g., you can see the service name, redis-master, accessed as a host value in the PHP script in Step 5.
Note: If your cluster does not have the DNS service enabled, then this example will not work out of the box. You will need to edit examples/guestbook/php-redis/index.php to use environment variables for service discovery instead, then rebuild the container image from the Dockerfile in that directory. (However, this is unlikely to be necessary. You can check for the DNS service in the list of the clusters' services.)
Now that the redis master is running, we can start up its 'read slaves'.
We'll define these as replicated pods as well, though this time— unlike for the redis master— we'll define the number of replicas to be 2. In Kubernetes, a replication controller is responsible for managing multiple instances of a replicated pod. The replication controller will automatically launch new pods if the number of replicas falls below the specified number. (This particular replicated pod is a great one to test this with -- you can try killing the docker processes for your pods directly, then watch them come back online on a new node shortly thereafter.)
To create the replicated pod, use the file examples/guestbook/redis-slave-controller.yaml, which looks like this:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
name: redis-slave
labels:
name: redis-slave
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
name: redis-slave
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: redis-slave
spec:
containers:
- name: worker
image: kubernetes/redis-slave:v2
ports:
- containerPort: 6379and create the replication controller by running:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/redis-slave-controller.yaml
replicationcontrollers/redis-slave
$ kubectl get rc
CONTROLLER CONTAINER(S) IMAGE(S) SELECTOR REPLICAS
redis-master master redis name=redis-master 1
redis-slave slave kubernetes/redis-slave:v2 name=redis-slave 2Once the replication controller is up, you can list the pods in the cluster, to verify that the master and slaves are running. You should see a list that includes something like the following:
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
...
redis-master-dz33o 1/1 Running 0 2h
redis-slave-35mer 1/1 Running 0 2h
redis-slave-iqkhy 1/1 Running 0 2hYou should see a single redis master pod and two redis slave pods. As mentioned above, you can get more information about any pod with: kubectl describe pods/<pod_name>.
Just like the master, we want to have a service to proxy connections to the redis slaves. In this case, in addition to discovery, the slave service will provide transparent load balancing to web app clients.
The service specification for the slaves is in examples/guestbook/redis-slave-service.yaml:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: redis-slave
labels:
name: redis-slave
spec:
ports:
# the port that this service should serve on
- port: 6379
selector:
name: redis-slaveThis time the selector for the service is name=redis-slave, because that identifies the pods running redis slaves. It may also be helpful to set labels on your service itself as we've done here to make it easy to locate them with the kubectl get services -l "label=value" command.
Now that you have created the service specification, create it in your cluster by running:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/redis-slave-service.yaml
services/redis-slave
$ kubectl get services
NAME LABELS SELECTOR IP PORT
redis-master name=redis-master name=redis-master 10.0.246.242 6379
redis-slave name=redis-slave name=redis-slave 10.0.72.62 6379A frontend pod is a simple PHP server that is configured to talk to either the slave or master services, depending on whether the client request is a read or a write. It exposes a simple AJAX interface, and serves an Angular-based UX. Again we'll create a set of replicated frontend pods instantiated by a replication controller— this time, with three replicas.
The pod is described in the file examples/guestbook/frontend-controller.yaml:
apiVersion: v1
kind: ReplicationController
metadata:
name: frontend
labels:
name: frontend
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
name: frontend
template:
metadata:
labels:
name: frontend
spec:
containers:
- name: php-redis
image: kubernetes/example-guestbook-php-redis:v2
ports:
- containerPort: 80Using this file, you can turn up your frontend with:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/frontend-controller.yaml
replicationcontrollers/frontendThen, list all your replication controllers:
$ kubectl get rc
CONTROLLER CONTAINER(S) IMAGE(S) SELECTOR REPLICAS
frontend php-redis kubernetes/example-guestbook-php-redis:v2 name=frontend 3
redis-master master redis name=redis-master 1
redis-slave slave kubernetes/redis-slave:v2 name=redis-slave 2Once it's up (again, it may take up to thirty seconds to create the pods) you can list the pods in the cluster, to verify that the master, slaves and frontends are all running. You should see a list that includes something like the following:
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
...
frontend-4o11g 1/1 Running 0 2h
frontend-u9aq6 1/1 Running 0 2h
frontend-yga1l 1/1 Running 0 2h
...
redis-master-dz33o 1/1 Running 0 2h
redis-slave-35mer 1/1 Running 0 2h
redis-slave-iqkhy 1/1 Running 0 2hYou should see a single redis master pod, two redis slaves, and three frontend pods.
The code for the PHP server that the frontends are running looks like this:
<?
set_include_path('.:/usr/share/php:/usr/share/pear:/vendor/predis');
error_reporting(E_ALL);
ini_set('display_errors', 1);
require 'predis/autoload.php';
if (isset($_GET['cmd']) === true) {
header('Content-Type: application/json');
if ($_GET['cmd'] == 'set') {
$client = new Predis\Client([
'scheme' => 'tcp',
'host' => 'redis-master',
'port' => 6379,
]);
$client->set($_GET['key'], $_GET['value']);
print('{"message": "Updated"}');
} else {
$client = new Predis\Client([
'scheme' => 'tcp',
'host' => 'redis-slave',
'port' => 6379,
]);
$value = $client->get($_GET['key']);
print('{"data": "' . $value . '"}');
}
} else {
phpinfo();
} ?>Note the use of the redis-master and redis-slave host names-- we're finding those services via the Kubernetes cluster's DNS service, as discussed above. All the frontend replicas will write to the load-balancing redis-slaves service, which can be highly replicated as well.
As with the other pods, we now want to create a service to group your frontend pods.
The service is described in the file frontend-service.yaml:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: frontend
labels:
name: frontend
spec:
# if your cluster supports it, uncomment the following to automatically create
# an external load-balanced IP for the frontend service.
# type: LoadBalancer
ports:
# the port that this service should serve on
- port: 80
selector:
name: frontendFor supported cloud providers, such as Google Compute Engine or Google Container Engine, you can specify to use an external load balancer
in the service spec, to expose the service onto an external load balancer IP.
To do this, uncomment the type: LoadBalancer line in the frontend-service.yaml file before you start the service.
See the section below on accessing the guestbook site externally for more details.
Create the service like this:
$ kubectl create -f examples/guestbook/frontend-service.yaml
services/frontendThen, list all your services again:
$ kubectl get services
NAME LABELS SELECTOR IP PORT(S)
frontend name=frontend name=frontend 10.0.93.211 80/TCP
redis-master name=redis-master name=redis-master 10.0.246.242 6379/TCP
redis-slave name=redis-slave name=redis-slave 10.0.72.62 6379/TCPYou'll want to set up your guestbook service so that it can be accessed from outside of the internal Kubernetes network. Above, we introduced one way to do that, using the type: LoadBalancer spec.
More generally, Kubernetes supports two ways of exposing a service onto an external IP address: NodePorts and LoadBalancers , as described here.
If the LoadBalancer specification is used, it can take a short period for an external IP to show up in kubectl get services output, but you should shortly see it listed as well, e.g. like this:
$ kubectl get services
NAME LABELS SELECTOR IP PORT(S)
frontend name=frontend name=frontend 10.0.93.211 80/TCP
130.211.135.84
redis-master name=redis-master name=redis-master 10.0.246.242 6379/TCP
redis-slave name=redis-slave name=redis-slave 10.0.72.62 6379/TCPOnce you've exposed the service to an external IP, visit the IP to see your guestbook in action. E.g., http://130.211.188.51:80 in the example above.
You should see a web page that looks something like this (without the messages). Try adding some entries to it!
If you are more advanced in the ops arena, you can also manually get the service IP from looking at the output of kubectl get pods,services, and modify your firewall using standard tools and services (firewalld, iptables, selinux) which you are already familiar with.
In Google Compute Engine, kubectl automatically creates forwarding rule for services with LoadBalancer.
You can list the forwarding rules like this. The forwarding rule also indicates the external IP.
$ gcloud compute forwarding-rules list
NAME REGION IP_ADDRESS IP_PROTOCOL TARGET
frontend us-central1 130.211.188.51 TCP us-central1/targetPools/frontendIn Google Compute Engine, you also may need to open the firewall for port 80 using the console or the gcloud tool. The following command will allow traffic from any source to instances tagged kubernetes-minion (replace with your tags as appropriate):
$ gcloud compute firewall-rules create --allow=tcp:80 --target-tags=kubernetes-minion kubernetes-minion-80For Google Compute Engine details about limiting traffic to specific sources, see the Google Compute Engine firewall documentation.
If you are in a live kubernetes cluster, you can just kill the pods by stopping the replication controllers and deleting the services. Using labels to select the resources to stop or delete is an easy way to do this in one command.
kubectl stop rc -l "name in (redis-master, redis-slave, frontend)"
kubectl delete service -l "name in (redis-master, redis-slave, frontend)"To completely tear down a Kubernetes cluster, if you ran this from source, you can use:
$ <kubernetes>/cluster/kube-down.shIf you are having trouble bringing up your guestbook app, double check that your external IP is properly defined for your frontend service, and that the firewall for your cluster nodes is open to port 80.
Then, see the troubleshooting documentation for a further list of common issues and how you can diagnose them.